Whitmore High School Introduction to A-Level Mathematics Induction BookletINTRODUCTION TO A LEVEL MATHS Thank you for choosing to study Mathematics in the sixth form at Whitmore High School. You will | be sitting the new Maths A level specification. The content consists of Pure/Core maths, Statistics and Mechanics. Unlike previous years it is 100% prescribed there is no choices to be made. At the | end of Yr12 you will sit 2 exam papers. This will give you an AS maths qualifications. In Yr13 you | sit 3 exams which gives you an A level in Mathematics. Your AS marks DO NOT carry forward | into Yr13 | The Mathematics Department is committed to ensuring that you make good progress throughout your A level or AS course. In order that you make the best possible start to the course, we have | prepared this booklet. It is vitally important that you spend some time working through the | questions in this booklet over the summer - you will need to have a good knowledge of these topics before you commence your course in September. You would have met all the topics before at GCSE. Work through each chapter, making sure that you understand the examples, Then tackle the exercises ensuring you understand the topic thoroughly. The answers are given at the back of the booklet We will Test you the First Lesson into the course to check how well you have understood these topics. Your continuation on the Maths A level course is dependent on the outcome from the test. It is therefore essential that you work through the booklet. ‘We hope that you will use this introduction to give you a good start to your AS work and it will help you enjoy and benefit you from the course more, Mrs Bhabuta Sources for further help are indicated throughout the booklet. You may also find the following book useful Bridging GCSE and A-level Maths Published by Collins ISBN: 978-0-00-820501-0 Cost: £6.99 Whitmore High School 2Contents 1. Surds and Indices 2. Algebra a. Basic algebra b, Solving linear equations ©. Forming expressions 3. Coordinate Geometry 1 a. Straight Line Graphs b. Finding the equation of a line c. Mid-point and distances Gd. Intersections of lines 4. Algebra2 a. Solving a quadratic equation by factorising b. Using the quadratic formula Further equation solving 5. Coordinate Geometry 2 ‘a. Transformations of Graphs b. Sketching curves ¢._ Intersection points of graphs 6. Trigonometry a. Trigonometry and triangles b. The area of any triangle c. Solving a trigonometric equation 7. Vectors a, The magnitude and direction of a vector b. Position vectors 8. Graphs a. Straight Lines Parailel and Perpendicular Lines Quadratic Graphs Harder Graphs Graph Transformations 9. Statistics and Probability Sampling Data Basics Histograms Averages Cumulative Frequency Probability Laws of probability Tree Diagrams Fe repenge 10. ANSWERSPractice: Surds and indices 1.1 Surds Unless you are told otherwise, do not use a calculator for these questions. 1. Simplify these. a 3y5 +45 b 28x 3,2 ATO ° 3s d 2/5F ecaey tal 2 Express these in simplified surd form. a 5+ = b 2-8 © 2/18 ~ 4,27 3 By simplifying each surd, find the value ot ee 4 Simplify these expressions. a (1+ 22+ 2) * b (4+ 81 - a) © (2+3)2.2-1) 4 (2+ oF Be 2/84 +38) (2+ BF 5 Express these fractions in the form a + b8, where @ and b are integers. 1 2 aie be 4, © Fi 10 Simplify these fractions S+y 4: ay bas 3+ © 5-3 stow that Sf san eg, stating ts value, Given thatD =I = 4a: ns Handy hint a Mndithe value of jD when Handy hi La=2be4cul ne i a=3,b=~4,c=-2 Give each answer in simplified surd form, b Explain why D does not have areal value when a = b= cwhereb x0. Express these in simplified surd form, a 5 b 185 © yig2 d 150 +96 ABCis a tight-angled triangle. AB = 4 +2, AC=4~ 28. « oN A 2 ee a Find the area of this triangle, bb Find the exact perimeter ofthis triangle. Give your answer in the form 4a + bYIf, whore a and bare integers tobe stated. PRACTICE: SURDS ANDINDICES {BY(@"_& Find the greatest of these numbers. You ‘may use a calculator if you wish. 1+ 8, 2428, 34+,9 bb Show that these three numbers are sides of a right-angled triangle © Find the area of this triangle, giving your answer in the form a + by3, where a and b are integers to be stated. 2. POR isa right-angled langle. PQ= 5+ 5, PR=3+3\5. R 3638 oo a Expand(t + 5. b Show that QF? = 24 + 8,8. © Show that the area and perimeter of this triangle are numerically equal, 1.2 Indices 1 Express each of theso in the form 2* where isan integer. a x2! boy ce @ ex aa 2. Express these numbers in the required formn. a #intheform2* b 2in the forma” ¢ 8¥intheforma® —d 273 nthe forma" © 167intheforme? £64 Fin the form 16" 3. By writing 16 as power of or otherwise, solve the equation 16*= 32. 4 Solve these equations, a e216 b 16'=64 - we exes a Brasz 5 Express these terms in the form ax* where ais areal number, GB Practice: sunos ano mDices ods dae © axle aie 2 ax ee 1 lox er hge 6 Determine whether each of these statements is true or false, Use rules of indices to prove those which you think are true. For those statements that you think are false, give an example to show that itis incorrect, aa@Xa'=a* — forall numbersaand positive integers n bax i=al forall numbers aandb and positive integers © a =a"x a" forall numbers aand “positive integers m and n daxa"=1 forall non-zero numbers and positive integers n € @=a* forall numbers and positive integers 7 a Express 9222 in the form ax-+ bs*, where @, band n are constants b Bepres 2238 nthe forma + bt + cx"4, where a, b and care constants. 8 Express these as sums of powors of x. a 2x4 De~ £ +2 b Bx B+3x-6 Htar-6 oF a 24 9 Acurve Chas equation y = S#+2)G.x+ 9) @) where v0. a Express yin the forma + br! + ex, where a, band care constants, b Explain why, as x incteases and is positive, the value ofy approaches, but never equals, 6. Is there a point on this curve with ycoordinate 6Practice: 2.1 Basic algebra 1 Expand and then simplify these expressions. a 2a+3)+3(a-1) b 3b +2)~4@b-3) © Ala + 2b) + 280-40) d aQa +b) ~ Ha~ 3b) 2 Factorise fully these expressions, a 2ty+nf hb lat at © Sxtyz+ Gxtye d 12xty + 6x4) ~ Oxy 3. Expand these expressions. Fully factorise answers where appropriate, a Qa) b Gaby + Beeb) © Geb ~ aby 4. Rearrange these equations to make the variable shown in square brackets the subject. a P=3(Q+4) iQ b A=}@8~1) i) eR+T=3T-) on d 2(C~D)=5(1+2D) (DI) eu=}, Mm £ M=$w-1? ™ 5 The volume Vofa sphere with radius ris vader, @ Re-arrange this formula to make r the subject. b Find the radius of a sphere with volume 36m em? Algebra 1 6 The diagram shows a square PORS of side length 2x cm, A quarter circle, centre Pand radius 2xem, is inscribed inside the square, : ' | | =. Show that the area A of the shaded shape is given by the formula A = axe — m2, b Make.x the subject of this formula, © Show that the perimeter of the shaded shape is given by the expression armigis. 7 The diagram shows a right-angled triangle ABC, where AB= m+ 1, BC= m—1and AC= b Find an expression for m in terms of n,_ 8 Rearrange these formulae to make x the subject. a yar ay b y=4-1%-1 ey= PRACTICE= 2043, 9 p= 2+ , @ Show that P=2 +8, 1b Hence, or otherwise, make Q the subject of the formula P= 203, 10 Make the letter indicated in square brackets the subject of these formulae, aA=Be2 ip bo=2et wy cr-S3E om 11 Make the letter indicated in square brackets the subject of these formulae. ape aA-zey BI D+2 be=apee Ml oF 7 em Bt? 12 Simplify these fractions. a Bi8e p ats aat= 3x Bake ita 3 qT 13 Express these fractions in the required form. State the value of each constant. in the form 43? + Bx + for constants, Band C. in the form Ax ~ Bx for constants A and 8, in the form Ay? + Br* + forconstants A, Band C. in for the form Ax" for constants A and nr, 2.2 Solving linear equations 1. Solve these equations, asa+y=n wardens € s01-29=25 4 M5Sda7 PRACTICE: ALGEBRA 1 a rectangle ABCD, © 2 Solve these equations, a4a-3=2a+7 bh 6b+ © 5-2) =8c+2 3. Solve these equations. aKira0 a $+des % 549 she 4 By expressing these as linear equations, find the value of x. agep-s bts ene cd+deu 5 For the equation 5x ~ 2y= k, where kisa constant, itis nown that y = 3 when.x= 6. a Show that k= 24. b Hence find the value of x when y= 8, 6 Solve these simultaneous equations Db ax~3y=31 Sx + 2y= 33. a Sx+2y=12 2x+ 3y= 13 7 The diagram shows MAB = 2x 1, reel AD = 32 ~ 2, where all dimensions are incentimetres. Soeetaeed| a Find an expression for the perimeter ofthis rectangle, Simplify your answer as far as possible. ep ‘The perimeter of this rectangle is 33 em. b Find the area of this rectangle. 8 The shape in the diagram shows a rectangle ABCD supporting asemi-circle, "4 where AB™= (x— Dem and the semi-circle has x1 radlusxem. The centre of the somi-citcle is the | mid-point of BC. at‘a Show that the perimeter Pof the shape is piven by the formula P= (e+ 8)x~2. 'b Given that the perimeter of the shape is. 555 om, use a calculator to find the area of this shape. Give your answer to 3 significant figures, 9 By multiplying each of these equations by a suitable number, or otherwise, find the value of x for which: 49,805 5 Wal ats. atta igao pb rl abbas etl yxe c Htli Eng 2.3 Forming expressions Unless you ate told otherwise, assume all lengths are in centimetres. 1 The diagram shows a rectangle ABCD. Point E is the mid-point of BC, AB=x,AD=2x+4 a cy 2 a Find an expression in terms of x for the perimeter of this rectangle. b Show that the area of the trapezium ABED is given by the formula Area = $xtr +2). » c 2 The diagram shows the shape formed when a squate of side length xis + removed from the rectangle ABCD, 4 ae D where AD = 2x+ 5 and CD = 3x, Find, in factorised form, an expression for 4 the perimeter of the shape if the area of the shape. ‘The area of the removed square is 49 cm’, b Find the area ofthe shape. 3 The diagram shows two circles with a common centre, ‘The radius of the smaller citcle is em. The (shortest) gap between the ‘two circles is 3 em, a Findanexpression forthe circumference of the larger circle. Leave a in your answer. b Show that the area of the shaded region is given by the formula Area = 3n(2x + 3). 4 The diagram shows a circle with radius rand centre O. Points A and B on the circle are such ‘that triangle AOB is right-angled. ‘Handy hint Anata tks ke a sonet pa a Show that the perimeter P of the sector (OABis given by the formula Podna+ a. b Find an expression in terms of for the ‘area of the segment shaded in the diagram. Factorise your answer as far as possible, 5 Thediagram 4 zey 2 shows @ rectangle ABCD: AB= x+y, oe BC=x~¥, wherex>y. 2 fe Find an expression for the perimeter P of this rectangle. ‘The area of this rectangle is equal to the area ofa square with side length y. b Use this information to show that x= ky, stating the exact value of k, PRACTICE: ALGEBRA (B¥°‘a Show that the perimeter P of the shape is given by the formula P= (x + 8)x— 2, b Given that the perimeter of the shape is 4555 cm, use a calculator to find the area ofthis shape. Give your answer to 3 significant figures. 9 Bymuitiplying each of these equations by a suitable number, or otherwise, find the value of for which: 243,22 eed xt Retr ede ace Setlyge ¢ Stl gag 2.3 Forming expressions Unless you are told otherwise, assume all lengths are in centimetres, 1 The dlagram shows a rectangle ABCD, Point E is the mid-point of BO, AB=x,AD= 2x44 4 et > @ Find an expression in terms of xfor the perimeter of this rectangle. b Show that the area of the trapezium ABED fs given by the formula Area = $r(r+2). 2 The diagram shows #,- ic the shape formed when a square of a side length xis removed from the rectangle ABCD, 4 Be > where AD = 2x § and CD = 3x. ‘Find, in factorised form, an expression for i the perimeter ofthe shape iit the area of the shape. ‘The area of the removed square is 49 cm’. bb Find the area of the shape. l 3 The diagram shows two circles with a common centre. ‘The radius of the smaller circle is xem. The (shortest) gap between the two circles is 3 cm. a Findanexpression for the circumference of the latger circle, Leave win your answer, b Show that the area of the shaded region is given by the formuia Area = 3n(2x +3). 4 The diagram shows a circle with radius rand centre O. Points A and B on the circle are such that triangle AOBis right-angled. “Handy hint Rocco ofa ‘oreo nks ie sale of plaza Show that the perimeter P of the sector (OABis given by the formula p= dra) ® Fiadan expression in teams of forthe area of the segment shaded in the diagram. Factorise your answer as far as possible, 5 Thediagram — 4 ay a shows a rectangle ABCD. é AB= x+y, ta C= 2-Y, wherer>y. 2 © 4 Find an expression forthe perimeter P of this rectangle, ‘The area of this rectangle is equal to the area ofa squate with side length y. b Use this information to show that x = ky, stating the exact value of k. PRACTICE: ALGEBRA 16 Anareaoflandis fenced offusing some barbed wire x and a wall. In the diagram the wite is represented by the 4 Warr > edges AB, BGand CD. The side AD represents the wall, where ABCD isa rectangle. The total length ofbarbed wire used is 24 metres. a Express this information as an equation involving x and y, b Hence show that the area of this enclosure Is given by the formula: Area = 2x(12— 3). ¢ Find the enclosed area in the case when ABCD is a square. 7 The diagram shows a cuboid with dimensions x, 2rand 3x. @ Find an expression for the volume Vof this cuboid. Simplify your answerasfaras possible, b Show that the external surface area Sof the cuboid is given by the formula $ = 223 Express the area of the side shaded in the diagram as a fraction of the external surface area. Give your answer in its lowest terms ‘The volume of this cuboid is 48 cr. Find the external surface area of this cubold. 8 Froma rectangle, four squares of side length xm are cut from each corner, Diagram 1 shows the net ofthe remaining shape, aon a | Diagram PRACTICE: ALGEBRA f ‘a Find an expression in terms of xfor the area of this net. ‘The sides ofthis net are folded at the corners to form a tray with an open top (see Diagram 2). Diagram 2 'b Show that the volume Vof this tray is given by the formula V= 4x(4- 9 ~ 3). ‘The total surface area ofthis “Handy hint tay is 78 em’, sinha ¢ Find the volume ofthis tray. Sam ecw ssreces ote 9 The diagram showsacuboid ta with base dimensions x cm by yem. The cuboid has height 4cm. a Find an expression involving. and y for the external surface area S of this cuboid. ‘The volume of this cuboid is 16 cm’. b Use this information to show that xy = 4. ¢ Find an expression for Sin terms of xonly. 10 ‘The diagram shows a cylinder with radius r @erebetaneie a a Write down the volume V of this cylinder in terms of rand h,seksi. @u Itis given that the volume of this cylinderis Seem’, A straight metal rod, which s the longest that, can be placed in the cylinder, has length £. b show that L= FB + ‘The rectangle ABCD shown in Diagram 1 is cutled so thet the side AB meets the side CD tomake the hollow cylinder with height 4 em and radius r shown in Diagram 2. AB= 401m and BC= Lem. ie : - ‘ Show that the volume V of this cylinder is given by the formula 7 Acircular lid and a base each of radius rare added to the cylinder in Diagram 2. b Show thet the surface area S of this closed cylinder is given by the formula Eon+n. PRACTICE: ALGEBRA 1Straight-line graphs Find the gradient mand the y-intercept cof each of these lines. a y=3rt6 sx 5 z by=2-4r ey= d y=-38 +49, Sketch, on separate diagrams, the lines with these equations. Label the points where the line erosses each axis with their coordinates. Bymakingyy the subject of each equation, find the gradient m and the y-intercept cofthese lines. ayn QetL =O b 2y-3x=2 Haye z- © 4x-3y=1 aptga3 show that these pairs oflines are parallel ay=an4 b 2y-axe1 yoaetano y= Abie c4g-a-9 gestino ‘Show that these pairs of lines are parent ayaahd— bayraneo genes ote? ore a-aeice fa Sketch, on the same diagram, the line y~ 2x = Land theline2y ~ 6x-+ 1 =0. b Find the distance between the y-intercepts of these graphs. 6 a Sketch, on the same diagram, the line y~ 3x-+4= Oand theline3y + x=6. bb Find the distance between the x-intercepts ofthese graphs, 7 Express the equations of these lines in the formay + bx +c=0,wherea, band care integers. -h-3 x fae 3 1 2p 8 ar 5°72 8 The diagram showsa sketch of the lines A, B, Cand D. The lines bave equations (1), (2), (3) and (4). years ©) y yeares @ ® ayes sry Match each line with its equation. 9 ‘The height 4 (in cm) ofa sunflower rdays after being planted is modelled by the equation k= 3.5¢-+ 10, a Sketch the graph of h against tfor 1 = 0. b Explain, in context, what each constant in the equation h = 3.5¢ + 10 represents. ‘When fully grown the sunflower is expected to be metres tall. © According to this model, how many weeks from being planted does it take for the sunflower to reach its fall height? 4 Give one reason why this madel may not be appropriate. oa Ae OER10 The speed v (in metres per second) ofan athlete ¢seconds after crossing the finish line in @ 100 metre race is modolled by the equation v= 7 = 1.41, a Sketch the graph of vagainst for Handy hint 12 0jlabelling the necessary roo soeed~ axis-crossing points te gras tam GCSE with their coordinates. b Describe, in context: 4. what each axis-crossing point represents it what the gradient represents. © According to this model calculate the total distance the athlete runs from the start of the race until he stops. 1 The tine Lhas equation ay + bx = 12, where a and baze positive constants. L crosses the y-axis at point A and crosses the aeaxis at polit B. 4 Skeich the graph of J, labelling points A and B with thelr coordinates in terms of aand P, respectively. ‘Triangle OAB has area 9 square units. b Show that ab= 8 The gradient of Lis ~2, ¢ Find the value of and the value ofb, Show that the length of the shoriest line from Oto Lis sp. “2 Finding the equation of a line 1a Find the equations of the lines which pass through these points. Give cach answer in the formy = mx +c. 1 AG, 4) and BG, 10) Hi Ad, -8) and BG, 7) iti A(~1, 5) and BG, 7) iv A(~ Vand B(~6, 5) } One of your answers to part a does not involve Integers. Write this equation in the form ay+ bx = cwherea, band care integers. 2 Thesketch shows the line Z which passes through the points A(0, 3} and B@, 2). This, Jine crosses the x-axis at point C. a Find the gradient of L, b Find the equation of Z. Give your answer in the form ay + bx = cwhere a, band c are integers, © Find the coordinates of point C. 3 Find the equations of these lines. a Theline with gradient which passes through the point A@, 3). b The horizontal line which passes through the point C35, ~7). © Theline with gradient ~3 which passes through the point B(4, ~2) Give your answer for this line in the form ay + bx = cwhere a, b and care integers, 4 @ Aline passes through the points A(, 5) and BG, p), where p is a constant. Given that the gradient of this line is 4, find the value of p. 1b Aline passes through the points 4(g, 12) and B(6, q), wheze qis a constant. Given that the gradient of this tine is ~7, find the value of. € Aline passes through the points Er, r+ 1) and F(8, 0), where ris a constant. Given that the gradient of this line is find the value of r, 5 The line L passes through the points P(~4, ~3) and Q¢4, 9), This line crosses the yeasts at point A and the isat point B, a) S-axis at point Tate @ FindanequationforL, seth te ine b Find the area of triangle AB, where Ois the origin,6 uw Aline passes through the —temennnstma points $(3, -2) and T(12, -14). Handy hint This line crosses the y-axis at _Stetcnthesre, point A and the x-axis at point B. Show that the distance AB = §. Aline has equation y= mx ~ 3 where m isa constant. The point A(—5, 7) lies on this tine, a Find the value of m. b Determine whether or not the point B(-7, 10) ies on this line. ‘The line L has equation 2y ~ 4x + k= Owhere ‘isa constant, The point a(S, 1 Show that k= 9. bb Find the y-intercept of L. ¢ Find the area of the triangle formed by this line and the two coordinate axes. Dies ont ‘The line L has equationy ~ 3x + 1=0. ‘The points AG, 8) and B(-1, k), where kis a constant, lie on. a Show that k= ~4, b Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. Give your answer in the form ay + bx = 6, for integers a, band c. ‘The line L passes through the points P(L, 48) and QG, 4), where isa constant, k> 1 a Show that the gradient of Lis ~4. 'b Find the equation of L, giving your answer in terms of k. Point Ris where L crosses the x-axis, © Find the value of k such that PQ = QR. ‘The line L, passes through the points A(3, 2) and BG, 0). The line J is parallel to Z, and ‘passes through the point C(7, 4). a Find an equation for L, b Show that the perpendicular bisector of AB ‘passes through point C, Hence, show thatthe perpendicular distance between L, and L, is Y/10 unis. | 12 Theline L, passes through the points 4 5 A(~3, -Dand a, Show that the equation of Z, can be written as3y=2x+3, ‘The line J, has equation 3x + 2y = 28. b Sketch, on a single diagram, the lines L, and, © Verifythat point Handy hint P66, 5)lieson both epiteuwte concates. jm tea that Pfeson each ne, d Find the area of the triangle formed by these lines and the Jraxis, < Mid-points and distances Find the coordinates of the mid-point of the line AB, a AQ, 5), B(10,3) b AG, © A(-6,11), 8, 4) a AG, §).088) BLD Find, in terms of the constant & the coordinates of the mid-point of AB. Simplify each answer as far as possible. a AQ, 4), Blk 24) b A(-2k 5), BIO, 2ie+1) © AGK, 2-1, BU, 5B) ‘The mid-point of ABis the point C2, 3). If has coordinates (1, ~ 2) find the coordinates ofB. Points A(~4, 4) and Bare such that the mid- point of AB is the point C(-3, 7) Find the coordinates of the point D such that Bis the mid-point of CD. Points A(p, 3) and B(4, q), where p and q are ‘constants, are such thet the mid-point of AB Is the point C(8, 11), Point Dis the mid-point OFAC. SES RR ATT STDlaos @ Show that p = 2and find the value of g. b Find the coordinates of D, It is given that the distance AD = 5. ¢ Find the distance DB. The vertices of the square ABCD have coordinates A(}, 3), B(—3, 7), Cty, q) and D(G, 7), where p and gare constants. ‘The diagonals of any square bisect each other. Find the coordinates of C. 7 Find the distance AB for these points. Give answers in simplified surd form where appropriate. 2 AG, 4,B6,2) b AQ, -2), B6,7) © A(~3,-D, B-5,9) a Al-; 8 Given the points A@, 4), B(6, —1) and C{-2,7), prove that the triangle ABCis, isosceles, but not equilateral, 9 Acircle has diameter AB, where A(4, ~1) and BE, 2). 8 Find the coordinates of the centre of this circle, 1b Show thet the radius ofthis circle is 3 units. ‘The point C2, ~3) is the centre of acivee. The point A(7, 9) lies on this circle, a Showthat the radius of thiscircle is 13 units, 10 bb Find the coordinates ofthe point B such that AB isa diameter of this cele, JL ‘The diagram shows the points 4(0, 3), B@, 8) and C15, 8) y | : : Not drawn seoutely i i i | | | | | | 12 The positive constant, are such that the distance B= p. Cis the midpoint of AB. a Show that p= 5, b Find the circumference of the citcle which a Show that AB + BC? = AG b What information about the triangle ABC does the result of part a give? ¢ Find the area ofthe circle witich passes through points A, Band C. Leave in your answer. 8s A(p, 3) and BAL, 6), where pis a has centre Cand passes through point A, Leave min your answer. Intersections of lines 1 £ Onseparate diagrams, sketch the pairs of lines with these equations. if Use algebra to find the coordinates of the ‘points where each pair of lines intersect. Give answers as top-heavy fractions where appropriate. ayear-9 byw ape yarre3 oy cynder§ yh de 2 Use algebra to find the coordinates of the © 2y points where these lines intersect. @ 2y+3x~5e0 b 3y—4x=8 yean2x =xt2 ye"s -4 2e~5y-12=0 3. Line Z, has equation §y + 6 = 5.1ine L, has equation» 2~ de Use algebra to show that there is no solution to the simultaneous equations fy + Gx=Sandy=2- Sr, b What geometrical information does the result of part a give about the lines L, and L2 is a7€ Sketch the lines Z, and L, ona single diagram, Byerpresingeach equation nthe fom ‘mz ¢,forconstants m and c, determine ‘nether theee pats oflinos inert For those that do, find the coordinates of the point of intersection, a 4x+3y=6 b Gr~ l0y+9=0 Sy-4x+18=0 — 5y-3x-10=0 © Gy+x=2 ay=1+8 Bysolving these simultaneous equations, find the coordinates of the points where these lines intersect. it Sketch each pair oflines on a separate diagram, a2y-x=5 bb aytemi2 2yte=9 2y+3e= © Yy-ar+9=0 Sy~2x=5 ‘The diagram shows the ines Z, and LL, ‘crosses the x-axis at the point A and has equation y = 3x ~ 3. £, crosses the x-axis at the point Band has equation y= 7 ~ 2x. ‘These lines intersect at point C. a Find the x-coordinate of point A and the 2-coordinate of point B. b Find the area of triangle ABC. ‘The diagram shows the line L, with equation 2y ~ x= Gand theline L, with equation 3y + 2x= 16, These lines intersect at point C. Find the area of the triangle formed by these ines and: a the y-axis bb the x-axis, The line Z, has equation y = 6x ~ 3. The line L, has equation Sy ~ 12x'= 1, a Find the coordinates of the pointA where these lines intersect. b Find the equation of the line perpendicular to L, which passes through point A. Give ‘your answer in the form ay + bx = efor integers a, band. ‘The diagram shows triangle ABC formed by the intersection of three lines, Point A has coordinates (10, 7). The line L, passes through Aand C and has gradient }. y ot down ae Secaatly ‘4 Show that an equation for L, is 4y — x= 18. Line Z, passes through the points Band Cand hhas equation 2y ~ 3x = 4, b Find the coordinates of the point C. ‘The y-intercept of the line which passes through the points A and Bis 17 © Find the distance BG, giving your answer in simplified surd form,Practice: Algebra 2 4.1 Solving a quadratic equation by factorising 1 Solve these equations using factorisation. axv~ex+15=0 b P+ 5x-14=0 © 2 6r+9=0 d 2° 4+2-10=0 © 22 -11x+5=0 f 3x7+5x-12=0 2 Rearrange these equations into a suitable form and then solve them using factorisation, a 24+3x=18 b 2e4+6= 7% © xa@-D=12 . d@ x(4x-5)= 20+) eo HO, x1 f ig" aE=8 3 Solve these equations using factorisation. a p> lop-56=0 b g@+72= 224 © ars =n 4 Tisgiven that? isa solution to the equation 2 ~ 15x + = O, forea constant. @ Show that ¢= 26 Find the other solution to this equation. 5 Itis given that -2 is. solution tothe equation. 2x2 + (k-+ Dx ~ k= 0, for ka constant. Find the other solution to this equation. 6 a By replacing with y, express 2 ~ 5x? +4 = Oasa quadratic equation in. Find the possible values of yand hence solve the equation xt ~ 8:°-+ 4 = 0, 7 By making a suitable substitution, solve these equations, av - 138 +36=0 b x-4Vr+3=0 c 2*-9x2+8=0 Handy hint Forpat. ot yor d 8x9- 10x9F+3=0 8 The diagram shows a rectangular field ABCD. c : a AB = (x~ 3) kmand BC = (2x~5) km, D ra ‘The area of the field is 1 km?, a Show that x satisfies the equation 2e= Ie + 4 b Find the value of x and expiain it is the only possible value, © Hence find the perimeter of this field, PRACTICE: ALGEBRA 29 The diagram shows a rectangle ABCD. The area of this, rectangle is 15 om’. Find the length of the Giagona Bb. 10 The diagram shows a rectangle ABCD. ° 4 = 4 a wi AB=(x+ Demand BC= 3xcm, Find the area of this rectangle given that its area and perimeter are numerically equal, @3)11. The diagram shows the trapezium PRS, sel ote eet ‘The trapezium has height xem and horizontal sides. PS= @x+ 1) cmand QR= (+ 1)em, a Show that, in cm?, an expression for the area of this trapezium is x(2x + 1), ‘The area of this trapezium is 28 em’. b Find the area oftriangle PRS. © Given that PQ = SR, show that this ‘trapezium has perimeter 16+ 7./3 em. 90> PRACTICE: ALGzBRAZ | 12 Find the perimeter of these right-angled triangles, Alllengths are in cm. a c jx-2 — Res bg 4 | a2 4 A Bet 13 The diagram shows a right-angied triangle ABC. . AB = x? — 1 and AC = 2x, where all lengths are incm, © e a Show that BC= x2 +1. ‘The perimeter of this triangle is 112 em. b Find the area of this triangle, 4.2. Using the quadratic formula 1. Use the quadratic formula to find the exact solutions of these equations. ‘Simplify each answer as far es possible. ax+6rt1=0 b 44x-3=0 © #-6r+3=0 d 28 4x-2=0 TROT‘Mai obese © 3x ~4r=2 f 2%=10e+3 ‘Simplify these equations and then solve them ‘using the quadratic formula, Give answers in simplified surd form, a 3x? 2x= 269" +3) b at+1=@-xF © 2x—3)= e+ DE +3) Use the quadratic formula to find the roots of these equations. Give answers to2 decimal places. a @-Sr+3=0 b 2@x- 8) +3=0 © 2x(x~3)=17 How many real roots do these quadratic equations have? a t+3x—-2-0 tes ‘Handy hint b 2x? -5r+4=0 Cate tho sarininant of © ata axtl=0 each octtn. ‘4 Show that the roots of the equation x2 = 2kx~ 10, where kis @ constant, are given by x= kt VE HI. b Find, in terms of &, the sum of these two roots. € Find the product of these two roots. Find the roots) of these quadratic equations, leaving your answer(s) in terms of the positive constant k. Simplify each answeras far as possible. a= kx+2=0 b 2xt-3VEx+k=0 © B+ 2k +1=0 43? — ake + (~ 9) ‘The equation x? — 4x + 2p = Ohas no real roots, where p is areal number, Show that p > 2. 8 a Find the value of the smallest positive integer q for which the equation 23?+ gx +7 = Ohas two real roots. b For this value of q find these two roots. 9 The diagram shows a shape consisting ofa circle with radius rem on top of a rectangle ABCD. The rectangle has height 10cm and width equal to the diameter of the circle, ‘The area of the shape is 240 en a \ Find the value ofr, giving your answer to 1 decimal place. la bb Hence show that this circle occupies just under half of this shape. 10 Fora particular integer the equation @®* + 85+ c= Odasnoreal roots. For this integer o, the equation 22+ 12x-+2c= 0 has two real roots, pand q, where p 3 {is a constant, PRACTICE ALGEBRA? ‘oqGiven that AB = 6 ecm aH Handy hint 4 showthat p?— 4p 130 Seesaxin39, b Find the area of the trapezium shaded in. the diagram, Give your answer in the form m+ nvi7 for Integers m and nto be stated. @©2 ‘The diagram shows a line passing through the points A, 4), Bip, p) and C(q, 7), where p and gare constants, and p > 2. Given that AB = 4: S407. b Find the exact value of . a Show that p ¢ By finding the distances ACand BCshow that 4+7 ~Ja—V? = V2. @©s The diagram shows a right-angled triangle ABC. AB = Vi4cm,AC = xem and BC =1em, where x>1, Handy hint Soe coe 4108 Express (2+) in the form a+ iN5 for integers a and b, b Show that xsatisfies the equation ola? +1=0, (ee? Practice: ALGesRA2 © Find the exact value of and hence show that the perimeter of this triangle is 4+Vid om. 4.3 Further equation solving 1. Solve these simultaneous equations. a yax43 by=2r+1 Btyss += 10 eye art2 we+yna 2 The diagram shows the circles? + y¢ = 5 and the line y = 3 - 2x. Points A and B are where the line and the citgle intersect. y Solve the simultaneous equations yas to find the coordinates of point A and the point B. 85 b Show that the distance AB is~!~ units, 3. Solve these simultaneous equations. a y~2rt1= Poet or=9 b x~2y Baap tetal oeenmniealanieinbente fon. 4 The diagram shows the circle v + y? = 20 and theline with equation y = 2x + 10. ‘The line crosses the y-axis at point Cand is a tangent tothe circle at point . a Write down the coordinates of point ¢. bb Solve the simultaneous equations xyes 20 y= 2x +10 to find the coordinates of point A, ¢ Find the area of triangle OAC. 5 Acircle has equation x° + y' = 10 and aline has equation y + 3 = 10, 4 Solve the simultaneous equations B+ =10 y+3x=10 to find the coordinates of any points where this line and circle intersect. 1b What information about this line and circle does your answer to a give? 6 Acircle has equation. - 2+ = 4anda Sine has equation 2y + x= 7, ‘a Show that the simultaneous equations Det pad 2ytxe7 have no real solutions, b What information about this line and circle does your answer to a give? 7 Solve these cubic equations. a + 4)e + YR-3)-0 b xtx+ 3)%—2)=0 © Gr 2r4+ 26-2 =0 d @+Not-sx4+6)=0 e #43 4x=0 f 4e-3¥=0 g Sx*— 108 Or =0 fh 4x + 9 = 2x 8 The shape in the diagram consists of wo © sauate metal plates welded together. The square ABCG has side length x metres. The smaller square CDEF has side length y metres. A c ‘The shape has perimeter 10 m and area § m? Use this information to write down and solve a pair of simultaneous equations, b Find the area of each plate, 9 The diagram shows a right-angled triangle ABC. AB = xem, AC= y, where x> y, and BC=6cm, ; / i : ‘The triangle has perimeter 14 em. Sem ——S=E fa Write down and solve a pair of simultaneous equations to find the exact length of side AB and the exact length of side AC. b Find the area of triangle ARC. PRACTICE: ALGEBRA 2G10 The diagram shows a rectangular field ABCD. a Show that 1? = Sx? ~ ax +4, ‘Ahiker knows that the route ACDBA is 2 km. longer than the route ABCDA, where lll sections ofeach journey consist of straight lines, Use this information to express Lin terms of. e Find the area of the field, AB = x, BC = (2x— 2) and the diagonal AChas length Z, where all lengths are in kilometres. PRACTICE: ALGEBRA 2 | | | | | |Transformations of graphs 1 The diagram shows the graph of y = fix) which ‘crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 7). Point P(~2, 3)is the minimum point on this graph. % yf Pee, Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of aysf+2 b y= 20 © y= flan) d y=ftr~2), Indicate on each sketch the coordinates of the minimum point and the y-intercept of each graph, 7 2 ‘The diagram shows the aeeener graphs Fand.G.The graph ae Sens Gisatranslation of graph hetthe nears, Pby the vector (_$). Under this translation, point PA, 4) on Fis mapped to point P’ on G, and point Qon Fis mapped to point Q'6, ~2) on G Find the coordinates of # point P* fi point. b Sketch the graph of y = 3.ft0. Label the images of Pand Qwith their coordinates. ‘The diagram shows the graph of y = fix) and the graph of y= flax), where a is positive constant. The graph y = fla) crosses the x-axis atthe points where. = ~1and x= 6. Both graphs cross the y-axis at the point (0, 2). * can Describe, in terms ofa, the transformation Which maps the graph of y= ftx) onto the graph of y= fa). ‘Under this transformation, the point 2,3) is mapped to the point P'S 3). b Find the value ofa, © Forthis value ofa, find the coordinates ofthe points where the graph of y= flax) crosses the x-axis, Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of fyafir+2 it y= 4ftaa), ‘On each sketch, mark the axis-crossing points with theit values and the maximum point with its coordinates.© 5 ‘heatagramsdows he complaw eaphot 4 The diagram shows the graph ofy = fix). The b State the value of k raph crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 3) and Ghovr-anis at the point (5.0), The masineon «Find the coordinates ofthe points where G point P on this graph has coordinates (2, 5). crosses each axis. a vot | <0) Sketching curves | 1 On separate diagrams sketch the curves with. these equations. On each sketch, label the turning point with its coordinates, eats fp ah Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of Ly= fo Hy=fcn, Indicate on each sketch the coordinates of the axis-crossing points and the maximum | | by=-4y |e ysatart2 2 By writing each quadratic expression as a completed square, sketch, on separate or minimum point of each graph. diagrams, the curves with these equations. Seer reee ‘Oneach sketch bel the tuming point with y= ~fl-2). Indicate the coordinates of the seta ‘axis-crossing points and minimum pointof | y=.a+@r+20 this graph. bynx+ 20-5 © Describe in as much detail as youcan the | single transformation which mapsthe | © y=" 6247 graph ofy = fix) to the graph of y= — fx). | ayex-se43 | 3 By factorising each quadratic expression, sketch, on separate diagrams, the curves with these equations. On each sketch label the y~ fi), The graph crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 5) and the c-axis at the points (2, 0) and (6, 0). Point P(4, ~2) is the minimum ‘pintercept with its value. point on this graph. 4 7 | aya ort4 i a |b ysaedtzts |e yan 7e-10 { | dy=i245¢~2¥ | 4 Onseparate diagrams sketch the curves with | Ta |” these equations. On each sketch label the ; ‘@ Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of: | y-intercept with its value, | 1 y=fors tty=s(ds) a y= (c+ 3)@~- 2-1) i iii y= fan iv y= 23x). b y= @e~ DE+3)@+1) Indicate on each sketch the coordinatesof |e y= (x- 1)*Ur- 3) | any axis-crossing points and the minimum or maximum point of each graph. Under the translation (72), where k > 0, the graph of y= flo Is mapped to a graph, Gwhich crosses the x-axis at a single point. d y= (e+ 2) 08-4) 5 By factorising each cubic expression as faras possible, sketch, on separate diagrams, the curves with these equations. oo RE‘SE anemic nd a yox tartar b y= 84 2e— ar cya es dst ay y= 498-12 + ox 6 ‘The diagram shows the curve with equation y=2 + bx + c, where b and care constants y a4) ‘The turning point of this graph has coordinates (3, ~4) ‘4 Find the value of band the value of 1b Hence express the equation of this curve inthe form y = («~ 7)Gx ~ for constants rand, i 7 @ Expand and then simplify = Det +r= 19 b Hence sketch the curve with equation Yue = 1+ 12 8 The diagrams show the graphs of four cubic curves together with their roots and yrintercepts. { i | ‘The equations of three of these curves are Aye#-1 By=t-x Gyse-x @ Match each equation A, Band C to its corresponding diagram. 1b Suggest an equation for the curve shown on the unmatched diagram. waaay > (OF9 Each of the curves shown in these diagrams @ has an equation of the formy = x°+ be+ c whore b and care constants, Pis the taming point ofeach curve. Foreach curve find the value Theroatseta of}, cand any other unknown quiets cuve values shown on the diagram. so aqaly speed sate ste of ay ‘ie of amet. Poa | >ase coy | “ol 3 F Poe 98 2 CORMAN Gc ART RY Handy hint Pao 10 a Sketch the graph with equation 2 ~ Bx + 15, labelling its roots and ‘turning point with their coordinates, b Hence, or otherwise, state the value of the tonstant kuch that the graph with equation y= 3° ~6r+8+k hhas exactly one teal root, © Given that the graph with equation Y= (e~a)(~ b) + Kehas exactly one real oot, where a < band kare constants, show chat; ~ (54). sa, Intersection points | of graphs | 1 Thediagramshows —y, the curve ya#-6r413 ! ‘and the line yo drt. fs The curve and line 4 intersect at points AandB. yoo a Find the coordinates of AandB. b Show that the distance AB = 4/$ units, 2 Find the coordinates ofthe points of intersection of these curves and lines. Give answers in simplified surd form where appropriate. @ Curvery=28-3r-4 Line y=4—x b Quivery=x+5e+7 Line:y=20+7iat scat ¢ Cuveyast+6r+8 Uneiys ars doune:y=4 Line.y- 24160 ‘The diagram shows the curve poset e and the liney = 4. ‘The curve crosses the x-axis at points Aand B, The curve andlineintersect _| atpoints Cand D, a Find the coordinates of Aand B, bb Find the coordinates of points Cand D. ¢ Hence find the area of the trapezium ABCD. The diagram shows the curve y= 2x2 ~ ax-+5 and the line y= & — 13. ‘The curve crosses the y-axis at point A. ‘The line crosses the y-axis at point B. % Norden accurately ‘a Write down the coordinates of A and B, b Showthatthislineandcurveintersect ata single point, P, and givethe coordinates of. © Show that triangle ABP has area 27 square units. Acurve has equation y= 2*~ 4x+7anda line has equation y= I~ 2x, 4 Use the method of substitution to show that the simultaneous equations y=x~4r-+7andy=1—2rhaveno real solutions, b What information about this curve and line does the result of part a give? © Express. ~ 4x +7 in the form Ge p)? + qr where p and q are constants. Sketch, on the same diagram, the graph of y=x—4x+7and theliney = 1 — 2x, 6 a Sketch the graph ofy = + 6x +13. Label the vertex of your sketch with its coordinates. 1b Find the range of values of k for which the horizontal line y= k does not intersect the curve y = x + Gx ++ 13, Give your answer as an inequality. 7 Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of; Handy hint Soe Sexton 4.3, @ the curve with equation y=x+3e°+1and the line with equation y+ 2x = 1 b the curve with equation y= 2s ~ 4 ~ 3x + 1 and the curve with equation y= 52 ~ 12x +1, 9 The diagram shows the graph of fe) y= 8 ~ Ax + 2iandy~ — + ox+9, ‘The curves intersect at points A and B. Notdsewn 4 securely 4 We 4 Find the coordinates of And B, ‘The line L is the perpendicular bisector of AB. b Find, to 1 decimal place, the coordinates of the points where L intersects the curve Yon +r + 9, 9 The diagram shows the graph of x8~ Gr+ 13 and the liney= 2x +6. ‘The line intersects the curve at points A and B.Points P and Qon the x-axis are such that intersects the curve with equation r the lines PA and QBare vertical, The shaded | ye 38+ 4x41 i region bounded by the curve, the x-axis and z i the lines APand BQis 48 square units. |b States, ona singe Handy hint } ind the area of the region R between the Smee ‘See Secton 5.2. ' curve and heline A. urs, showing cleary / ese intersection Gr @ Find the coordinates of the points where Points. the curve with equation y = (r— 1)? (e+ 1) 900 vi: LeSear eatiets ©.) Trigonometry and triangles 3 significant figures. 1 In these triangles, all lengths are in centimetres, Use the lowercase letter. 2 ‘Handy hint da 2 | a The deses on | sites AC and BC i ‘mean AC = BC. Unless told otherwise, give final answers to rule to find the length of the side indicated with a ‘The diagram shows triangle ABC. AC BC 10 cmand angle BAC= 74". oem, bem 2 A a Show thet angle CBA = 35.2° to 3 significant figures, Use the sine rule to find the length AB. ‘The diagram shows triangle ABC. AB = x, AC= 2s and angle ACB = 30°. B c Use the sine rule to show that sin b Hence show that triangle ABC is right-angled, © Express the length of the side BCin terms of x, simplifying your answer as far as possible. Rearrange these cosine rules to make the required term the subject. @ =a +B 2abcos Cforcos C b =a +c ~2accosB for B 2 4045 In these triangles, all lengths are in centimetres. Use the cosine rule to find the length of the side indicated with a lowercase letter, 7 ; : LX. [7 NA 6 Inany telangle, the largest angle is opposite the longest side. ‘Use the cosine rule to find the largest angle in this triangle, 46 ul 8 ¢é Use any appropriate rules to find the other ‘wo angles of this triangle, 7 The diagram shows triangle ABC where AC = id om, BC = 2V8 em and angle Point D on ABis such that angle ADC = 120°, a Show that GD = 4em, b Find angle DBC, -e Find the exact perimeter of triangle ABC. 102 HoH: TeMncaiow The dager how the ingle BG where 5) AC = 23x cm, AB = rem and angle OM 30°, g 2fixem, a 2 eam ‘@ Show that triangle ABC is isosceles. » Hence, or otherwise, show that the area of ‘triangle ABCis Vix? con’, stating the value of the integer k. 9 The diagram shows the triangle ABC, where AB= 7m, AC = 12 cm and angle BAC = 25", Polnt Don ACis such that AD = 4 cmand angle DBC = 50”, Show that BD = 3.77 om (io significant figures). b Find angle c. ¢ Hence, or otherwise, find angle DBA. 10 The diagram shows the sector of a circle with centre C. Points A and B lie on this circle. DB = (14 em, where Dis the mid-point of AC, DC = xcmand angle DCB = 120°, 4 a Show that= \2.em, b Find the perimeter of the curved shape ADB, | |sai ee "1 The diagram shows the rangle asc where AB= kom, BC = (k+ 1) cmand AC= (2k 1} cm. Angle ABC = 120", 2 even . eee ch @ Show that k= 7, b Find the other two angles in this triangle, Give each answer to the nearest degree. @pr2 The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD. All lengths are in centimetres. AB = 10, BC= 18, CD= i2and DA = 14 Angle ABD = 27", Show that angle ADB = 18.9° to significant figures). b Find angle DCB. © Explain briefly why the points, 3, Cand D cannot all fie on a common circle, Show that the diagonal AChas length 16 cmto the nearest centimetre, 2.2 The area of any triangle Unless told otherwise, give final answers 103 significant figures, 1 Find the area of each of these triangles, 2 Find the area of this Isosceles triangle. Tom 3. The diagram shows triangle POR, PQ= 10, PR= 30 and angle POR Alllengths are in centimetres, a a 7 a 4@ Use the sine rule to show that sia b Hence find angle QRP. © Show that triangle POR has area 52.3 cm? to significant figures. 4 Find the area of an equilateral triangle which has petimeter 15 em. ¢ 5 Intiangle ABC, em cm sem, ae AC=9em, 4 Tam 3 Use the cosine nule to show that angle ACB = 48.2° (103 significant figures) b Hence find the area of this triangle.6 The diagram shows acircle, radius 8 em and centre at point C. Points4 and B onthe circle are such that angle ACB = 45°, a oa a Find the area of triangle ABC. b Show that the shaded segment between this citcle and the line AB has area 25 em* (to 1 decimal place). 7 ‘The triangles ABCand POR shown in the diagram have equal areas, i z el a Find the area of triangle ABC, 'b Hence find the length of the side QP. © Show that the perimeter of triangle PQRis 15.5 cm (to 3 significant figures). 8 ‘The diagram shows the triangle POR where PQ=% PR=2xand a a angle QPR = 30°. Alllongths are in centimetres, ® a Its given that the area of this triangle is 18cm? Find the length of the side PQ, 1b Henceshow that the base AQ of this triangle ‘has length 7.44 cm (to3 significant figures). © Find the length of the shortest line from P totheside RQ. [ 1 | | | | 9 The diagram showsthe © seienotabadge intheshapeofa.» LEED, © sector ABCofa circle, The circle hhas centre Aand rad em Oo Angle BACIS 85°. Y ‘Show that the area of the shaded region is 24.4 cm* to 1 decimal place. 10 A metal plate is formed by welding triangle ABC toa sector BCD of a citcle, The circle has ‘centre Cand radius 7 cm, Angle BACis 25° and angle BCD is 55° 2 a| find the 5) ww ‘magnitude and direction of these vectors. ap+q bp-qe3p-sqd hr-34) 3 Express these vectors in component form. a The vector p, magnitude 6, direction 30" b The vector 4, magnitude 4, direction 120° © The vector r, magnitude 6, direction 270°, The vectors, magnitude ,/3 , direction 315°, _{ 2.) “4) 4 TheveetorP (i) (¥}. By finding their directions, show that p and q axe perpendicular. bb Find [PQ}, where OB Handyhint 06- ‘Wo weior ae and 06~4. ws 5 Given vectorsp=Si~ 3}, heangle a= 21+ 2 betes he ines press a Findthe magnitude and fume ay, direction of these vectors, Give answers to 1 decimal place, ip+2q i 3p~29 iit 4q~3p bb Find the vectors such that 2p +7q + 4r=0, Where is the zero vector. Give your answer ini jform, 6 Given that jp|=13, whore p = 51+ a, find the value of the positive constant a b Given that the direction of q= bi + Vi2} is 60", find the valueof ¢ Find the direction of = & + dj, fore andd positive constants, given that [r|= 2d. 7. Try this question without using a calculator, Thevectores | Jandthe — Fandyhint” vector d has magnitude /g, needed, revise —. ag a Find the vectord, Give tn0"= tems. components in sur form. 'b Find the direction of + d. © Find the magnitude of¢ + 4. 8_ The diagram shows triangle UVW. The line WU passes eweteennnnne through the origin Handy hint and makes anangle of — Farpateuss 45° agalnst the positive 2-43 Wa\G +3). a-axis, ou =8emand y OW= 3m. u Ww pracrice-vecrons‘The lines OVand WU are perpendicular and the area of triangle UVWis 22 cm? a Find these vectors, Give answers in i~J form, leaving components as surds. ‘ou i OW itt OV bb Find the exact perimeter of triangle UVW. 7.2 Position vectors 1a Write down the position vectors of the points with these coordinates. 1AG.2) i BG, —3) iil C(J3—3, V8 +3) 1b Which of these three position vectors has the greatest magnitude? © Ona single diagram, sketch the position vectors of points A, Band C, 2 For each of these pairs of points find: i 7B ow faa. Give answers in simplified surd form where appropriate. @ A(7, 2), B(-3, 4) b A(~3, ~6), BGS, —2) © A(¥i,~1), B(vi8,) 3 Points 4, Band Chave coordinates A(—2, 3), BQ, 4) and C17, 6). a Show that A, Band Care collinear: i by finding the vectors AB “Handy hint and BC Commer meant 4 by finding the equation 4 Bani Cie ofthe line which passes tsmsate through points A and b Comment on which of the methods used in arta you found easier to use. 4 a Given that [AB = 5 where A(2, 7) and ‘Bk, 4), find the possible values of k. bb Show, ona single diagram, point A and the two possible positions of point B Which of these three points is furthest from the origin? §@8 Practice: vectors 5 The diagram shows points A, B and C. y Relative to the origin O, point A has coordinates (~1, and point B has coordinates (2,3) a Find the magnitude and direction of OA. Point Cis such that AC = 2% AB. b Find the magnitude and direction of OC. © Show that triangle 4OChas area 5 square units, 7 6 The diagram shows triangle ABC, where, © Biaiv to the origin O, the positon vectors of points A and Bare ~3i + jandi+ 7}, respectively, ‘oe Given that AC = 81+-kj and BC = 41-24 @ Show that k= 2. b Find the exact lengths of the three sides of the triangle ABC. Give each answer in the form JE , where k isan integer. «howto = SE vnem 6= mp a Using calculator accuracy, find the area of triangle ABC. €o Relative to the origin O, the points A, B, C and D form a parallelogram, as shown in the diegram. ‘Also shown is the mid-point E of BD. y Explain why AB = DC. Starting with the equation ‘AE = AB + BE show that AB Hence show that AE = 4.2@ and explain what this result tells you about the diagonals ofa parallelogram. The diagram shows the points A, Band C. Relative to the origin O, the position vectors ofA and C are 2i + 8jand 121 + 35, respectively. Point 8on ACis such that AB = ZAC Angle AOB = wand angie BOC = 8. a Show that AB = 4i—23. b Find the coordinates of point 8, © Prove that a= p. ‘The diagram shows a trapezium Q4BC, where is the origin, and sides ABand OC are parallel ‘The position vectors of Aand Care (} and, (3) respectively, and the y-coordinate of Bis greater than 2, ‘@ Show that the position vector of B can be written in the form oe a) for ka positive constant. * 2k +2} ‘The lengths of the diagonals ofthis trapezium are equal. b Eind the coordinates of point B, ¢ Find the interior angle ABC. pmrcrice vectors @}34 Section 5 — Graphs The Equation of a Straight Line is y = mx +¢ You need to know this stuff like the back of your hand for A-Level — it comes up all over the place, from logarithms to differentiation. | _ Ifyou know the gradient and the y-intercept of a straight line, you can give its equation. The equation of any straight line can be written in the form y = mx + ¢ where m is the gradient of the line and is the y-intercept of the line. —soy=mx0+e | cis the y-intercept because it’s the point on the graph where x = Similarly, to find the x-intercept you set y equal to 0 and solve for x. EXAMPLE: A straight line has a gradient of 4 and a p-intercept of 6. Find the point where this line crosses the x-axis. First find the equation of the line. The gradient m = 4 and y-intercept ¢ = 6, so y = 4x + 6. Now set y equal to zero and solve for x: 0 = 4x + 6 = 4x =-6 = x=-1.5. So the line crosses the x-axis at the point (-1.5, 0). You can also read off the gradient and y-intercept from the equation of a line. At A-Level, you'll have to deal with straight-line equations written in different forms, e.g. ax + by + ¢ = 0, rather than y = mx +c. Just do a bit of rearranging to get the equation into the form you want. EXAMPLE: Find the gradient of the line 3x + 4y +4 = 0. Rearrange into y = mx + ¢ form: 4y= -3x-4 = y= —J.x-1. So the gradient is ~}. | You can Find the Gradient using Two Points on a Line You can take any two points on a line and use their coordinates to find the gradient of that line. The gradient between two points change in ei 2.2 61, 9)) and (x, y,) is given by =i Gangeiny a || EXAMPLE: Find the gradient ofthe straight line on the right | Pick two accurate points on the line and label them (,,9,) and (x,y). Here, you can read off the points (e,,¥,) = 2, 3) and (xy, y.) = (4, 2). Plug these into the formula to find the gradient: oes to cross, bul with the interce; a strom 1) Find the gradient, x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 2x + y = -2. 2) Aline has gradient 3 and y-intercept 5. Find the equation of the line. 3) Find the gradient of the line that goes through the points (3, 4) and (2, 1). Section 5 — Graphs35 Straight Lines Find the Equation of a Line using Two Points on the line If you know two points that a line goes through, you can work out the equation of the line. EXAMPLE: Find the equation of the line that passes through points (1, 7) and (3, 16). | Give your answer in the form ax'+ by + ¢ = 0 where a, b and ¢ are integers. Label the points: (x,, »,) = (1, 7) and (x, y,) = (3, 16) Find the gradient with 22=2 Fisoy= Sere | x | Substitute one of the points into the equation you've found and solve for e: | ys $etea7=Ftcac=7- $= 4. thisgiesy= $x+F. Multiply the whole equation by 2 to get integer coefficients: 2y = 9x + 5. Then rearrange into the correct form: 9x - 2y +5 =0 Find the Distance between Two Points with Pythagoras } Pythagoras’ theorem tells you that, for any right-angled triangle, a? + 6? = c?, Solengthe = fa? +b". @ You can use this to find the distance between two points (x,, y,) and (x, y,): 1) Use the two points to make a right-angled triangle, with the hypotenuse as the line between the two points. 2) The difference between the x-values will give the length of one side. The difference between the y-values will give the length of the other side, SAL AcLevel youll se this to calculate the magnitude of vectors. bY) Vos — 2 P* Oe WE y G39) Distance between (x,, »,) and (x, y.) = VGa—a)"+ Qi) EXAMPLE: Point A is (4, 17) and point B is (10, 2). What length is line AB? Label the points: (x, », is given by Y(10- 4)? + ¢ Yeu can do a surprising amount with two points... | 1) Find the equation of the line that passes through points (1, 2) and (5, 9). | 2) A line is drawn between (-3, 4) and (7, -2), Find: a) The equation of this line in the form ax + by + b) The length of the line. Give your answer to 2 d.p. 3) The distance Moe walks is modelled by a straight line graph. Attime t= 2 hours, he has walked a distance of d = 10 kilometres. At time = 3.5 hours, he has walked a distance of d= 17.5 kilometres. a) Give the equation of the line in the form d = mt +e. b) How long does it take Moe to travel 12.5 km? 4, 17) and (x,, y,) = (10, 2), so the length of AB 7 = Ve+CSP 5) =¥261 = 16.16 (2 dp.) O where a, b and ¢ are integers. Section 5 — GraphsParallel and Perpendicular Lines Parallel Lines have Equal Gradient ama east peer tre yout need Dele Parallel lines have the same gradient, = ao of the: blnbepesd top 5, as walla in coordinate geome which means they never cross each other. “a iteiniran neues EXAMPLE: Line A has equation y = 3x~2. Line B passes through point (4, 3) and is parallel to line A. Find the equation of line B. | Parallel lines have the same gradient, so gradient of line B = gradient of line A= 3. This gives you the first bit of the equation for line B: y = 3x +c. | You know the point (4, 3) is on the line, so plug this into the equation and solve for e: 3=3x4+e53=12+¢e50=3-125-9. So the equation of line B is y = 3x~9, Nea nights Perpendiia fines led oral at Aco, |S Perpendicular Lines Cross at Right Angles The gradients of perpendicular lines multiply together to give ~1. So: The gradient of the perpendicular line = 1 + the gradient of the other line EXAMPLE: Find the equation of the line perpendicular to 3y — 2x + 4 = 0 that passes through (2, 2). Give your answer in the form ax + by + ¢ = 0, where a, band ¢ are integers. First, rearrange the equation into y = mx +c form: 3y=2x-4soy= $2~ 4. ' | The perpendicular line will have gradient -1 + 3 =-1 x 3 =-3 Spnaunicniinn ere when you shidely ation veg So the equation so far is: y=-3x-+0. 5 eam Plug in the point (2, 2) and solve for e: 2=-3x2+e 2=-3+eme=2+3H=5 So the equation of the perpendicular line is Finally, reartange into the form asked for in the question. 3x + 10. Then put everything on one side of the equation: 3x + 2y-10 = 0, Multiply by 2 to get rid of the fractions: 2 Parallel lines meet about as often as the bad guy wins in Bond films. ae 1) Line F has equation 5y + 3x7 = 0. Line G is parallel to line F and goes through the origin. What is the equation of line G? | 2) Lines P and Q are perpendicular and meet at the point (-1, -2). The gradient of line P is 4. Find the equations of P and Q. Give your answers in the form ax + by +¢ = 0. 3} The points P (4, 3) and Q (9, 5) fie on line f,. The line J, is perpendicular to /, and passes through Q. Find the equation of line J, in the form ax + by + c= 0. Section 5 — GraphsQuadratic Graphs [ All Quadratic Graphs have a Symmetrical Bucket Shape You'll need to be really confident with sketching quadratics at A-Level — there's a whole topic on it, Youll also use these skills in the inequalities and kinematics topics. 3122/11 yuri All quadratic graphs have the same shape — a symmetrical curve. 5, omaate. | = Positive quadratics (ones where, ” Negative quadratics (ones where the coefiicient of x? is positive) the coeificient of x? is negative) are u-shaped like this, ===> are n-shaped like this, ===> Work Out Three Things to Sketch A Quadratic If you're asked to sketch a quadratic, you don’t need to use graph paper and carefully plot | every point. You just need to work out and label the most important bits of the graph to make sure your drawing is roughly correct. As well as the shape of the graph, you need to work out: 1) Where the graph crosses the y-axis (the y-intercept). ¥ 2) Where the graph crosses the x-axis (the x-intercepts). / These are called the roots of the quadratic. \ 3) You might be asked to find the turning point (or ‘vertex’) of the graph — this could be the minimum or maximum ss point depending on whether it’s u-shaped or n-shaped. 2 the uate wont Bete asi, you might need to = EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of y = x? - 5x + 6, including any points of intersection with the axes and the vertex of the graph. TUM tat eae The coefficient of x? is positive, so the graph is u-shaped. To find the y-intercept, let.x =0°~5 x 0+6=6. So it crosses the y-axis at y = 6, The graph intersects the x-axis when y = 0, so solve x? ~ 5x + 6 = 0 by factorising | # 5x + 6 = (e~2)lx~3) = 0, so the x-intercepts are.x = 2 and.x = 3.) 4, | | Quadratic graphs are symmetrical, so the x-coordinate of } the turning point of the graph is halfway between 2 and 3 (0.6) So it's (2 +3) + 5. . Plug this number back into the quadratic to find the 3-coordinate of the turning point: 2.5? — 5 x 2.5 + 6 = -0.25 So the turning point is (2.5, -0.25). \ / \ i Now you can sketch the graph. 2.9) (0,0) Make sure to label each of the points. 25% Ifa graph has a ‘double’ root (i.e. factorises to the form (x + a), this root is the vertex The graph just touches the x-axis at this point — it doesn’t cross it. Symmetrical bucket hats — this year’s must-have maths fashion trend... 1) Sketch these quadratics, labelling the points of intersection with the axes and the vertex of each graph. a) pst ~3x b) yot+x-2 yas 6r-9 — d) y=3x24+2x-8 Section 5 — Graphs38 Harder Graphs A Cubic Contains an x* Term Cubics are of the form ax? + bx? + ex + d where a, b, ¢ and d are all numbers (a + 0). Cubic graphs have a characteristic ‘wiggly’ shape. | ite has a negative coefficient, | nega ‘4 — then the graph goes from the —\- a * top left to the bottom right. \ f° has a positive coefficient, then the graph goes from the bottom left to the top right of the axes. At A-Level you'll learn how to factorise and sketch simple cubics. Here's an example of how to sketch one. EXAMPLE: Given that x? + 3x? -x—3 = (x + 1)(r—1)(r + 3), j sketch the graph of y =2° + 3x2 ~x—3. The method for sketching a cubic is similar to the method for sketching a quadratic. ‘The x" term has a positive coefficient, so the graph will go from the bottom left to the top right. Now you just need to find where the graph crosses the axes. It crosses the y-axis when x = 0, so at y = -3. It crosses the x-axis when y = Or + 3x? x-3 = (r+ 1 1)or + 3) = 0, so it crosses the x-axis at x =~1, 1 and ~3. Now you can use these values to sketch the graph. Exponential Graphs have Equation y = k* or y = k* Ema Graphs of the form y = # or y = k* (for any positive number k) are called nuttin hia exponential graphs. An exponential graph is a curve that is always above the x-axis. All exponential graphs go through the point (0, 4) — because anything to the power Qis 1. | pei » IF kis between 0 and 1, OR the power is negative, then the ee graph is flipped horizontally, <9 x0: if bis bigger than 1 and < the power is positive, then the graph curves upwards. / (0, 1), EXAMPLE: This graph shows how the size of a population of bacteria (P) changes over time. The graph has equation P = i, where d is time in days and kis a positive constant, Find &. From the graph you can see that when d= 4, P = 625. Substitute these values into the equation to find A: || P= k= 625 =H = k= O25 =5 What goes up must come down — unless you're an exponential graph... 1) Sketch the graphs of the following cubics: a) y= (r+ 1) - 1x + 2) b) y=(r— 1) - 2)(x - 3) ©) y=) - 5? + Ox Section 5 ~ Graphs39 Harder Graphs Reciprocal Graphs have Equation y = k/x or xy =k | | 1) Reciprocal graphs have two curves in diagonally opposite quadrants. They're symmetrical about the lines p = x and y = =x. 2), The pair of quadrants the curves are in depends on whether k is positive or negative. When & is positive, When & is negative, the graph looks like this. the graph looks like this. 3) Reciprocal graphs are undefined at x = 0 (the y-axis) and y = 0 (the x-axis). 4) So reciprocal graphs never touch the axes — but they do get infinitely close. This means the axes are asymptotes of the graph — you'll be expected to know this term at A-Level. | | Circles have Equations (x — a)? + (y - b)? = r? The general equation for a circle with centre (a, 6) and radius r is (x - a)? + (y- bY?= PP. Circle equations of the form x? + y? = ? were covered at GCSE. These circles have centre (0, 0), so are the special case where a = b = 0. Find the equation of the tangent to (x - 5) + (y - 5)*= 50 at the point (-2,4). | From the general equation of a circle, you know the centre is (5, 5). Start by finding the gradient of the radius — the line from the centre of the circle to the point (-2, 4). changeiny 5-4 4 changeinx ~ 5-2) “7 A tangent to a circle meets a radius at 90°, so they are perpendicular (this is one of the circle theorems from GCSE). This means the gradient of the tangent is—1 + + = So the equation of the tangent so far is y = ~7x +e. Substitute in the point (-2, 4) and solve for c: 4=Tx2tes4=Utec=-10 Gradient of radiu: 7x10, SUH = Se page 36 for mere on perpen ree So the equation of the tangent is y | Reciprocal graphs — a good way to get one over on your. 1) Give the centre and radius of the following circles: a) @-1F +Q-3P=16 b) 24+ 2%=50 et FP +y- bear 2) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle (r- 1)? + (= 2)? = 8 passing through point (3, 4). Section 5 — Graphs| f(x) taisa Translation Along the y-axis | f(x + a) is a Translation Along the x-axis can’t find that graph anywhere 1) ‘The diagram on the right shows the graph of p = f(x): A transformation of the form f(x) +a is a translation parallel to the y-axis, The graph of f(x) moves @ units in the y-direction (i.e. vertically), so all of the y-values of f(x) will have a added to them. Translating a graph doesn’t change its shape, it just moves it. EXAMPLE: The graph of y = f(x) has a minimum point at (2, ~4). Write down the coordinates of the minimum point of f(x) + 5. ‘This is a translation along the y-axis — so it only affects the y-values, This means you add 5 onto the y-value of the minimum point. So the minimum of f(x) + 5 is (2, -4 + 5) = @, 1). Cinema S At A-Level, you might have to describe a translation using a column vector. This type of translation can be described by the vector (9). A transformation of the form f(x + a) moves the graph of f(x) left or right — i.e. parallel to the x-axis. Be careful with these — when a is positive, the graph moves to the left. When it is negative, the graph moves to the right. EXAMPLE: The diagram shows the graph of y = f(x) Sketch the graph of y= f(x + 3). | @= 3, so the graph moves 3 units in the negative x-direction. | This means the graph moves to the left by three Uni ven if youre given a graph that you dont recog, just remember how the teralators work and youl be Fe mi a) Sketch the following translations: i) f(x) + 3, labelling the coordinates of the minimum, and where the curve meets the y-axis, ii) flx ~ 2), labelling the coordinates of the minimum and where the curve meets the x-axis. b) State the column vectors that describe the above translations. Section 5 — Graphs41 Graph Transformations f(x) and f(-x) are both Reflections = -f(a) is the reflection of y = f(x) in the xaxis, For every point on the graph of y = f(x), the x-coordinate stays the same and the y-coordinate is multiplied by ~1. y = fa) is the reflection of y = f(x) in the y-axis. For every point on the graph of y = f(x), the y-coordinate stays the same and the x-coordinate is multiplied by ~1. EXAMPLE: a) f(x) = x? + 2x -8. Find the y-intercept of y = ~f(x). The y-intercept of f(x) is when x = 0. (0) = (0) + 2(0)- 8 = -8, so is at (0, -8). The y-intercept of y = ~flx) is the y-intercept b) Given that f(x) = (= 2) + 4), find the roots of f(x). The roots of f(x) are x = 2 and x =—4. (2) isa reflection in the y-axis, so all the x-values are multiplied by -1 ‘This means the roots of f(-x) are of y= f(a) multiplied by —1 x=-2andx=4, So y =-f(x) intersects the y-axis at (0, 8). EXAMPLE: The diagram shows the graph of y = glx). ”y Sketch the graph of y = -g(x). The graph of y = -g(x) is a reflection of y = g(x) in the x-axis. The x-values stay the same, but the y-values are multiplied by -1. This means the y-intercept is 1 instead of -1. Now would be a good time to stop and reflect on how far we've com 1) The diagram on the right shows the graph of » = f(x). Sketch the graphs of y = ~flx) and y = f(x), labelling the x- and y-intercepts of each. 2) The quadratic graph y = g(x) and its reflection y = gi-x) are identical For each of the following, state whether it could be g(x). a) 2-4 b) a? +3x-1 ees 3)» = h@) is the graph of a quadratic with the turning point (4, ~7). State the coordinates of the turning point of the following graphs: hi b) y= hex | a) y Section 5 — GraphsSection 7 — Statistics and Probability 51 |_A Sample Tells You About a Population In A-Level Maths, you'll cover sampling in more detail and learn some new sampling methods. Here’s a recap on what sampling is, with a couple of new terms thrown in. 1) The population is the whole group you want to investigate. If you collect information from every single member of the population, it’s called a census. A census gives really accurate results, but it’s usually too difficult or time-consuming to survey everyone. 2) That's where sampling comes in — you can choose a selection from the population to represent the whole group. This smaller group is called a sample. First you need to identify all the people or things you can sample from — these are the sampling units, and a full ist of the sampling units is called the sampling frame. For reliable results, your sampling frame should include as much of the population as possible. 3 Weed ye She teary You have to Choose your Sample Carefully | 1) Its really important that a sample is similar to the population. nt hypothesis ests This means that the sample is representative of the population, which 5? fe popistors = allows you to use it to draw conclusions about the whole population, Peete 2) Abiased sample is one that doesn’t + Choose from the correct population fairly represent the population. It can and don't exclude anyone. be hard to avoid bias altogether, but z there are a few rules you can follow * Choose your sample at random. 10 limit it as much as possible, ==" * Make sure your sample is big enough. You need to be able to spot sampling bias — think about when, where and how the sample is taken, and if it’s big enough. 3 { Choose a Random Sample using Simple Random Sampling | One way to get a random sample is to use the simple random sampling method. This gives every member of the population an equal chance of being in the sample, so it’s unbiased, To select a simple random sample, start by giving every member of the population a unique number. Then generate a list of random numbers and match them to the population members. EXAMPLE: A retailer has 700 store card holders. Describe how simple random sampling could be used to select a sample of 30 of the card holders to survey. Start by drawing up a list of all the card holders, and give each one a 3-digit number between 001 and 700. | Next, generate a list of 3-digit random numbers, using a calculator or random number | table. You should reject any numbers over 700, or any that are repeated. Stop when you have a list of 30 unique numbers, and select the card holders with the matching numbers — this is your sample. L Choose sample members randomly — it’s common census. 1) A council wants to survey the residents of a town about local issues. They hold a meeting one lunchtime where residents can give their views. If the council uses the residents who attend the meeting as their sample, explain why this sample may be biased. Section 7 — Statistics and Probability