FUNGI (Fungus : sing)

-eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular microorganisms

-non-photosynthetic microorganisms
-most are saprophytic (live in dead organic matter) and some are parasitic
-occur as single cell, long, branched filamentous organisms
-sizes range from 1 um to 30 um
-thrive in dark, warm, and humid environment
-undergo sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual- plasmogamy and karyogamy followed by cytokinesis
Asexual- binary fission or budding or hyphal extension
( SPORE is the reproductive unit in fungi)
-important in the decomposition of organic matter
-used in industry to produce organic compounds like alcohols, acids and antibiotics
*Fungi can be yeast (unicellular) and molds (multicellular), the most abundant fungi.
YEAST-undergoes asexual reproduction known as budding.

MOLDS
When long filaments of strands of fungal cells are joined together, it is called
hyphae (hypha : sing). The hyphae would contain the spores for reproduction, so
the initial growth of molds is hyphal germination

*Thermal Dimorphism
-although not all fungal cells exhibit thermal dimorphism, a fungus can either be
yeast or a mold depending on the temperature of the environment. Most are in
yeast form at 370C .

Fungi : phyla
a. Zygomycetes= “black bread molds”
b. Ascomycetes= “yeasts”
c. Basidiomycetes= “mushrooms ( edible or inedible)”

*MYCOTOXINS=diseases caused by fungi thru the release of toxins

*MYCOSES=diseases caused by fungi
Candida albicans
-agent of candidiasis; a yeast cell and a frequent colonizer of human skin and mucous
membrane
-it produces white to cream colored pasty smooth colonies.
ALGAE (alga : sing)

-eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular microorganisms

-photosynthetic microorganisms
-autotrophic in nature
-occur as single cell, filamentous, branched or colonies
-sizes range from 2um to 20um
-are found mostly in water, soil and trees where there is enough moisture and light
-undergo sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual- union of gametes by collision
Asexual- binary fission and fragmentation
-serve as food for aquatic animals (phytoplankton)
-producers of oxygen for respiration

Algae : Divisions
a. Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
-contains green pigment, chlorophyll, for photosynthesis
Ex. Volvox
b. Chrysophyta (Yellow brown Algae)
- Contains yellow to brown pigments, fucoxanthin, carotene
Ex. Diatoms (produced domoic acid, an acid that was then concentrated in the mussels)
c. Euglenophyta
- Contains green pigment: wall-less cells
Ex. Euglena
d. Phaeophyta(brown Algae)
-contains brown pigment, xanthophylls
-macroscopic organisms
-cell walls consist of algin, a thickener use in many foods such as ice cream and cake
decorations, also used in the production of rubber tires and hand lotion.
e. Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
-contains red pigment, phycobiliproteins, enables red algae to absorb blue light that
penetrates deepest into the ocean
-extraction of many red algae is used to make agar in laboratory media.
f. Pyrrophyta (Red algae)
- contains red pigment
-it gives the ocean a deep red color from which the name red tide originates
Ex. Dinoflagellates= unicellular algae collectively called plankton or free floating organisms.
*Dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium produce neurotoxins (saxitoxins) that cause paralytic
shellfish poisoning (PSP). The toxin is concentrated when large numbers of dinoflagellates
are eaten by mollusks such as mussels and clams.

Dinoflagellate
PROTOZOA (protozoan : sing)
-eukaryotic unicellular microorganisms
-non-phosynthetic microorganisms
-most are parasitic and some are holozoic in nature
-occur as single cell but most are in colonies
-sizes range from 20 um to 200 um (20 um =0.000002
inch)
-are found mostly in salt and fresh water, soil, mud, feces and dust
-undergo sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual – syngamy or conjugation
Asexual-binary fission, budding and schizogony (multiple fission)
-control level of other microorganisms by feeding on them
-some of them are symbionts to other organisms (termites)
-some are part of the normal flora of animals (e.g. Nosema locustae, is grasshopper
pathogen (specific) so they will not affect humans or animals)
*of the nearly 45,000 species of protozoa, only few cause human diseases
*trophozoite is the feeding and growing stage of protozoa
*Cyst is a protective covering produced by protozoa when exposed under adverse conditions.

Entamoeba histolytica - cysts (left and middle) and trophozoites (right)

Protozoa : phyla
a. Mastigophora = uses flagella as organs for locomotion
= live as symbionts in the digestive tract of animals/arthropods
Ex. Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia
b. Sarcodina = uses pseudopodia (false feet)as organs for locomotion
Ex. Entamoeba hystolytica , Amoeba proteus

Amoeba proteus
c. Sporozoa= are nonmotile; no organs for locomotion
= spore-bearers
Ex. P lasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum
d. Ciliata=uses cilia as organs for locomotion
 e. Ex. Paramecium caudatum, Balantidium coli

BACTERIA (bacterium : sing)

-prokaryotic unicellular microorganisms
-most are non-photosynthetic but some of them are photosynthetic (cyanobacteria)
-they are either parasitic or saprophytic
-thrive in the soil and water
-they are smaller than algae but larger than viruses (0.15 um to 1.5 um)
-their organs of locomotion are flagella
-occur as single cell, colony or filamentous
-undergo sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual –conjugation
Asexual –binary fission
Basic shapes of bacteria
a. Cocci /Coccus (Round berries or spherical)
b. Bacilli/ Bacillus (Cylindrical or rod-shape)
c. Spirilli/Spirilla ( spiral or little coil)

Arrangement of Bacterial Cells

a.COCCI
a.1 Diplococci
- cocci that remain in pairs after dividing
a.2 Streptococci
- cocci that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns
-gram positive spherical bacteria (e.g. S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae)
a.3 Tetrads
-those that divide in two planes and remains in groups
a.4 Sarcinae
-cocci that divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of eight
a. 5. Staphylococci
- Cocci that divide in multiple planes that form grapelike clusters or broad sheets.
- Gram positive spherical that are non motile(e.g. S. aureus, S. epidermis, S. saprophyticus)
b. BACILLI
b.1 diplobacilli
-appear in pairs after division
b.2 streptobacilli
- occur in chains
b.3 coccobacilli
-oval and look so much like cocci

c. SPIRAL-SHAPED BACTERIA
c.1 Vibrios
-look like curved rods

c.2 Spirillum (Spirilla)

-have a helical like a corkscrew and fairly rigid bodies
 c.3 Spirochetes
-helical and flexible

BACTERIAL CELL WALL

- Composed of macromolecular network called peptidoglycan (murein)which surrounds

and protects the entire cell

a. Gram-positive Bacteria b. Gram-negative Bacteria

-cell wall is thick (20-80 nn) -cell wall is thin
-contain 60-100% murein -contain 10-20% murein
with teichoic acid but no teichoic acid
-more complex because of the
presence of second membrane
called endotoxin layer in the protein-
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Importance of T.A. Functions of the Outer Membrane

 They may bind and regulate the movement
of cations into and out of the cell because
of their negative charges
 They may also assume a role in cell growth
preventing extensive wall breakdown
and possible cell lysis
*evades phagocytosis
*provides a barrier to certain antibiotics,
digestive enzymes such as lysozymes,
detergents and salts
VIRUSES (virus : sing)

-are obligate intracellular

-contain a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, but never both
-protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid is called capsid or nucleocapsid, which is
made up of subunits known as capsomeres
-multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell
-range from 10-2500 nm in length: seen only through an electron microscope
-have envelope namely lipoprotein layer(an outer covering that is made up of lipid
fraction that is derived from the host cell membrane), glycoprotein spikes
(assumes pointed structure on the surface of the envelope that functions for
attachment and adherence) and matrix protein layer (an additional protein
structure between the capsid and the lipoprotein envelope)
*VIRION- is a virus particle that may or may not be covered with envelope
Naked virion=without envelope
*major viral structures are nucleic acid, capsid and envelope
*only 2 properties are being manifested by viruses. That is being able to undergo mutation
because it is made up of nucleic acids, and it can reproduce.
Types of viruses according to the king of host
a. Bacteriophage-virus that infects bacteria
b. Cyanophage-virus that infects cyanobacteria
c. Mycophage-virus that infects fungi
d. Zymophage-virus that infects yeastss
e. Zoophore- virus that infects animals
 TAXONOMIC GUIDE TO DISEASES

DISEASES ETIOLOGIC AGENTS

BACTERIA
Proteobacteria
Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Meningitis N. meningitidis
Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia N. gonorrhoeae
Pelvic inflammatory disease N. gonorrhoeae
Nosocomial infections Burkholderia spp.
Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis
Animal bites Pasteurella multocida
Bacillary dysentery Shigella spp.
Epiglottitis Haemophilus influenzae
Meningitis H. influenzae
Otitis media H. influenzae
Pneumonia H. influenzae
Conjunctivitis H. influenzae
Chancroid H. ducreyi
Cholera Vibrio cholerae
Cystitis Escherichia coli
Dermatitis Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Otitis externa P. aeruginosa
Legionellosis Legionella pneumophila
Plague Yersinia pestis
Q. fever Coxiella burnetti
Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica
Typhoid fever S. enterica typhi
Gastritis Helicobacter pylori
Peptic ulcer H. pylori

Clostridia
Tetanus Clostridium tetani
Botulism C. botulinum

Mollicutes
Pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Urethritis M. hominis

Bacilli
Anthrax Bacillus anthracis
Bacterial endocarditis Staphylococcus aureus
Folliculitis S. aureus
Food poisoning S. aureus
Impetigo S. aureus
Scalted skin syndrome S. aureus
Rheumatic fever S. pyogenes
Scarlet fever S. pyogenes
Sepsis S. agalactiae
Strep throat S. pyogenes
Meningitis S. pneumoniae
Pneumonia S. pneumoniae
Dental caries S. mutans

Actinobacteria
Acne Propionibacterium acnes
Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Leprosy Myobacterium leprae
Tuberculosis M. tuberculosis
Mycetoma Nocardia asteroids
Vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis
Spirochetes
Leptospirosis Leptospira interrogans
Relapsing fever Borrelia spp.
Syphilis Treponema pallidum

FUNGI
Ascomycetes
Aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus
Blastomycosis Blastomyces dermatidis
Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum
Ringworm Microsporum, Trichophyton

Anamorphs
Candidiasis Candida albicans
Coccidioidomycosis Coccidoides immitis
Sporotrichosis Sphorothrix schenckii

Basidiomycetes
Meningitis Cryptococcus neoformans

PROTOZOA
Archaezoa
Giardiasis Giardia lamblia
Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis

Apicomplexa
Malaria Plasmodium spp.
Taxoplasmosis Taxoplasma gondii

Rhizopoda
Amoebic dysentery Entamoeba hystolica
Keratitis Acanthameoba spp.

Euglenzoa
African trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma brucei
American trypanosomiasis T. cruzi
Leishmaniasis Leishmania spp.
Meningoencephalitis Naegleria fowleri

ALGAE
Dinoflagellates
Paralytic shellfish poisoning Alexandrium spp.
Possible estuary-associated syndrome Pfiesteria spp.

VIRUSES
DNA Viruses
Genital warts Papovavirus
Warts Papovavirus
Smallpox Poxvirus
Chickenpox Herpesvirus
Cold sores Herpesvirus
Genital herpes Herpesvirus
Hepatitis B Hepadnavirus

RNA Viruses
Encephalitis Bunyavirus, Flavivirus, Togavirus
Gastroenteritis Calcivirus, Reovirus
Hepatitis E Calcivirus
Common cold Coronavirus, Picornavirus
Hepatitis D Deltavirus
Hepatitis C Flavivirus