Electrostatics

v
Electro static
electron rest
charge
like charges repel eachother
v
recharge
re charge
y y and unlike charges attracteach
other
0

Properties of charges

i Quantization of charge Q neg e 1.6 1019C

RA EE
alwaysintegralmultiple of chargeof anelectron
electroniccharge

H J
IS IIT
Greet Alzebric sum of all thecharges
Additivity ofcharts p of the system
MR i
greet a 92 93
93
IT O
H SF

Ciii Conservation ofcharge Total charge of an isolated system is always

conserved
ROSIC

charging of Bodies
i charging
by Rubbing friction
BYHY

E.EE zEii
neFIEE
P

charging by touching
e
g
t t 9
Q
I
GLEETS
f
Msftalme

8 9
f f It becomes
charged
rely

Ciii chargingbyInduction
a a
 i
iI 1
ii i
Inducedcharges
on metalsphill

iv charging by Earthing't
q

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i'Efim
II
H J
metal

IS IIT
sphere Before removing Glassrod we
must disconnect it fromearth
NOTE Gold leaf Electroscope I Metalrod
MR 1
It is simpledevice 1
IT O
to measure compare Glass
charge of two objects Box
H SF

Hf t
11 divergence
angle
Goldleaves
ROSIC

Coulomb's law
F e h F F X 9,92 F 9h42
8 pongzgrinder
BYHY

oh 92 are F 9192 199192

r r
pointcharges
P

k 1 9 109 M m2
41TG CZ
fo permittivity of facespace vacuum
Eo 8.854 10 12 CZ
M m2
NOTE i 9 92
Coulomb'S
law will not be
a 1cm A KM applicable
or 7 only if a size of charges
Say
 red on 1 face s
ays along the ne g g
the
charges
of
F away
towards
F F

CID when these charges are kept in some other medium then permittivity
will get modified as
C fo Ek or GK
dielectric
relative const
Then Met force acting on 9 or 92 pesmistinity
will be resultantof all the forcesacting

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Theforce of interaction
Freet 9,92 between a Az will not
u er I change

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a q

IS IIT
FTZ L
41TCo r2

iv
93
a
MR
FB
a
Fr
Emet EL t Efg Fly
IT O
f n
i
0
0 Fµ
H SF

Az
94
ROSIC

v vectorform of Coulomb's law

fattedaffair
7 an
ai ai
a
Fz
BYHY

a B
d
on 9 by42 On 92 by 9 witnsign
on 92 ff
P

FzT 9,921979T
letz ST13
FTL FI
F n
r goon FF nF
Goo
eg A Q A If Fris find Metforce
F 1600 actingon
I 22 charge kept at point A
68 4116 v in both cases
A a a F or

c B C
B 09
a
a g 9
a
 l hes
f r r'T n F Q2
3838 41TCoar ka
a
2FCos38 FB eg 8 8
i Fores Find
5382 I a Metforce
on acting
41TEoa2 a to 9 a any charge
nu
fresco kept at corner
qft b Find Mature
a Fires R F F Do 4cg Mag of fifth
Ez 9 a
chargeto beplace
1 E F at centre such
2412 52 2
that all fivecharges all
F KI in Egm
b KO E Feels F AZ

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z y
F Kd z k 22
K
i
to Fz
2KaqE try vF

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GF

IS IIT
9 29 12 52 nature re
MR
eg
IT O
p Find Nature Magnitude of Third
e o d charge tobe placed such that all three
H SF

ill
tEqiiuuci
48 99 charges are in Egm Also find Position
e
K
se
Ld D
s of Thirdcharge to be Placed
ROSIC

Balancing forces at 9

K 992,49 3 ad 2n 3k
1449249 Zz d D 21
BYHY

x
5
Balancing forces on tag
P

K 4G 90 E 98 a 9 31
dz KHL D
edgy Maine g ne
D p
Y d
q g g I Repeat Psev Problem
e s
Balancing forces on ta
Kol 4G KE 98 2 29
K2 deep In d ze
Balancingforces on 46

x Kla K 49K9g
d 2 D2
0 023 qq
 a ab x
9 368 Nature 8 tire
Eg imma
densityofeach ball is r
e 0 0 e when the wholesystem is immersed in a liquid with
rt density 5 then angle of divergence does not change
I find dielectric const of liquid
h 3 m a
Fc
M q 1
In air ing
Fc 0.91
en
In liquid
origin
tomo FI
Tiso fgJ mg
cis k

ing

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Those mg Fugs
mg l Tnp Me f g
r r w

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e'since vEajkia 8

IS IIT
tano FL QD
MR mg Ku f
from i Cii
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K r
T S n2FCos4S0
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gf5aF GF
r
9 Fees
cg Often O 900 OEn
i i
0
i i
A Ii D A A
Is GFof
ROSIC

9 i I Ii B 9 E TE
I E g i 9 2Ecobest 9
a i A a i
i C a q a iE a x Ev l
C a
fr Ci I
BYHY

i n n
e
g a g g A a
B0cg go a S
a ka
i nf b c
P

r
F
IEr
c Fees 2 Foos45 zf costs
45 a 252F
z 252K verticallyupward
J
ar
9 of 49
b
nF
1,4 IF E KI IF
a2 i
w f l

I Fres ZF 2kg212Horizonte
If alongX
Electric field strength or Electric field Intensity Es
Electric field Intensity Et is defined as force acting on a Testcharge
unit recharge kept at that point
E dingo
E
NOTE is
why lim 9 O
tB
a t t
p t 9
t B t s F
e t k E p E e k sa
t

RA EE
o
metal
sphere It affectoriginal
maydistribution which
charge

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was supposeto be calculated

IS IIT
hence a O
ED E due to a pointcharge
9 without
MR F
09 Per o
IT O
a g E
If G
H SF

oP OFF
g from re
awaycharge
I
ROSIC

g0 e Towards
negativecharge
iii when there than one pointcharge in a system then
are more
BYHY

Met Electric field at a point will be vector sum of fields due

to all the charges
P

Al 3 Etpmet ET ETTET
P
to a ET
2
ii
92 qz
sign
with
iv vectorform of Electric field
Y n
tip Aa
a A
th
eia
i i ie u P Ep f 9
Esp STP Fra13
MA

n
v when a charge 9 is kept at a point where External Electric
field exists then force acting on the charge
F GET
Direction of Ed is along E'when 9 is re and opp.to E'when
9 is negative

Eg a a a q a 9 E
n i s I i
a l E s a I g
AE l TZE
a
IEEE a
l
at EEE k
l
ta
a d tE a 2E I n2E

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le 2E I n 1 Emet O
a a a a a 2E q q
a b

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IS IIT
a 9 Let KI E
y AZ

q E 2E
EE 4
MR
g2E 2E GE 120
IT O
I l
q a a 2E
H SF

d 2E

continuous charge distribution

ROSIC

u u u
BYHY

linearcharge Surfacecharge volumecharge

density x density r density s
line charge
eg thin Eg Plate disc solid sphere
eg cube
P

Hollow sphere etc

cone
ring.ee
X r I D I
l A
Unit c Unit c Unit C
m m2 m3
7 DI r DI S dd
de DA du

dos Adl dQ rdA dQ Sdv

p n dR
eg 7 1 9
DE
a
e se s EI
 DQ Adk
Of.dk
dE
da ed da
ate
E JAE Eee fatdk
a
Electric field calculation due to continuous charge systems
E Uniformly charged Ring
a t Q
b
t Q
da

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t Fcentre O ay1

C R
e de if ofTDE
a I de
Eg R

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e

IS IIT
t
dat t dq t
doe dl
dE d
z
MR
c semi circular Ringuniformly dE de
IT O
charged with density X
i­tt Edo
H SF

dB
a
I TIZ
t EraqdO
R Eres Jdecoso
ROSIC

X I
uncucincaduipi z
afootF DE
JKARDOCosa k
1172

11172
cos Odo
BYHY

R2
DE Kdd
R2 KRI do Eres 2kt
P

R
d Uniformly charged part of a
ring lasc
x Eg 2 200050
E Ioi
DE v T t
d9 X
is
RdO
E 2k Sin ra E
I I i R Iz o O I
L OEd
E R t
to
C
da ET
im
212 DEE KI
F k fcosOd0 R2 GE
M2
H2 E JdECoso
 I TIZ
then Emet Et t E Et K 0 Jcos20DO
512
2Et 1172
Kao IT K
R
1411200520 DO
1172
Kao IT
2R
e On Axis of a uniformlycharged
Ring
B d9 QCdo Cosa
m
I km
2 g
RdO Bdf
2T
Eres 14 211422 9
of rift 22
p 21T

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h
cark o Eres fdECoSd Eres KOK
e
t
k 7
DE 21T piggery312fd0
se O
Cosa

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t R4n2

IS IIT
Eres KSK
n E
Rtu 312
Emax
MR
for Eres Maximum
IT O

Rg se dEres 0 x R_
H SF

E DN Tz
i
ROSIC

CI E'due to uniformly charged straight wire

a Infinitelylongstraight will x stance
BYHY

o
DE T p dr rsecodo
qseCO da X dx
h FIDO
P

dq Xdr dE kda
Crseco
t t t t t t g t X
k du DE K Arsed do
M2 eise
2197 DE
F JDECOSO
Mz r KII DO
2K E 2K
aE r a r
EIR
Iii I
b Semi infinite charged wire
 I
1 us
Ep 2k sin
Ekg
KI Ey t t t t t t t t X
k
e r
Ex KI 52k
u aint
c Uniformlycharged finite wire
ip
d

y's To
i

RA EE
o
t t t t t a

EI E due to uniformly chargedDisc r R

H J
IS IIT
t t go R
t t Fcentre O
f d
Et MR t
t o
P
a DE
t
t t es k s
t t n
IT O
T R Ts da Td A
r 2Thdh
H SF

let 94W t DE Cd R
2hder dt et1 7312
Sdh dt
ROSIC

2 DE I
Had b fatal 31
yetf 312 f R
Gdr
off f
F
Jd
BYHY

312
ft de
9 0
si 312
2
121 2 t
P

E
gInt grata
F
Fall fans
NOTE For infinitely large Disc or very close to Disc
then X
p
o E
go ie uniformElectricfield
a Annular
eg Disc Os Method I
2R R n 9 212
t
it P ET
 c
it 2R I 270 Spitzer 312
It 9 12
E T 212
Method CI 26 4122 4,32

V F
sing principle of superposition
2 Leo
ft t
t
P EI
II
ar II
Estes ET EI

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of Ha Ers Cat Ers

H J
F
to ft t

IS IIT
3
T 2T
n't
1 ET EE i
2
eg MR e
t
ar
X
L Iot
t r t o
IT O
x 2 3 t 4 26
Ea To x a

ET EB I ET If i
H SF

C EST B
A B o
ROSIC

Infinitesheets ofcharges EI got

Es at centre of uniformly charged hollow hemispherical shell
Rdf
BYHY

p doe rda
a 21TRSino Rdf
q RSinO f M2
P

x
Jae 1 19 79rasinosa
0 00
k a
Rooso E I
46
eg B
Find EI due to PortionABonly
Arc AB subtends an angle at centre
a p
IEEEfeet
98 Ef is resultant of E E3
B
Z Eo Given
Ezleet E Ez are 1 vectors hencethey are
 ec gularcony f ro
hence E Eosin E Ez Ecos E

Electric field lines or Electric lines of forces

i
Cii Tangent at any point on field line gives direction of Electric field
at that point
Ciii Their relative densitygives quantitative idea about magnitude of E at
that Point
Magnitudeof a separation between
IET Two field lines

RA EE
EP B
EB FA

H J
IS IIT
iv No of field lines originating on terminating at a
MR pointcharge
is proportional to Magnitude of charge
IT O
They can never intersect or touch each other
H SF

if X re fm
ROSIC

charge relative 0
separation
hence F so
There mustbecharge
BYHY

Vi They are always continuous differentiable at all points

P

T
TT mosharp
Turn
f x
l
y
x
I I ll

i
e r 11 is it 14 e
eE
i ea
s s 0
O
IL r
V
t
f
E E rEs Bm Er d
Ts si l t I il
Es isradiallyoutward E is radially inwards
spherically symmetric spherically symmetric

c
 I
on
T s

E'we.int
E O

RA EE
Vii when a point charge is released in an external field then it may or

H J
it may not follow Electric field line Force acting on re point

IS IIT
charge will be along Tangent to the field line
rest E MR 9 rt
or FI F
IT O
It will follow It will not follow
Electricfield line Electricfield line
H SF

viii
qq.tt P
ROSIC

qz Ta sin Tassin E
9,92 only Magnitudes in
above erepression
BYHY

eg
P

goo a 28,92 9
a Itain Ako

r n
T
v't M
t
d P s
t

20 ge E Et Z is E s
radially from
s r outward
n
liar largedistance
 TR di c
doe 2 nz ne d v
D En
n
Graphs 8 Ex Vs se variation
along a axis

IIiiIiEst
I.IE
9 atnnoofdvfihmed.is
i
a

RA EE
YEYQ s.p.is

H J
IS IIT
Midpoint

GEE
MR 08
E Sq
IT O
ocaeu
mminiaim.pt
H SF
ROSIC

d2
5ionoilima locomlaxima
BYHY

E P E i
air 0O s n

d s die dirt D 2.4 d

P

Ford
Else K 2B KCB
For dz d se z NZ
F Ck KCB ddEn KB 2K 8
gaff 0
H2 dN3 sez
DCE 4kg 2 8 0
2 3k d k
du tx 3 k3 x d
2 43 11
Bye dtr z d 3 Std da 0.44 d
243 1 dz
 on 01 charged art 1 al El d 1C
Force acting on a charge a g Fk 9Etext directionof F'along ETwhen
9 is re oppto when
a is me

NOTE when chargedparticle is moving in uniform Gravitational uniform

Electric field
FTet mg taE ingest gig getEI
eg a AE
Es
v Jeff g Atm then T 21T l

RA EE
e v
my g adm
m q

H J
IS IIT
eg E find
it a Time of
flight
b Max height Wrt
ground
10
MR g c horizontal
M 9 cece i e i e is Range along
IT O
U2Sino
T 2usgino hmax along x axis
2g are AI
H SF

m
T 2nsincl
Eg If charged particle is negative 8
ROSIC

R cos07T 2
in pser find angle of
eg then
projection such that particle
tant
moves along straight line
BYHY

AE µ
i O tano
i
ta
ing
BE
w
ingest my
P

O
M 9

F AE 9C bk a Eb N Az Qb xD
k
 JI meanposition
O Eam the
Fe 2yd accel when
XD seeb
c re Ext 9dm Edm

Using WETheorem from

9K A to B
Dk E
WEE Wmg t
r
AE lsinoo EE e ecosoo
M O O
A U O u tan
am

RA EE
too my g
ic­e
i l ecosoo Oo 2 tant 9mE_g
Bd

H J
v0 b whenstring is vertical

IS IIT
Std 00 900
ton450 E
a MR ameg Mff
from A to B
IT O
Using WE Theosemg
H SF

Waf AKE
E TR 21mV O
ROSIC

af C AE Uc KEB
TEyat KEB LEAR
y v
u
ar b
Using WETheoremfrom A to Cq
BYHY

f
ma EE KE EE TR
MZ fmri m
P

ay ar AR Yea
m 9th
Esin
Atotal Jae't ar
Fc
WIFE
a
s
a 2ecos
a
im
fSince­ E
EtE­l
o
fmg2Fres Fcsinfoz ingsince
l Ih Fees O
EEE
H 8e yo since mgsino

Put Sino 25in E CofE

 cost I
Q 7 321TCoding O small
q
f0
ahq a
a 18
qz Goo
Vo
y
f
2 Goo 600
E o
Gq no

ta

RA EE
E o
f Ies300
i e I

H J
cos300 VocesGoo

IS IIT
I Ve
for Particle L B
O VoSin 68
f.EE
92 Aime t ai
MR
ai Femi
oE v sin.oo
IT O
nagto
aamEt aiis
H SF

Electrostatic Potential Energy U

ROSIC

work done by Externalagent in arranging a system of charges

without change in KE will be stored in the form PE This PE
is termed as Electrostatic PE of the system
BYHY

9 192 Ref of PE is taken when they are

Ese e k s
Fd separatedby large distance
0 0 when h N
P

Using Fc day or du Ed.dz

u_U th
f du
1 ftp.affzdr
U o 9 0
joinsign
U 2
Eia K9z92

MOTE i Electrostatic PE of Pointcharges is also called InteractionEnergy

of charges
Ii If there are more than two pointcharges in the system then Total PE
of system will be scaled Sum of PEs due to all possible pairs
 S arges I l z
1 El 2

hi KEE kggs

iii work done byExternal agent in changing the system of givencharges

slowly
Next DU Uf Ui only when DKE O

work done by Electrostatic force1field in changing the system

woong DU Ui Uf

RA EE
Iv BindingEnergy of a system It is minimum Energy required to separate
charges of the system to infinite distances.ieUf 0

H J
IS IIT
BE Next Uff Ui B Ee Usystem

eg 129
MR Find a PE of the system

i
IT O
H SF

System
9 d B E of system
ROSIC

2k92
U KAI 2K
KAI
BYHY

b side a La then Uf K 2 Next Uf Ui K

29
3K
c Uf 2ka Warns Ui Uf KAI 2kg1
P

a
d BE Ui KI
a
eg t.ba is
a a Vsystem
6 pointcharges
g 2.9 A no of pairs Kz 6Cz IS pairs

a
AB A U 6kg2 6K 3K
a AB 2A
is a a
9 a
o
q
eg 9
8 Pointcharges ie ka ie 28pairs
 Sys o

U 12k k 2 41592
12A
A AB
9 BE Usgs
q a q

Dead
Ui Kaatz Katz 0

Of K 2 KI
953
Next Uf Ui

RA EE
a k
a
11 leg
ab

H J
IS IIT
o o

MR
Applications Based on distance of closest Approach
IT O
one charge is fixed another moving towards along same line
H SF

Vo 9 V O
so
M 9 fixed M9 g
distance
large is
a­dmin
ROSIC

Using conservation of Mechanical Energy

KEI t PEI KEF 1 PEF
BYHY

_MVo2 1 O O t KED dmin 21498

dmin mVo2
P

Bothcharges are free to move one of them is projected towards

from large distance
M
7 VE M25192
Ma I am
large rest 9K dmin y 192
distance
VommmDMz
K
mimmDML
v
Use conservation of linear momentum
M Vo Cm Mz V i
dmin
using cosfmv.ation
ootIEzIcm mavtkg.m9.2 is
Anothes Method
92
f levrie KE
dmin
Kai 92
f mmimmz Vol Amin
dmin

EI One charge is fixed Anotherprojected towards the first but not along
their line joining F2 V
F
M E
Vo
e 7.9drin
too o_0 I
d I g
large fixed g
Impact

RA EE
Parameter
using conservation of Mech Energy

H J
mVo2 t O
f MV't KQE_ i

IS IIT
dmin

Using conservation of AngularMomentum about fixed particle

MR
MY d MVdmin
IT O
Vod ii
dmin
H SF

Electric Potential v 8
ROSIC

Electric PE of a unit ve charge kept at a point is called Electric

potential at that point
BYHY

U­q

Electric Potential is work done by externalagent in bringing a unit

P

ve charge from N to that particular point

NOTE d Electricpotential of a pointcharge a

Q P q T
I Secondly
next Uf Ui Kord
fi Okqq jwimsign
or volts
weft Kad Vp Kyd E
Lii Electric Potential is scaler quantity hence for many a system of charges
the total Potential is scaler sum all Potentials due to differentcharges
9
 l
c P Fi Mz Tz
92 0 i II s
93
iii when a charge 9 is taken from point A to point B in an external
field
Next 9 VB VA when D KE O
warns E VB VA

Iv Potential Energy U of a pointcharge kept at a point where

potential v is known
U ET

RA EE
d9 eddie
Eg p e
ers
a Find Potential at P

H J
a
e st t t tt t t tG

IS IIT
a
p N du
att
dvp Kd
MR ked.flz.dk
a
IT O
Vp kedenfatal
H SF

Electric Potential due to continuous charge system

Q
ROSIC

charged Ring
uniformlyIneon Ventre
uniformly KI
R t R
t g
BYHY

t
t t
P

k 2
p Up KD
o
k R K2
t

a
CI Uniformlycharged Disc Cr R
TR
oddsM
DE TDA
t
n
Fr iff
t r 2Trdr
C
it t
dik Kd centre TI
26
 On axis

dVaxis VAN's
yKgd
µ Io Gratzer se

Relation between field E and Potential v FI aEs

E Aside
suppose a pointcharge 9 is placed aid B
O
at a point A in an external or
field
Mow it is displaced slightly from A to B
0
hence dwcons Es def EETdei

RA EE
du do cons
9 dumps EFI def

H J
dVAB FI dh

IS IIT
This expression can be used to find relation between FT Potential diff
in external field MR
NOTE 4 Potential diff between two points when E f a
IT O
B MB
dV E odd fdV feedef
H SF

GB A MA
VA VB JET DI
GA
ROSIC

Eg Potential difference between two pointsof a uniformly charged a wire

t t t t t t t X
BYHY

n n

ha E 2K I
RB tA 21T for
P

i d ET DI I dh
o B ng 21TEor
B
Sdv
A
Jdt
ha
VA VB 27 In ht

ii dvAB Et det Elder Cosa

Ecoso data and
f dd
ma
E

date Rate ofdecrease of potential

 If potential decreases in a particular direction then there must be
a component of Et in that direction that comp is equal to
rate of decrease of Potential along that direction
will be along a direction where Potential
But Met Electricfield
decreases at maximum rate ie F d
ma
Ciii when 0 900 then E def E da cos900 0
ie DUAD O VA VB Equipotential
hence when we displace a particle in a direction L to E then
W _0 which means potential is const Known a equipotential
surface

RA EE
comp of Etl along Equipotential surface is always zero
l g 14
il Hic B

H J
r w n At t k Et is directed from higher Potential to

IS IIT
i oc 7 lower potential
e g s
i VB Vc
MR i Equipotential
L I v il Surfaces VA VB VA Vc
su in a 0h
a city is dVAB dVAC
IT O
111I l l V Vz 3 GAB MAC
H SF

a
alI vz l
l 1l pl y l v Vz
ll l l
T Il
ROSIC

I
it t t
l
t t
il i
y
s
BYHY

Iv In Cartesian coordinatesystem
Exit Ey j t Eet
E
P

DI dri t dy j t DEI
du ET DI Ex du Eydy t Ezdz
B NB SB2B
Jd
A
J Exdset Ey t
KA YARA
dy Ezdz

if yg2 constant then dy d 2 0

dv Endre Ese
daily z const 8
Ez 0
Similarly Ey off
 E
Fei FF ER
d when E Uniform B 97g
Jdk
A
JETdef FI Jdet
hat
Et
VA VB Et arts et Et Det
O
A DABA B 7
VA VB E Dr
componentof FT 7 VA VB Ed Dv
of d B F volt
in the direction
Df

RA EE
A m
of displacementvector Es

H J
IS IIT
a V acutyD
E
MR Fei 8yIJ
E 2aseitzayj
IT O

Egg 7
E 2A ni Yj
H SF

Fi En Slopeoftangent ddY_n E
ze TE
ROSIC

is
r
f dye
BYHY

x main'injayferstone
P

j L
b
any
E auf
Eet Iff ayin
EI a
yTtnj
E
slope of tangent ddyz
n dating Sydy Sadie
E hat const
Wy const
 EI
x
Ry 22
Oji Igf I
E tryin 4K 12 212

RA EE
At Point M 2,1 3 E XT 22J 6 12
Projection of a in the direction of 5 I

H J
IS IIT
FI along 5k d 8D
Fox
ret at N O y 0,2 0
MR
IT O
H SF

a E aCgi nj
ROSIC

dir E def a ydx Roly

v x y Kid xy
Sdv aflydntudy a deny a fry
oo any
V o
BYHY

0,0 0,0
any
P

b dV Endre Eydy t Ezdz Caseydu t ar dy ay'dy

Sdv J afy dy
Sdv Afd WY 9383
dfury Guydie n'dy
any ayes
3
c E ay i cant bZ j by I
dV faydse bydZ
tardy t b'tdy t

ad Ky bd yz
 my y2

0,4 DRAB 2T14J

look
E 10000538T 11005in30
5053T 150
F
m
VA VB FT DIAB 10053 1200
2,0 100 2 53 rolls

RA EE
or

H J
EI E

IS IIT
26
A B
t kN
MR t 3
o
Y I N O
IT O
V Vo VA VB EN I
Eg 2Eo
iii
H SF

Vo VB ok
270
ya
607 1300 VB Vo I
ROSIC

2 4 of xcom 26
E
OV 2OV 3W GovEquipotential
Surfaces
F DI 1031 at angle
BYHY

1,00
D 2005600 1car d M 128
with
treu axis
Eg
P

Let V
ay o
K­EEP
At 9 0
an
ig v
IM 360
i rzV3
4 360 115 120am Equipotential 360 11 i
Vz 90volts 130cm Surfaces G1 n
3 40Volts At 9 0 2M 90rolls
from Cis Lii
N
90 II Cii
4 2 M Z O 2 N
2
hence K 360Cool 3.6
 F 1
Tde Tgs
Eg In Uniform Electric field 0,0 O 20W
I7 Volts
1,0 o 16V
0,2 o 14Volts 0,0 3
then find potential at 293 t
Co 0,0
SV
G 0,0
0,0 O 1 0,0 ER 44M
DV gu
frogs u
0,0 2 o 2,3 0
DV 6 3
Gvolts Ey 2
m
i
By 2 u
0,0 0,0 3 2,3 1
DV EZ
D2
3 Volts
3 3 I voltlm
2,3 1 20 18

RA EE
2volts
Introduction to Electric Dipole
Natural Dipole

H J
F

IS IIT
e Matneal
Dipole DipoleRepresentation
tre re charges are separated
by small distance
MR
IT O
Dipole Moment B Ole
separationbetween
H SF

twocharges
IT is always
directed from re
v
Magnitudeof
charge to re charge eachcharge
for Goo a ga
ROSIC

b Szpeg 829
a Psystem
a a
BYHY

eg 09 A
39 go pme 209005300
Oafs
90 a 08
P

a a
Fleet Zep
2529A
0cg a 09

g RIO
eg fd9 pg
day
go a 9 Psystore
C z g
dp da 2Rsino 2125inOdd
dp i IT
b DE 20 fesinodo
p
0
 p s
it
a 9n
212 For calculation of dipoleMoment of continuous
it
21
Kc 4 charge system there re charges can
be taken as pointcharge at their respective
I 00 centre of Mass provided mass distribution
charge distribution is same
eg 9
Qa
t t coho did
E Disc D sit
i 41
B 0cg I 31T
I ae

RA EE
RY q
NOTE
a
Az

H J
to Tomey 9,97 t 9297 939 1

IS IIT
9
92
93 g 93 hell 91 92,93 will be taken with sign
MR
Electric field Et and Potential v due to a dipole
IT O
B is Broad on
Position End on position
H SF

A
0 I
FifeAxis
ROSIC

Equatorial
plane
i On Dipole Axis at largedistance
h l
BYHY

g P Q E A
Ft
z 1 ill ill ill illicit in a Et
z.ge
r
P

E
e2
EA Et E
0 2 cake
Fa
Fool g feature
Fa 29 2e EAT K 2p j
41Tfogs 93

Vt
e
v
e t.IT YIe te
 VA Q 2e VA KI
4lTEoqz S2
It will be tire on the
on Equatorial Et
right side re on the left side
Plane for se Ha B Et E KO
Eres 01 1 bite
Eres 2 F cos Q
E r
P 2kg
go eto
O
g cite j
2e s
Vt FB K P
93
2
VB 0
V KD

RA EE
H J
Ciii At General coordinate h O

IS IIT
KCPS.in
Eres JEei EE
f
Ed FoB KCzpcoso
tamp
MR En 43
En p
IT O
H SF

r r
a
Vo K K PII
gg
cosy
P IO PYO 93
ROSIC

I
since
Dipole kept in External Uniform Electric field
BYHY

Freet o ie Metforceacting on dipole

9 in uniform field is always
P

p
fo sAE Zero
e
AE Ismet Esino l 2
q 29 El Sind
n p PEsince

I O set p xE

If this dipole is slightly rotated from 0 0 to 0 0 40 by an external

agent slowly then work done will getstored in the form of PE of
the system
dwext Z do PESinOdd
fPOESin
 I f0 900 l Tao
0 0 U F Es
P IP
E P SET
0 00 7
900
Es e 1800
stableEgm 0
Umin PE 0 0 UnstableEgm
F 2 0 Imax PE Umax 1 PE
f 2 0
when a free dipole is released then it always rotates about an axis
passing through its con
Axis of rotation is always along E

Dipole kept in External Non uniform Es

RA EE
F f r
dipole is kept along radial direction ie filet

H J
IS IIT
QE
G d9 QCEtdE
F F 1 DE QE
MR qtr G Stds ADE der fddE
F E F F 1 DE
F Pdt
IT O
dr
eg p
H SF

g r E KI
S2
2k Then F 2 KPS
ddEy PddEy
ROSIC

93
Method I
Electric field at tQ due
BYHY

to dipole E K 2P
S3
Fg QE 2K Pd
P

93
a
E Eg't Fof
Er KGPcoso
93
Eo Kcggin
F
1 1 36920 KPcost F 1 1 3650
Gz 3
Cosi I KPcoso
92 3 S2

42 32 I 922M
 when r Ts then cosD 0 450 1350 2250 3150

eat
NZ
Is
Kc 1,9245
iz

In E
4 43
t

RA EE
p
O 0,0 K
E ET t Ez 7 PI
at

H J
SEB 321TEo

IS IIT
MR
I E F
IT O
H SF

or here or a
B
Vc D
ROSIC

Electric flux Io It is quantitative measurement of number of field

lines crossing an area
BYHY

Es mathematically
oath IF def E dot
P

Es DE E
I Min ftext EDAcos0 0
DA zero flux
Max flux iscrossing Acoso offs
iscrossing of Sdf JETdat Projection
Area
NOTE i It is a scaler Quantity
Ii Unit of flux Oo M 2 or volt m

iii while calculating flux through an opensurface we always

select dA t the surface such that Eedat is always me
as flux crossing the surface is always re
ir for closed surfaces it is mandatory to take dF alwaysoutwards
 to the s face so al Ine go g I s and lax
out is always the g
v E Uniform
eg of F Jdrf
4plane F TR
fo rI.sn ECDACosO
I damned FCARD
p

Hegfyisapum.li
sed
dacoso
grant Efdacoso
eg a

RA EE
H 1
E 2.212.4 ERM
F fue't
Va

H J
ZR t FRH
b fright

IS IIT
R
half
MR 3 F find
Eg a 4AcFD b
ABED BCFE
g
IT O
I Ofac F Cbc
T b
E
H SF

ennui inulin E
t D
Bef c ABED O
Ae a
t F Cbc
ROSIC

BCFE
FA
met O
E
BYHY

i M find fluxthrough
IR thecurvedsurface
P

Surface R
in Esaa
y 211722 I
0 pz 26
eg
B O bio
i
E Eof
projection
A'O Eo
area d A n ABc Ibc
L't c
Z 0,0 C
y n
eg I
A e B E Eo It
see dne GAB
s C
O D e k
x a def EDA Eo ltd ldk
ate
to Eoe J like dk
a

su n'In 427 4 Eoe let Kates ay

Disc
eg y
k

RA EE
I I Esemiinfinite
Uniformlycharged wire
Disc

H J
IS IIT
1 dot k 2 Thd
MR odr
10 712­26
IT O

Gauss law
H SF

Met Electric flux passingthrough a closed surface

always equals to charge enclosed by the surface divided by
Eo
ROSIC

E dA 9in
fo
surfaceintegral
BYHY

ofElectricfield
NOTE I
is ss t 9 93
5
P

q JqETdJ
surface 2 ETdT 93
9 1
Ez
noTET y
dSz
Lii ETdJ metelectricflux
so
E7dJ ftp.dsT ET.ds th EI
Ez
Netflix throughclosedsurface surface
 Iii The Electricfield rector ie FT in above expression is due to all
the charges of the system but Electric flux throughclosed Surface
depends only on enclosed charges

Civ met Electric flux due to outside charges is always zero

7 7

E'at eraypton
Surface is nonzero
9 fluxgoinginto coming ont ie Preet o
flux calculations using Gauss law

RA EE
y plowed

H J
I Fo

IS IIT
Qsaffeffete
n
n nemispwu.ae
MR surface Olheaeafh
IT O
eg
9 Paese E
H SF

G
EE a Qplate teach I
face 66
ROSIC

a
q q
eg Qepaffee Feo
AE a
BYHY

a
Opiate 29
a
P

teach
2A Quarter 246
Part
9
eg find Electric flux through a Gaussian
sphereof radius R whose centre
is located at a point on circumference
n x
6 68 pA
of the ring
da R R
I 9in I
RF Rt g of 38
I i
l vi
inane
 2
RE 94
a HE CRIED
R r
F 9in r Area
t TH REW
I
TITCREW
of q Eo

RA EE
9

H J
IS IIT
do
Ica x silicic
MR Eo

EO E
IT O
t
e't t t f 29­
H SF

111

9in Nut
ROSIC

Q aft at
9
BYHY

Oltotal
P

SEE
Lain _N FI
T AB e CD
E.it I EI 2 Ba
Peach
Rectangle G

g
 Introduction to solid Angle its Application in Hux
PlaneAngle SolidAngle

QD 3D

9 radius 0
e
ate radian
n
so o
angle radius solidAngle
arc means lengthof Part alla ofpartofsphere

RA EE
Of circumference Solidangle e 2
radius
complete circlesubtends an steradian

H J
an angle 2A at centre complete sphere subtends an angle

IS IIT
4T at centre
MR
E
IT O
c
H SF
ROSIC

e
o jd Sino
fda 12
O
casino race

A 21192 Cosa
BYHY

D gA_z 21T l Coso A Liter l Cosa

P

NOTE Total flux emitted by a pointcharge

Or
This flux is emitted uniformly in solid angle of 41T
hence flux emitted by a pointchange in solid angle of r

4 8 2
4118

eg R cos0 2 r 21TCt Cosa

o 3
9 k QDisc
lopisc 21T
ft fl
 I 1

9IT
i
fawned
l­eg 24planet damned Go
DE
E tan D
Rqz 53 Furred 28
2 s 0 600
Deplane 21T l cos60
IT

plane T
Eo 4

Q Provethat 5915in 5925in Bz

E

RA EE
0
9 92

H J
Emitted received

IS IIT
12TH Life 21T 1 cosB
Cosa
41T
Masin E res Sin E
MR
IT O
H SF
ROSIC
BYHY

t
B
A f Sino try
99 of TRY
P

h 0 370
k r 21T l 4g
f
r LI
D Roos370 t 5
y gR
to
if he 812gthen cylinder will be 0

completely inside sphere hence 10 0

Electric field calculation using Gauss law

Es DI 9in
Eo
 dscoso
g
F Jodscoso 9in
Eo
Forcalculation of Et using Gauss law we must select a Gaussian
surface such that
a Magnitude of Elect field at all points of surface is same
b
Angle between E DJ at diff points of the surface is
either constant or 900

v v v
spherical cylindrical Planet
distribution distribution distribution
ofcharge

RA EE
E is radial E is cylindricallySpm E is planessymmetsi
along
direction inwardLouffffeld r
spherically

H J
t as T n e t

IS IIT
symmetric DT n l r It s
I od e
n
it ti t a Ee
I
te l
i
ai i MR i
E
h I
I
i 0 I ET
04e Tds s
I I s
E Gaussiansurface is a
IT O
cylinderof radius h ETdJ 9in
Gaussian
length l A
H SF

surface
EedJ Ain fETdJ SET.gg
sphericalGaussian Eo 7 o Plane curved
surfacewith radius s 91 a Ein
ROSIC

SEE.dJ Co
gEfge
fair Plane 9i
thaye
Efds
If DTIE HOT ET
DI Egas I
G
plane
e curved F 2A TCA
BYHY

e Qr r i F Zittel I fo
I a
c a G E I
uldst F I 26
A re
P

E 21T for DS
9in ta A
E DJ Eo f f
Edscoso I e
I t sE dJ
fo t
t
E DS I
Eo
e

F 41192
Eo
F
z

Electricfield Potential due to uniformly charged spherical shell

n
 9c e hic eld
f't ln t't Inside points
a sR
I r
Gaussian
e r innit tesurface
l
JOEDJ 9in
t I Eo
It in
i
I F 4th Finside 0
Ego
i s
e l b outsidepoints r R
EeDJ 9in
Eo
F Letter Foutside
0 2

NOTE Hencefor outside points the total charge can be assumed at

centre as a pointcharge

RA EE
For Electric Potential

H J
a For outside points r R outside

IS IIT
q
b At surface 9 12
MR surface o
c Inside points rar
IT O

inside surface Fireside O

H SF

KI
R
NE ar
ROSIC

ref
a
BYHY

q R
R R
P

CI Electricfield Potential due to uniformlycharged non conductingsphere

9 For Electricfield
t p
f 8 Y'IR a ForInsidepoints CGR
4311723 Et
t Gaussian FI dJ 9in
l sphere fo
F 4TH 9 341193
Eo
b For outsidepoints or R F
Et DJ 9in
GET 9
Go const
F 4th
MOTE y SE
3G
 I
F
0 2

For Electric Potential

For outsidepoints r R
a Voutside
0 In
b At surface surface
0 Rd
For Inside points KR Vinside her
gd
surface
I dot
f
9 12
0 z.dk
QL

RA EE
9 2
inside surface
4TEoR3 RI

H J
atteFa

IS IIT
3122 92
MR inside
18
At centre
IT O
Kentee 3K
212
H SF

E v
n parabolic
3 p
gsy
ROSIC

Kpd
i
ar i ai
92 i
t
BYHY

R k R r

CIT Electric field due to non uniformlycharged Solidsphere Mon conducting

P

9092
I 5 R2 i For Inside points KR
id
o
R consider a diff Shell of radius r
ET Gaussian width da
Surface
9
da Sdv T r
Using Gauss law 4
E DI 9in
Eo fd9 29 Hide 9in ftp.hgrs i
F 4th Hors
5122to NOTE If Salih then Electric field inside the
1
 E So93 993
ScoRz Ii For outsidepointsfor R
R
total 924Th'd r 4TSoR3
2 5
o
Foutside
Qtotal a
la
CIT Mon conducting uniformly charged solidsphere having cavity
f Uniform EEarity
t t p t il l Ii
t e i
P
P

RA EE
t
A Ii ta I FIT
Elicit
t t t
q t C ct
E
t y

H J
t t
e t 11 i

IS IIT
c
P
411 it
a ET SEI ET HI
36
MR z
3G
so
c at c Esp ET ET RT Az
IT O
g
ET SI Uniform
H SF

3 fo
Eg I I es
p t Find a Ea
ROSIC

A C b VB Vc
atB
t go Cc VB VA
t
BYHY

a ETA ET ET
fra SHIITE EE 315
2
97
P

b ETarity foot SEGRE

VB Vc Ed SR R SR2
Fo GEO

ET 5 45 3
c Esp EI 93dg
0
A 9 12 Rz 2
Sdv f9 ftp.det VB VA
B 0

CI Uniformlycharged non conducting infinitely long cylinder

 g
f tf
A
yI a
t t
ffffft l R
I l t
il l 11111 It t all Tr 111
it 111 11111 ice can
I l O l
I
I i
i bt t t
Gaussian
a For Insidepoints rar sphere

E DJ 9in
fo
Ain
JEDI
Plane
SETUP
curved
to
e
SX Th't

RA EE
E 12Th L E Sh ah
To

H J
b For outside points h R

IS IIT
fogoutside points the totalcharge
E DJ 9in can be assumed on axis as
G a thin
F Zittel exam long charge
MR
Co
IT O
E SR2 at
26k h
H SF

NOTE for Potential diff F dV FI def

A GR
ROSIC

dV Jade Vo Va SRI
4G
O 9 0
BYHY

DI Uniformlycharged Thick nonconducting large sheet of charge

EI p S si for inside points Hdz
P

E DJ 9in
Aye
F
A
fo
Et FEE on pfar
fe.dst SE.at 9in
A
t I curved
0 f
t t GE
ta 2EA PX 2nA
e y fo
d E SI K
Iii for outsidepoints R to
dz
E DJ 9in f
Go t
ZEA Sd A t
r Sd
t t
 E Pd Uniform t t
t
t
Eco Sd
2Eo 2Eo
c
d ForOutsidePoints
Conductors Metals
conductors have large number of free electrons which can travel freely
inside the volume as well on as the surface of conductors
Under Normal conditions these electrons can not leave the surface of
conductor hence charge conservation principle is applicable for isolated
conductors

Isolated conductor given some charge

RA EE
r
n B All charge will come out on the
t Eustace of conductor

H J
Einosnidema
becomes constant

IS IIT
This is minimum Electrostatic PE
e onst state of charge
t s Surface of conductor is equipotential
Electric field lines will start 1 to
MR t et
v
the surface
IT O
v

Electrostatic
H SF

Equilibrium
conductor with cavity is given some charge n
n
ROSIC

t 7
r t t

I
x t
a ra g
BYHY

i
I t Gaussian et 9cavity 0 t
y ae surface
P

t
E DJ 9in
s
t l t
t T fo t t
t n E O t
v
9 0
O If u

fit conductor with cavity having some charge present inside cavity
ad Q r Gta or
a n t r
x t 7
cons r n ons n
v is't t
init a t

i o
c at 3
 Edacity to It is equal to that of a point charge
ETavity TEP KI
ML
Kondudor Const VA VB
Forceacting on to charge kept in cavity Zero
n n
b of Oth
const If cavitycharge is not at centre then
qq.ae the distribution of induced charge 9
be non uniform
will

RA EE
e
L J e t F cavity to
n
7 g

H J
Force acting on 9 will be non

IS IIT
C t zero and towards Right
C v v

II
MR
Electrostatic Shielding Fext
EZxt
IT O
H SF

Finside_O
a T y
p Eind P text X
ROSIC

IF y
BYHY

Conductor ETyet O ETnd ETH

P

when a conductor is kept in external electric field the charges

are induced on its outersurface such that Met electric field inside
conductor is always zero This is known as Electrostatic Shielding

eg charge
induced Find
P a a E due to indexedcharges
n g
9 a i at C at P
uch z I B b potential due to induced
e 7
t r charges at c at p
T
conducting shell R
 a AtCs
Freet 0
Ekg 1 Elina O FIinduced Ekg g right
At P
FTPinduced Epg towards to
no
ay
b
Total VCs Vcinduced
KI
r
VcTotal Finside 0
Total

RA EE
Kad VPind ked
Pat Vpind
yK az

H J
VPinduced KB
K tha

IS IIT
Case E Connecting two charged metal spheres
MR t
QB
RA Osa
IT O
EB
mum t
H SF

Connected
A through a metal
wire A
B
ROSIC

B
K largeseparation
when they are connected charges flowfrom
higher potential to lower potential till
BYHY

they are at same potential

VA VB
P

KG KOI QA GB RA RB
RB
R
III tap LAI FAT RITE F Rhea

r x l
radius ofcurvature
for AnygeneralIsolated
charged conductor
da
Easier
Ii IIE Eo

a E
 a.us ose.iae.Ymsw
text
Dielectric breakdown of air
corona discharge AE
0 0
1 AE
air
Molecule
If Em 3 106VIM
Dielectricstrengthof air
cause KI Potential calculation in concentric shells

RA EE
i e
atone

H J
IS IIT
B charge A
c distribution
MR B
C
VA 1 k 1 1 O KIRA
IT O
TA
VB KCQ102 t at it 4iTRB
H SF

TB
RB outer
K Q 102 03 Surfaces rc it 8210371atra
Vc
Rc
ROSIC

a
QA 20
eg
ol
MEEER 4qaBFind
BYHY

a Potentials of sphere A shell B

b E at a distance 9 1.512fromcentre
a
c E u u u u 3.512 a a
P

3
411,94 3
1 va ktzod ktzzd ktz.LI
VB KC B
312
b KC 29 c KC B
l SR 2
G SR 2
eg QA 9
nor marges
qq gas
o findchargedistribution
a Before A e are connected
A
 2k After n all co ed
By
l a a 29 29
of
b A B C
a Haste
gA q
38 91 2cg
VA Vc
KC39,2 9 KC G 139
KI k
B c
R 721 312
q
Case VI Earthing of a conductor
The Body which is connected to
earth will be at zero potential

RA EE
7 chargemaycome or more to theearth
to make Potential equal to zero

H J
Earthing hence charge conservation will not

IS IIT
Potential o be applicable
during Earthing
eg MR 692
Find
d a chargedistribution at all surfaces
IT O
b charge flown to earth if switchS
E is closed
H SF

1
i is
A a
Q104
b F 9
B
ROSIC

9 ht
ups Kca agita o
BYHY

91 0
P

Ita II to
goodzinnasia

eg find charge distribution

r3R if Qa 9
Qc 2B
and B is earthed

a a a Cas 97
212 B
 c
A l d
B
c
VB K 8 8 9 KC 29 91 41
212 312 3

VII metal Plates

Q Gz
9 92 Gzqd
G q
f f
A B
large metalPlates
distance btw them
ray small
fringing effect is neglected
thickness of Plates negligible

RA EE
E O Q 9 82191
a
9 9202 Ez 0 1
0292

H J
is

IS IIT
Q 9 1 02 9 Q 19 02 92
coated
qz Gaza oh
Q 182
Q 9
MR Qi Qi282
2
IT O
92 92 Q2 92291 91292
H SF

29 19 39
eg Find
3cg 2cg a
chargedistribution on various
surfaces
ROSIC

g 39 29 B VA VB
a I of VB Vc
B e dz s C
e s
A
BYHY

d
ET 6,0417 2 3
f
towards left
P

Ez 2
0
towards left VA VB Ed 38dL
A fo
S VB Vc Ezdz 28012
1 A fo
og
291 Q 1 9 Find
G O O a
chargedistribution
VA VB g VB Vc when s open
b
9 9 9
c charge flown through switch when it
is closed
A B C b VA VB d
e
d
B Vc O
 p
291 Q 1 9 VA VB CQ E d
9 A to
T Q q VB Vc
8 Eff Zd
Of VA Vc d 9 Zd
add
O
ga
A B C zq Afo
e d I 9
8­3
charges on leftmost Right most
surfaces will not change
they will be equal to half of En

RA EE
E Electrostatic Pressure
Fo't

H J
p Esp t

IS IIT
t to
4
i
ng
MR t
IT O
removed
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