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ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY CREATING AN OUTLINE FOR AN

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY- Written to persuade
its readers to agree with a particular argument ● THESIS STATEMENT (NOUN) — a short
made. sentence that summarizes the main claim or
- Different from a persuasive essay. argument in an essay.
- Provides solid evidence that will support ● THOUGHT-PROVOKING (ADJECTIVE) —
the claim. causing people to think about something
- Presents valid arguments for readers to with careful attention.
choose their side, unlike a persuasive essay ● CLAIM (NOUN) — the main argument
where only one side is presented. about the topic or issue.
● REBUTTAL (NOUN) — a contradiction.
PARTS OF AN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ● REITERATION (NOUN) — the deliberate
repetition of saying or doing something.
INTRODUCTION- Establishes the purpose and
tone of the essay, which moves toward the thesis OUTLINE FOR ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
statement.
- Should start with sentences that will attract OUTLINE- Serves as the Backbone of the essay.
the reader's attention. - Maintains the direction of the essay and
- The subject and context of the essay is saves time writing it.
found in the introduction.
DIFFERENT OUTLINES FOR
THESIS STATEMENT- Guide of the whole ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
essay.
- Everything written in the essay must OUTLINE 1- Discussed the writer’s points then
support it. refutes the opposing views.
- Good for proving opposing views wrong.
BODY- Where arguments are expounded and - Leaves an impression that the opposing
defended. claims should not be believed.
- The writer must avoid any possible
counterarguments in the body of the
Introduction — must be written in one paragraph
essay.
and must include the following:
- Every idea must be supported by
● Hook — attention grabber
examples, details, facts, reasons, etc.
● Thesis statement/claim
● Background information
CONCLUSION- Completes the essay by
Body
restating the main points of the essay in a new
● Paragraph 1 — 1st point and supporting evidence
light supported by the points in the body of the
● Paragraph 2 — 2nd point and supporting evidence
essay.
● Paragraph 3 — Opposing claim and rebuttal
- Includes a summary of important ideas
● Paragraph 4 — Opposing claim and rebuttal
that would prove the argument.
Conclusion — reiteration of the thesis
- Serves as the writer's final word and last
chance to prove the argument.

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OUTLINE 2- Deals with opposing claims before

Introduction
presenting the writers arguments.
- Leaves the readers with the writers ● Sentence 1 — Attention grabber
arguments in mind. ● Sentence 2 — Background information
● Sentence 3 — Why is this applicable to them? /
How does the issue
Introduction — must be written in one affect them?
paragraph and must include the following: ● Sentence 4 — Thesis statement/claim
● Hook — attention getter
● Thesis statement/claim Body —
● Background information Paragraph 1
Body
● Paragraph 1 — Opposing claim and rebuttal ● Sentence 1 — Opposing claim and rebuttal
● Paragraph 2 — Opposing claim and rebuttal (topic sentence)
● Paragraph 3 — 1st point and supporting ● Sentence 2 — Supporting evidence (supporting
evidence sentence)
● Paragraph 4 — 2nd point and supporting ● Sentence 3 — Supporting evidence (supporting
evidence sentence)
Conclusion — reiteration of the thesis ● Sentence 4 — Supporting evidence (supporting
sentence)
OUTLINE 3- Presents the opposing claims and
Paragraph 2
the writer’s arguments ALTERNATINGLY.
- Could be unclear when each paragraph or ● Sentence 1 — Opposing claim and rebuttal
point overlaps with one another. (topic sentence)
● Sentence 2 — Supporting evidence (supporting
sentence)
Introduction — must be written in one ● Sentence 3 — Supporting evidence (supporting
paragraph and must include the following: sentence)
● Hook — attention getter ● Sentence 4 — Supporting evidence (supporting
● Thesis statement/claim sentence)
● Background information
Body Paragraph 3
● Paragraph 1 — Opposing claim and rebuttal
● Paragraph 2 — 1st point and supporting ● Sentence 1 — 1st point (topic sentence)
evidence ● Sentence 2 — Supporting evidence (supporting
● Paragraph 3 — Opposing claim and rebuttal sentence)
● Paragraph 4 — 2nd point and supporting ● Sentence 3 — Supporting evidence (supporting
evidence sentence)
Conclusion — reiteration of the thesis ● Sentence 4 — Supporting evidence (supporting
sentence)
OUTLINE 4- Plans the essay up to sentence level.
- Suggestion of the arrangement of Paragraph 4
sentences for the introduction that can be
● Sentence 1 — 2nd point (topic sentence)
changed according to the writer’s style. ● Sentence 2 — Supporting evidence (supporting
sentence)
● Sentence 3 — Supporting evidence (supporting
sentence)
● Sentence 4 — Supporting evidence (supporting
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Conclusion — The conclusion, like the other
parts of the essay, can be organized
according to the writer’s liking. More sentences
can also be added as the
writer sees fit. The conclusion starts with the
reiteration of the thesis, then the
summary of main points, reference to the
introduction, and ends with a
challenging statement or thought-provoking
question.
● Sentence 1 — reiteration of the thesis
● Sentence 2 — summary of main points
● Sentence 3 — reference to the introduction
● Sentence 4 — challenging
statement/thought-provoking question
WRITING OPINIONS
OPINION- View, Judgement, or Appraisal that
one holds about a particular subject.
- Opinionated statement that serves to
express the writer’s perspective.
- Believed by the writer to be true.
- Cannot be proven as either true or false.
TIPS ON MAKING OPINIONS
● Write about your personal feelings or
judgment regarding the issue.
● Use clue words such as “I think”, “I
believe”, and “In my opinion”
WRITING ASSERTIONS
ASSERTATION- Something Declared or stated
positively, often with no support or proof.
- Declaration of one’s belief that may be
proven true or false.
- Expresses the author’s stand on the topic.
- Unlike facts, assertions may be false, and
unlike opinions, they may be proven as
such.
TIPS ON WRITING ASSERTIONS
BE KNOWLEDGEABLE- Research on the issue
and facts regarding it.
- Obtain important information you may
need.
- Learn about the different sides of the topic
and the pros and cons of each.
BACK UP YOUR ASSERTIONS- Support your
assertions with facts.
- Use ideas that you gathered from your
research as evidence for your assertions.
USE THESIS STATEMENT AS A GUIDE- Make
sure all assertions made are relevant and that it
supports your thesis statement.
BE CLEAR AND CONCISE- Ensure assertions
made can be easily understood and
straightforward.
TYPES OF ASSERTIONS
1. BASIC ASSERTION- Simple and
Straightforward expression of your beliefs,
feelings, or opinions. “ I want” & “I feel”.
2. EMPATHIC ASSERTION- Conveys
sensitivity to the other person. Contains 2
PARTS: Recognition of the other
person's situation, followed by your
opinion.
3. ESCALATING ASSERTION- Occurs when
the other person fails to respond to your
basic assertion and violates your rights.
You gradually escalate the assertion and
become increasingly firm.
EX. If you don't complete the work on my
car by 5:00 tomorrow, I'll be forced to call
the Better Business Bureau.
4. I-LANGUAGE ASSERTION- Useful for
expressing negative feelings. Involves
3-part statement.
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When you do (describe the behavior)
The effects are (how it affects you)
I’d prefer (how you want)
EX. When you didn't buy the groceries like
you said you would, I couldn't cook the
dinner for my parents. I feel hurt and angry
with you. Next time, I'd like you to follow
through when you agree to do something
like that.
GUIDELINES FOR GATHERING SOURCES
● PRIMARY SOURCES- Direct, firsthand
sources of information and data. Ex.
Manuscripts, newspaper articles, speeches,
etc.
● SECONDARY SOURCES- Interpreted,
and analyzed information from primary
sources. Ex. Commentaries, reviews,
speech transcripts, encyclopedia.
TYPES OF MATERIALS IN GATHERING
SOURCES
● HIGH QUALITY SOURCES- Materials that
were researched, written, and verified by
experts.
● VARIED SOURCES- Materials with
verifiable and useful information, but these
are possibly biased and not in-depth.
● QUESTIONABLE SOURCES- Materials
written by laymen who are not experts on
the subjects they are writing.
GUIDELINES IN EVALUATING SOURCES
● Evaluate the authority, reliability &
usefulness of the source.
● Inquire or Research about the Author
whether he/she is an expert on that field.
● Inquire about the date of publication.
● Evaluate the audience
● Evaluate the Objectivity. Ensure that the
material is not made up of personal
opinion or propaganda.
● Evaluate the coverage of the material.
CLAIMS OF FACT, POLICY & VALUE
CLAIM- Statement that an author discusses,
explains, or proves in his writing.
- Serves as an argument in an essay, and is
developed using evidence.
TYPES OF CLAIMS
FACT- Asserts whether something is true or
untrue.
- Requires evidence such as accurate
statistical data, and comes from reliable
sources.
- Dengue is one of the major epidemics in
many tropical countries around the world.
POLICY- Statement that presents a specific
course of action that needs to be undertaken to
solve a problem. Key words used in claims of policy
are Should, must, and ought to.
- Vaccines against dengue must be given
freely in government hospitals.
VALUE- Attempts to establish the merit or
importance of something.
- Involves judgment, evaluation, or
appraisal of something.
- The government's move to make dengue
vaccines free to citizens is appreciated.
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LESSON 1- LESSON 9 | QUARTER 3
ELEMENTS OF AN EFFECTIVE SPEECH
PRESENTATION
PREPARATION & DELIVERY- 2 Main elements
that affect a speech.
OUTLINE OF PREPARATION
STATEMENT OF FACTS- Usually speeches start.
Provides background info about the speech.
ARGUMENTS- The speech then presents
arguments regarding the various positions that one
may take on the issue. [body of the speech]
APPEAL TO ACTION- Speeches usually conclude
with a call to action that encourages the audience
to do something. [Conclusion]
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN PREPARING
FOR A SPEECH
1. PURPOSE — is it to inform, persuade or
entertain?
2. AUDIENCE — Who is your target
audience?
3. VENUE — How could you make use of the
venue while delivering your speech?
4. TIME- How long do you have to deliver
your speech?
5. CONTENT- What is the topic of your
speech?
GUIDELINES FOR USING LANGUAGE IN
YOUR SPEECH
1. DO NOT USE LANGUAGE THAT
DEVALUES OR DEMEANS OTHER
PEOPLE — Would offend the audience
and may harm your credibility as a speaker.
2. BE INCLUSIVE IN YOUR CHOICE OF
WORDS — Keep in mind that what you say
should not be biased towards a race,
gender, or religion.
3. USE WORDS THAT YOUR AUDIENCE
WILL UNDERSTAND— Use simple, clear,
and avoid jargon words.
4. USE WORDS THAT ARE APPROPRIATE
FOR THE OCCASION— Some occasions
require formal language and precise
words.
GUIDELINES IN PREPARING VISUAL AIDS
1. PREPARE YOUR VISUAL AIDS IN
ADVANCE.
2. KEEP THE VISUAL AID SIMPLE.
3. ENSURE THAT THE VISUAL AIDS ARE
LARGE ENOUGH.
4. USE A FONT STYLE THAT IS EASY TO
READ.
5. DISPLAY VISUAL AIDS ONLY AS YOU
ARE DISCUSSING THEM.
6. EXPLAIN THE VISUAL AID TO THE
AUDIENCE
7. TALK TO THE AUDIENCE, NOT THE
VISUAL AID.
KEEP IN MIND WHEN MAKING &
DELIVERING EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
● CONSTRUCT THE OUTLINE OR NOTES.
● PRACTICE YOUR SPEECH USING THE
OUTLINE.
● POLISH YOUR DELIVERY.
● SPEAK NATURALLY.
● TAKE NOTE OF THE AUDIENCE
FEEDBACK.
STEPS IN STUDYING EXTEMPORANEOUS
SPEECH
● Is it a question of fact? Does it revolve
around whether something is true or not?
● Is it a question of value? Does it center on
whether the topic is good or bad, moral or
immoral, just or unjust?
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● Is it a question of policy? Does it focus on

what policy or rule should be followed?
● Determine if your topic is informative or
persuasive
● Stick to your topic and look at all angles of
the problem.
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
IMPROMPTU SPEECH— Type of speech that
involves little to no planning or preparation.
ADVANTAGES OF IMPROMPTU SPEECH
● Helps speaker learn how to think quickly
● Organize ideas in a short time
DISADVANTAGES OF IMPROMPTU SPEECH
“Social Media and Depression”
by Nicole Ann B. Estrella
Social media can be a serious threat to our
mental health because it can cause depression.
In an era when modern technology takes the
lead, a social media community is created.
Through social media applications, we can
connect to our loved ones, we can find friends
and we can express our views and opinions
easily. Socmed also helps students to learn at a
whole new level. Regardless of how great this
social media community is; it is still alarming to
see how it increases the risk of having
depression.

● Has limits on the content of the speech

● May not be effective since the speaker
does not have time to prepare.

WAYS IN ORGANIZING AN IMPROMPTU

SPEECH

● Opening—Rule of three—Clincher
● Past—Present—Future
● Point—Reason—Example

TIPS IN DELIVERING AN IMPROMPTU

SPEECH

● Do not panic.
● Pay attention to other speakers.
● Organize your response.
● Consider the main parts of a speech.
● Use transitional devices.
● Keep your speech short.
● Project confidence.

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REVIEW 8. Speaking or presenting with little to no

1. A Common Assertion is _________? preparation is called _______
a. A statement that can be proven from a. Justification
evidence b. Pacing
b. Personal Belief, Thought, or Opinion c. Impromptu
c. Statement that many people assume d. Extemporaneous
to be true but is not necessary 9. Public speaking is similar to an essay and
d. A statement that can be proven false should have ________
2. Implicit messages are ________ a. Introduction, body, & Conclusion
a. Clearly stated b. Fhvasaa?
b. Obvious c. Hsudawsa
c. Less obvious or hidden d. jshauhaud!
d. A message that tries to get you to do 10. What do you mean by maintaining eye
something contact?
3. Ice cream tastes better than cake. a. Look at your audience from time to
a. False time
b. Assertion b. Look outside
c. Opinion c. Look at the window
d. Factual d. Look at the door
4. A small bag of Doritos can contain up to 140 11. To prepare for public speaking, you should?
calories a. Be organized, practice, and
a. True anticipate questions, and have brief
b. Assertion notes.
c. Opinion b. Manood ng TikTok
d. Factual c. Matulog
5. Which statement is an example of opinion? d. Mag break-dance
a. Our school was founded in 1904 23. An argumentative essay is ______
b. Lemonade is better than iced tea a. Bwuauauaua
c. This spinach helps your reflexes b. Hehehe
d. Smoking can cause lung cancer c. Hihihii
6. Which statement is described as an d. All of the above
assertion? 24. A Speech written to convince the listeners of
a. A can of Coke contains 140 calories the validity of the speaker's argument about “why
b. Pizza Hut is the best people should connect with nature”
c. Sugary sodas can cause weight gain a. Persuasive speech
d. There are 24 hours a day b. Argumentative Speech
7. What is an opinion? c. Informative speech
a. The lesson, message, or moral of d. Factual Speech
the study 25. Speech that tries to change the reader’s mind
b. A strong feeling, belief, or thought. by convincing them to agree with your point of view
c. Something that can be proven with about nature vs. nurture.
evidence Persuasive essay
d. A statement that does not require
proof
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26. Evaluating sources of information is important ENUMERATE 5 SECONDARY SOURCES:

because ________
a. Sources vary in the leads of authority, 1. COMMENTARIES
accuracy, and objectivity. 2. SPEECH TRANSCRIPTS
b. Ghsasasz 3. REVIEWS
c. Hhahahah 4. ENCYCLOPEDIA
d. hehehe 5. DICTIONARY
27. The following are examples of primary sources
EXCEPT: III. IDENTIFY WHETHER THE FOLLOWING
a. Movie reviews STATEMENTS ARE FACT, OPINION, OR
b. Newspaper clippings ASSERTATION.
c. Articles
d. Speech ● The smallest planet in our solar system and
28. On May 5, 2020, amid the coronavirus crisis nearest to the sun is Mercury. [FACT]
panel issues show caused an order to shut down
ABS-CBN. Which of the following executive IV. READ & ANALYZE THE ARGUMENTATIVE
departments is credible for releasing information ESSAY. [POLICY, VALUE, FACT]
about the situation?
a. FDA
b. BFAD
c. WHO
d. NTC
29. The following are criteria in evaluating the
relevance of the information EXCEPT:
a. Fact
b. True
c. Fiction
d. Yes
30. What office can declare official public
announcements on COVID-19?
a. Huh
b. Ewan
c. Opo
d. Both B & C

II. ENUMERATE 5 PRIMARY SOURCES:

1. MANUSCRIPTS
2. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
3. SPEECHES
4. STATISTICS
5. INTERVIEWS

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ADVERTISEMENT 2. CLASSIFIED ADS— Usually only several

lines.
ADVERTISEMENT— Paid message created to — List things that is for sale such as
Promote a product, idea, or service. cars, houses, furniture, etc.

COMMON PURPOSES OF OTHER MEDIUMS FOR ADVERTISING

ADVERTISEMENT
● SOCIAL MEDIA
BUSINESSES— To Create a positive image of ● OUTDOOR SIGNS
the company. ● WINDOW DISPLAYS
● GIVEAWAYS
COMPANIES—To Obtain new customers and ● INTERNET
increase the sales of their products.
ELEMENTS OF ADVERTISEMENTS
INDIVIDUALS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS,
POLITICAL PARTIES, CANDIDATES & ADVERTISING STRATEGY— Solid strategy.
SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS— To Gain — Preparation and logic behind the
popularity, seek influence in the public, or for advertisement.
other promotional purposes. — Gives the ad direction and focus.

VARIOUS FORMS OF MASS MEDIA CREATIVE IDEA— Central idea.

FOR ADVERTISEMENTS — Creative concept.
— Should grab the attention and be
TELEVISION— Main medium used by National memorable.
advertisers.
— Engages the consumers’ sense of sight CREATIVE MEDIA USE— Media used in the
and sound. advertisement.

RADIO— Reach audiences in specific locations. CREATIVE EXECUTION— All components of the
— People can multitask. advertisement should contribute positively to
conveying the message and achieving the
NEWSPAPERS— Timeliness. desired outcome.
— If there are any changes in the market
or a sudden demand for a certain product, a COMPONENTS OF ADVERTISEMENTS
company may easily get their advertisement
out. ● WRITING
● PHOTOGRAPHY
2 TYPES OF ADVERTISEMENTS PRINTED ON ● LIGHTING
NEWSPAPERS: ● ACTING
● SETTING
1. DISPLAY ADS— Less than a square inch ● PRINTING
or may occupy a full page or more.
— Includes Illustrations.

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PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN — Used when a product is associated with

ADVERTISEMENTS something else.
● “My bank is the pair of hands which keep
LOGO— Appeal to logic or reason.
my money safe. Safe Hands Bank!
— Evidence and Statistics of the product.
— Straight facts of the product.
PUN— Similarity of one word to another.
● “Based on the survey conducted among
● “The Knight Amusement Park! Bringing joy
100 households, this detergent bar is the
to the night!”
most effective.”
OTHER ADVERTISING TECHNIQUES

ETHOS— Credibility of the product.

TESTIMONALS— Features an individual
— Convinces you that the company is reliable,
endorsing a product.
honest, and credible.
— Celebrity, Person of Authority, Someone
● “A famous athlete says, “Plade shoes is
well known, or ordinary people.
what I use. Strong and Powerful.”
● “A toy commercial makes use of a bunch of
PATHOS— Emotional Appeal. ordinary children to add credibility to the
— Invokes sympathy. product.”
— Emotional Response.
● “In order to get some funds for a shelter COMPARISON OF PRODUCTS— Compete
project for dogs, a teenager made a poster heavily with other brands.
of stray dogs who looked hungry with ● “A print ad shows two pictures of pizzas
nowhere to go.”
from a fast-food chain. The pizza on the left
has little to no toppings at all while the
RHETORICAL DEVICES
pizza on the right, which is the one being
endorsed, has lots of toppings.”
RHYME— Slogan of the brand or product.
— Memorable for consumers.
PRODUCT CHARACTERS— Fictional People,
● “Isang patak, bisang katutak.”
Cartoons, or Characters Used in
Advertisements.
HYPERBOLE— Impossible to happen.
● Jollibee, Bubu-Alyansa
— Highlights and Exaggerates what the
product can do.
SLOGANS— Short statements that a brand uses
● “This is the vitamin of the year. You’ll
repeatedly.
become so strong you could dance for days
● “Fly high, Soar High!”
without stopping.

METAPHOR— Similarity between two [2] things.

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ATTENTION-GETTING HEADLINES— Catchy TYPES OF

phrases or statements that encourage the NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
consumer to read the rest of the advertisement.
1. PROXEMICS— Distance between the
● “Pixie Antibacterial Soap: Kills bacteria like
speaker and the listener.
a mother kills mosquitoes around her child”
— Used in Public speaking.
● "He stood close to her while they
ANALYZING ADVERTISEMENTS
conversed, almost touching
shoulders."
AUDIENCE— Targeted people of the
advertisement. 2. KINESICS— Body language when
communicating.
IDEA— Information provided by the ● Gestures, Eye contact, Movements, and
advertisement. Facial Expressions.
● "She crossed her arms and leaned back
EXECUTION— Determines if the advertisement is in her chair during the meeting."
well executed.
3. CHRONEMICS— Role of time in the
PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES— Persuasive communication process.
strategies, Rhetorical Devices, and Advertising ● "He arrived 10 minutes early for the
interview."
Techniques used in the advertisement.

4. PARALANGUAGE— Speed, Volume, and

CHOICE OF MEDIA— Medium used in the
tone of speaker's voice.
advertisement.
● Sighing, gasping, Clearing one’s throat.
● "Her voice trembled as she spoke about
IMPACT— Effect on your target audience.
her fear of public speaking."

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL 5. HAPTICS— Use of Touch to convey

COMMUNICATION
meaning.
● "They greeted each other with a warm
VERBAL COMMUNICATION— Use of Words or
hug."
speech in communicating with others.
— Involves sending messages and INTENSIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
transmitting feelings or ideas.
PRONOUN— Words that refer to or take the
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION— Expressing place of nouns in sentences.
ideas that do NOT involve using words.
— Affects the meaning and understanding.
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INTENSIVE PRONOUNS— Intensifies the EXAMPLES OF MODAL VERBS:

antecedent (noun or pronoun). ● Can Would
— Intensive pronouns may be placed right
● Could May
next to the word they refer to, but they may
● Shall Might
also be found right after the object or at the
end of the sentence. These pronouns are also ● Should Must
not essential to the basic meaning of the ● Will
sentence. This means that deleting these FEATURES OF MODAL VERBS
pronouns will not change the sentence's
meaning. — Comes first in a verb phrase.
— Not Essential to the meaning of the
“The plane should have landed by now.”
sentence.
● “The teenagers themselves looked for jobs.
— The subject of the sentence does not affect
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS— Used as Direct the form of the modal verbs.
objects, Indirect objects, or objects of “The visiting children may leave the crayons.”
preposition.
— Used when the antecedent of the pronoun
— In Questions, the structure of the
and the direct object, indirect object, or
objects of the preposition of the sentence sentence is Inverted.
refer to the same person or thing. “Would you mind passing the viand to me?”
— Essential to the basic meaning of the [MODAL + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB]
sentence.
● “John made himself a coffee.”
— The modals would and could are also

MODAL VERBS considered as the past forms of will and can.

“I could shoot a basketball half-court.”
MODAL VERBS— Auxiliary verbs that express
ability, possibility, request, permission, and
— Some modals may have more than one
suggestion.
function.
“I will study hard so that I will get good grades.

— Adding not or nover to a modal will negate

it. (negate- ineffective)
“Charles might not pass the test.”
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MODALS OF ABILITY, POSSIBILITY, SUGGESTION— Recommend or give Advice.

AND REQUEST
— Includes the words: Could, Should, Hace
to, and Must.
ABILITY— Skills or Ability.
— MUST: Modal of Obligation
— Includes the words can and could.
— HAVE TO: Suggests obligation
“Randy can hold his breath for 1 minute.”
“You Could think of a better way to study.”

POSSIBILITY— Certainty.
— Also called modals of possibility, certainty,
or speculation.
— Strongest possibility to weakest possibility:
must, will, would, shall, should, may, can,
could, might.
“If I finish my assignments, my parents might
allow me to go out.”

REQUEST— Asking someone to do something.

— CASUAL: Can and Will
— FORMAL: Could and Would
— Questions.
“Can you pass me the salt?”

MODALS OF PERMISSION AND

SUGGESTION

PERMISSION— Asking or Giving Permission.

— Includes the words: may, can, and could.
— FORMAL: May and Could.
— CASUAL: Can
“May I go to the CR, Maam?”
“You can go to the CR.”

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