Course Code: ME 505 Med-Term Exam: 30% Assignments: 10% Final Exam: 60% Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Course Code: ME 505

Med-Term Exam: 30%
Assignments: 10%
Final Exam: 60%
Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,
A First Course in the Finite Element Method, Fourth Edition, Daryl L. Logan 1
Course Objectives:
develop an understanding of the theoretical basis
for finite element analysis FEA and the ability to
use existing FEA software like ANSYS.
Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain

References
[1] D. L. Logan, A first course in the finite element method, 4th edition,
Thomson, 2007
[2] Y. Nakasone and S. Yoshimoto, Engineering Analysis With ANSYS
Software, 2006.
[3] J. Fish and T. Belytschko, A first course in finite elements, Wiley, 2007
[4] J. N. Reddy, An introduction to the finite elemento method, 3rd edition,
McGraw Hill, 2004
[5] D. Houcque, introduction to matlab for engineering students,
Northwestern University, August 2005
[6] Popov EP. Engineering mechanics of solids. 1990.

The Need for FEM
The finite element method is a numerical method for solving problems of
engineering and physics.
 Typical problem solvable by use of the finite element method include structural
analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, ….etc.
For problems involving complicated geometries, loadings, and material
properties, it is generally not possible to obtain analytical mathematical solutions.
These analytical solutions generally require the solution of ordinary or partial
differential equations, which, because of the complicated geometries, loadings, and
material properties, are not usually obtainable.
Hence, we need to rely on numerical methods, such as the finite element
method, for acceptable solutions.

Computational Solid Mechanics (CSM)
vs. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

General Steps of the Finite Element Method
Step 1: Discretize and Select the Element Types.
Step 2: Select a Displacement Function.
Step 3: Define the Strain-Displacement and Stress-Strain Relationships.
Step 4: Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations.
Direct Stiffness Method (one-dimensional elements).
Work or Energy Methods (two- and three-dimensional elements).
Methods of Weighted Residuals (Galerkin’s method).
Step 5: Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain the Global.
Step 6: Solve for the Displacements.
Step 7: Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses.
Step 8: Interpret the Results.


1D Elements
2D Elements
3D Elements

Step 2: Select a Displacement Function.
The function is defined within the element using the nodal values of the element.
Linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials are frequently used functions because
they are simple to work with in finite element formulation. However,
trigonometric series can also be used.
Step 3: Define the Strain-Displacement and Stress-Strain.
Strain/displacement and stress/strain relationships are necessary for deriving the
equations for each finite element. In the case of one-dimensional deformation, say,
in the x direction, we have strain 𝜺𝒙 related to displacement 𝒖 by: 𝜀𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
In addition, the stresses must be related to the strains through the stress/strain
law—generally called the constitutive law: 𝜎𝑥 = 𝐸𝜀𝑥
Step 4: Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations.
Direct Equilibrium Method
According to this method, the stiffness matrix and element equations relating
nodal forces to nodal displacements are obtained using force equilibrium
conditions for a basic element, along with force/deformation relationships.
Work or Energy Methods
The principle of virtual work (using virtual displacements) and the principle of
minimum potential energy are methods frequently used for the purpose of
derivation of element equations.
Methods of Weighted Residuals
The methods of weighted residuals are useful for developing the element
equations; particularly popular is Galerkin’s method along with the collocation,
the least squares, and the subdomain weighted residual methods.
Step 5: Assemble the Element Equations.
In this step the individual element nodal equilibrium equations generated in step 4
are assembled into the global nodal equilibrium equations. The final assembled or
global equation written in matrix form is: 𝐹 = 𝐾 𝑑
Step 6: Solve for the Displacements.

These equations can be solved for the ds by using an elimination method (such as
Gauss’s method) or an iterative method (such as the Gauss–Seidel method). The
displacements are called the primary unknowns, because they are the first
quantities determined using the stiffness (or displacement) finite element method.

Step 7: Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses.
For the structural stress-analysis problem, important secondary quantities of strain
and stress (or moment and shear force) can be obtained because they can be
directly expressed in terms of the displacements determined in step 6. Typical
relationships between strain and displacement and between stress and for one-
dimensional stress given in step 3—can be used.
Step 8: Interpret the Results.
The final goal is to interpret and analyze the results for use in the design/analysis
process. Determination of locations in the structure where large deformations and
large stresses occur is generally important in making design/analysis decisions.
Postprocessor computer programs help the user to interpret the results by
displaying them in graphical form.
Applications of the Finite Element Method
Typical structural areas include :
1. Stress analysis, including truss and frame analysis,
2. Buckling
3. Vibration analysis
Nonstructural problems include:
1. Heat transfer
2. Fluid flow, including seepage through porous media
3. Distribution of electric or magnetic potential
Finally, some biomechanical engineering problems (which may include stress

analysis) typically include analyses of human spine, skull, hip joints, jaw/gum
tooth implants, heart, and eye.
Example on structural engineering problem

Example on biomechanical engineering problem

Advantages of the Finite Element Method
1. Model irregularly shaped bodies quite easily
2. Handle general load conditions without difficulty
3. Model bodies composed of several different materials
4. Handle unlimited numbers and kinds of boundary conditions
5. Vary the size of the elements to make it possible to use small elements
6. Alter the finite element model relatively easily and cheaply
7. Include dynamic effects
8. Handle nonlinear behavior existing with large deformations
The finite element method of structural analysis enables the designer to detect
stress, vibration, and thermal problems during the design process and to evaluate
design changes before the construction of a possible prototype.
Solving a Set of Simultaneous Equations
 One of the problems encountered most frequently in scientific computation is
the solution of systems of simultaneous linear equations. With matrix
notation, a system of simultaneous linear equations is written as: {F} = [K] {d}
Where: {F} is the global nodal forces,
{d} is the global nodal displacements,
[K] is the global stiffness matrix.
 The above equation can be written in matrix form as:

Solving a Set of Simultaneous Equations
 FEM will eventually result into solving a number of simultaneous equations.
 You already know how to solve a set of 2 simultaneous equations using

substitution method or elimination method hand calculations.
 A set of 3 simultaneous equations can be solved using hand calculations or a

calculator.
 As the number of simultaneous equations increased it would be necessary to

use a programing software such as MATLAB to solve the set of equations
easily.
Solving a Set of Simultaneous Equations (Hand Calculation)
For example, consider the following system of Minors : Inverse matrix calculations starts with
linear equations: Minors. Thus, Minor of element 7 is -2
7𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 1
3𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧 = 1
−3𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑑𝑧 = 1 The minor of element 4 is -7
With matrix notation, a system of simultaneous
linear equations is written as:
7 2 1 𝑑𝑥 1 We continue in this way to find the minor of
0 3 −1 𝑑𝑦 = 1
every element:
−3 4 −2 𝑑𝑧 1
𝐴 𝑑 = 𝐹
Solving for d’s as:
−1
𝑑𝑥 7 2 1 1 Place Signs: For 3x3 matrix the place signs are:
𝑑𝑦 = 0 3 −1 × 1
𝑑𝑧 −3 4 −2 1

Solving a Set of Simultaneous Equations (Hand Calculation)
Cofactors: The cofactor is the product of the We have:
element’s place sign and minor.
Determinant: the determinant od a matrix A,

denoted det(A), is:
Adjoint: The adjoint of a matrix A, denoted det(A)=1
adj(A), is the transpose of the matrix of Therefore, the inverse of matrix A, denoted A-1,
cofactors: is then:
Inverse: the formula for inverse matrix is: And the solution is:
𝑑𝑥 −2 8 −5 1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 3 −11 7 × 1 = −1
𝑑𝑧 9 −34 21 1 −4
Solving a Set of Simultaneous Equations (Calculator)
For example, consider the following system of linear equations:
7𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 1
3𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧 = 1
−3𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑑𝑧 = 1
Input these equations in a calculator we get:

𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 = −1
𝑑𝑧 = −4

Introduction to MATLAB [5]
 Matrices are the basic elements of the MATLAB environment.
 The name MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB was written
originally to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the
LINPACK (linear system package) and EISPACK (Eigen system package)
projects.
 MATLAB is a modern programming language environment: it has
sophisticated data structures, contains built-in editing and debugging tools,
and supports object-oriented programming. These factors make MATLAB an
excellent tool for teaching and research.
 MATLAB software package has been commercially available since 1984 and is
now considered as a standard tool at most universities and industries
worldwide.
Solving a Set of Simultaneous Equations in (MATLAB)
For example, consider the following system of linear equations:
7𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 1
3𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧 = 1
−3𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑑𝑧 = 1
With matrix notation, a system of simultaneous linear equations is written as:

7 2 1 𝑑𝑥 1
0 3 −1 𝑑𝑦 = 1
−3 4 −2 𝑑𝑧 1
𝑘 𝑑 = {𝑓}
Solving a Set of Simultaneous Equations in MATLAB
7 2 1
The coefficient matrix 𝑘 = 0 3 −1
−3 4 −2
𝑑𝑥
Vector of the unknowns 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧
1
Vector of the knowns 𝑓 = 1
1
This equation can be solved for d using linear algebra as: 𝑑 = [𝑘]−1 {𝑓}

There are typically two ways to solve for d in MATLAB:
1. The first one is to use the matrix inverse, inv.
>> k = [7 2 1; 0 3 -1; -3 4 -2];

>> f = [1; 1; 1];
>> d = inv(k)*f
d=
1.0000
-1.0000
-4.0000

There are typically two ways to solve for d in MATLAB:
2. The second one is to use the backslash (\)operator.
>> k = [7 2 1; 0 3 -1; -3 4 -2];

>> f = [1; 1; 1];
>> d = k\f
d=
1.0000
-1.0000
-4.0000

 Matrix inverse in MATLAB:
>> k = [7 2 1; 0 3 -1; -3 4 -2];
>> inv(k)
ans =
−2 8 −5
3 −11 7
9 −34 21
 Determinant of Matrix in MATLAB:

>> k = [7 2 1; 0 3 -1; -3 4 -2];
>> det(k)
ans =
1
Assignment #1
For the Set of Simultaneous Equations below:
(a). First rewrite these equations in matrix form.
(b). Determine the inverse of coefficient matrix .
(c). Solve these equations using a calculator.
(d). Verify your answer using MATLAB.
𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑑𝑧 = 1
4𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑑𝑦 + 6𝑑𝑧 = 2
7𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑑𝑦 − 9𝑑𝑧 = 3
Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = 0.45762
𝑑𝑦 = 0.10169
ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain, 𝑑𝑧 = 0.11299
Computer Programs for the FEM
There are numerous commercial finite element computer programs:
1. Algor
2. Abaqus
3. ANSYS
4. COSMOS/M
5. GT-STRUDL
6. MARC
7. MSC/NASTRAN
8. NISA
9. Pro/MECHANICA
10. SAP2000
11. STARDYNE
Computer Programs for the FEM

Thank you
32

Course Code: ME 505 Med-Term Exam: 30% Assignments: 10% Final Exam: 60% Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain

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Course Code: ME 505 Med-Term Exam: 30% Assignments: 10% Final Exam: 60% Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain

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Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

Course Code: ME 505

Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain

Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

Step 6: Solve for the Displacements.

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

Finally, some biomechanical engineering problems (which may include stress

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

 The above equation can be written in matrix form as:

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

 You already know how to solve a set of 2 simultaneous equations using

 A set of 3 simultaneous equations can be solved using hand calculations or a

 As the number of simultaneous equations increased it would be necessary to

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

Determinant: the determinant od a matrix A,

Input these equations in a calculator we get:

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

With matrix notation, a system of simultaneous linear equations is written as:

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

1. The first one is to use the matrix inverse, inv.

>> k = [7 2 1; 0 3 -1; -3 4 -2];

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

2. The second one is to use the backslash (\)operator.

>> k = [7 2 1; 0 3 -1; -3 4 -2];

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

 Determinant of Matrix in MATLAB:

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

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