17 / 04 / 2020

Lecture Notes
B. Sc. Mathematics (H)
I - Year

Sub Year Paper Unit Topic Author Lec. S. N.

Maths 1 1 2 Subrings Dr. D. K. Yadav 17

II - Year

Sub Year Paper Unit Topic Author Lec. S. N.

Maths 2 4 1 Subrings Dr. D. K. Yadav 19

Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Yadav

Assistant Professor of Mathematics
M. L. S. College, Sarisab-Pahi
R. K. College, Madhubani
mdrdkyadav@gmail.com
+91-9891643856

Part-1 Part-2
Paper-I Paper-IV
B. Sc. Maths (H) B. Sc. Maths (H)
SUBRINGS SUBRINGS
 Subrings

Subring:

Let R be a ring and S be a non-empty subset of R. Then S is said to be a subring of the ring R if

S is closed with respect to both addition and multiplication operations in R and S itself is a ring

for these operations.

Note: If S is a subring of a ring R, then S is also a subgroup of the additive group of R.

Improper Subring:

If R is any ring, then {0} and R itself are always subrings of R. These are called improper

subrings of R.

Proper Subring:

The subring other than improper is called proper subring of R.

Theorem (Condition for a Subring):

The necessary and sufficient conditions for a non-empty subset S of a ring R to be a subring of R

are

(i) a ∈ S, b ∈ S ⟹ a − b ∈ S (ii) a ∈ S, b ∈ S ⟹ a. b ∈ S.

Proof:

Necessary Condition: Let (S, +, .) is a subring of the ring (R, +, .). Then S is a group w. r. to

addition. So

b ∈ S ⟹ −b ∈ S.
Since S is closed w.r.to addition

a ∈ S, b ∈ S ⟹ a ∈ S, −b ∈ S ⟹ a + (−b) = a − b ∈ S.

Also S is closed w.r.to multiplication i.e., a ∈ S, b ∈ S ⟹ a. b ∈ S

Hence the conditions are necessary.

Sufficient Condition:

Let S is a non-empty subset of R and the conditions (i) and (ii) are satisfied. Then from (i), we

have

a ∈ S, a ∈ S ⟹ a − a = 0 ∈ S

i.e., the zero element belongs to S

Therefore from (i)

0 ∈ S, a ∈ S ⟹ 0 − a = −a ∈ S

i.e., each element of S possesses additive inverse.

Since S is a subset of R. Therefore the associative and commutative properties of addition hold

in S, since they hold in R. Thus (S, +) is an abelian group.

From (ii) S is closed w.r.to multiplication. Therefore associative property of multiplication and

distributive property of multiplication over addition hold in S, since they hold in R.

Hence S is a subring of R.

Example

1. Prove that the set of integers is a subring of the ring of rational numbers.

Proof: Let I be a set of integers and a, b are two integers belonging to I. Then

a ∈ I, b ∈ I ⟹ a − b ∈ I
and

a ∈ I, b ∈ I ⟹ a. b ∈ I

Therefore I is a subring of the ring of rational numbers.

2. Let R be a ring of integers, m is a fixed integer and S be any subset of R such that

S = {…, -3m, -2m, -m, 0, m, 2m, 3m, …}.

Then prove that S is a subring of R.

[Hint: Do as Above]