Component High Pt & Normal Value Low Rationale

CBC
HCT Dehydration Anemia
High altitude Alcohol abuse
Polycythemia vera Hemorrhage
Chronic hypoxia 38-44 % (F) Hemolysis
43-49 % (M) Pregnancy
Dilution
Hgb Dehydration Anemia
High altitude Alcohol abuse
Polycythemia vera Hemorrhage
Chronic hypoxia 11.7 – 16.1 g/dL Hemolysis
(F) Pregnancy
12.6 -17.4 g/dL Dilution
(M)
Plt Acute infection Hemolytic anemia
Anemias Disseminated
Heart disease intravascular
Cirrhosis coagulopathy
Liver disease Severe hemorrhage
Lekemias 150 – 450 X Leukemia
Malignancies 103/mm3 Prosthetic heart
Polycythemia vera value
Surgery
Trauma
Tuberculosis
RBC Stress Alcohol abuse
Chronic hypoxia Hemolytic anemia
Dehydration Hemorrhage
Hugh altitude 4.2 – 4.87 X 103 Leukemia
Polycythemia vera cells/mm3 (F) Pregnancy
hemoconcentration overhydration
4.71 – 5.14 X 103
cells/mm3 (M)
WBC Infection Anemia
Anemia Alcoholism
Inflammatory disorder Bone marrow
Pregnancy 4.5 -11 X 103 depression
Leukemias cells/mm3 Radiation
Autoimmune
disorders
Viral infections
Antineoplastic drugs
MCH Macrocytic anemia Hypochromic or
(Mean microcytic anemias
corpuscular 28 – 32 pg/cell
hemoglobin)
MCHC Macrocytic anemia Thalassemias
(Mean Spherocytosis
corpuscular 33 35 g/dL
hemoglobin
concentration)
MCV Alcoholism Iron-deficiency
(Mean Liver disease anemia
corpuscular Pernicious and vitamin Thalassemias
volume) B12 / folate anemia 85 – 95 fL
MPV Increased platelet Aplastic anemia
(Mean platelet turnover Wiskott-Aldrich
volume) Leukemias syndrome
Thrombocytopenic
purpura
Prosthetic heart valve
Splenectomy 7.0 – 10.2 fL
Massive hemorrhage
RDW Anemia N/A
(RBC
distribution 11.6 – 14.8
width)
Coagulation Studies
PT Disseminated Ovarian
intravascular coagulation hyperfunction
Hereditary factor Enteritis
disorders Ileitis
Cirrhosis
Decreased fat absorption 10 -13 sec
Causes of vitamin K
INR deficiency
Excessive anticoagulant

< 2.0
PTT DIC N/A
Hemophilia factor
deficiencies
Polycythemia
Severe liver disease
Vitamin K deficiency 25 – 39 sec
Von Willebrand’s disease
Excessive heparin
D Dimer Aterial or venous
thrombosis
DVT
DIC
MI No detectable
Pulmonary embolism fragments
Pre-eclapsia < 250 ng/mL
Renal or liver failure
Fibrinogen Pregnancy
150-400 mg/dL
(1.5-4 g/L)
PT Mix Imm
PT Mix Interp

Hepatitis Studies

Hepatitis C Ab
ELA
Macroscopic

UA color Dark yellow may indicate Colorless urine may

dehydration Pale yellow indicate
(straw) to amber overhydration
UA appear Cloudy urine may be due N/A
to pus, RBCs, bacteria,
semen, vaginal Clear to slightly
discharges, or ingestion hazy
of certain
UA pH Citrus fruits High protein
Alkalosis ingestion
Vegetarian diet 5 -9 Fruits
Acidosis
UA protein Diabetic nephropathy N/A
Glomerulonephritis
Toxemia of pregnancy
Stress
Exercise <20 mg/dL
Specific gravity CHF Chronic renal failure
Dehydration Diabetes insipidus
Diabeties 1.005 – 1.030 Glomerulonephritis
Nephritis syndrome
SIADH
UA Leukocyte Bacteria/fungal/parasitic N/A
Esterase infection
Glomerulonephritis Negative
Nephritis
UA Nitrite Nitrite-forming bacteria N/A
UTI
Negative
UA Glucose Diabetes N/A
Cushing’s syndrome Negative
Acromegaly
UA Ketones Acute illness N/A
Diabetes
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Fasting
High-protein diet Negative
Postanesthesia vomiting
Strenuous exercise

UA Bili Cirrhosis N/A

 Hepatitis
Hepatic tumor
Obstructive biliary Negative
disease
UA Cirrhosis N/A
Urobilinogen Hepatitis
CHF
Hemolytic anemia
Mononucleosis < 1 mg/dL
Pernicious anemia
Malaria
UA Blood

Routine Chemistry

Sodium Lvl Azotemia Addison’s disease

Dehydration CHF
Cushing’s syndrome Cirrhosis
Excessive intake 135 – 145 mEq/L Cystic fibrosis
Vomiting Excessive diuretics
Inadequate intake
Renal failure
Syndrome of
inappropriate
diuretic hormone
Water intoxication
Potassium Lvl Acidosis Acoholism
Diabetes Inadequate intake
Renal failure Cushing’s syndrome
Increased intake Excessive insulin
Dehydration Gastrointestinal loss
Hemolysis 3.5 – 5 mEq/L Pica
Ketoacidosis
Tissue trauma
Pregnancy
Chloride Lvl Acute renal failure Addison’s disease
Cushing’s syndrome Burns
Dehydration CHF
Diabetes insipidus GI loss
Prolonged diarrhea Diabetes
Respiratory alkalosis 97 – 107 mE q/L Ketoacidosis
Salicylate poisoning Overhydration
Respiratory acidosis
CO2 Respiratory acidosis Acute renal failure
Metabolic alkalosis Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation Diabetic ketoacidosis
Electrolyte disturbance 22 -26 mmol/L Severe diarrhea
TB Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
 Salicylate poisoning
AGAP

Calcium Lvl Acidosis Acholism

Addison’s disease Alkalosis
Cancer Chronic renal failure
Dehydration Pancreatitis
Hyperparathyroidism Cirrhosis
Paget’s disease 8.2 – 10.2 mg/dL malnutrition
Pheochromocytoma
Rhabdomyolysis
Thyrotocisosis
BUN Nephropathy Celiac disease
Azotemia Malnutrition
Congestive heart failure Pregnancy
Diabetes Liver failure
Hyper-alimentation
Hypovolemia 8 -21 mg/dl
Muscle wasting
Ketoacidosis
Creatinine Lvl CHF Inadequate protein
Dehydration intake
Rhabdomyolysis Pregnancy
Shock 0.5 – 1.1 mg/dL Liver disease
Hyperthyroidism (F)
Renal failure 0.6 – 1.2 mg/dL
(M)
BUN/Creat

Total Protein Dehydration Burns

Myeloma Blood loss
Sarcoidosis Malnutrition
Malabsorption
6 – 8 g/dL Nephritic syndrome
Pregnancy
Prolonged
immobilization
Albumin Lvl Dehydration Malabsorption
Blood loss Malnutrition
Liver disease
3.4 – 4.8 g/dL Infection
Burns
Pregnancy
Nephropathy
Globulin

A/G Ratio

Bili Total Hepatic jaundice N/A

Cirrhosis
 Hepatic mononucleosis
Pernicious anemia 0.3 – 1.2 mg/dL
Anorexia/starvation
Alk Phos Liver disease Anemia
Bone disease Celiac disease
Pregnancy 25 – 125 U/L (F) Nutritional
Atherosclerosis 35 – 142 U/L (M) deficiencies
ALT Acute pancreatitis Pyridoxal phosphate
Alcohol abuse deficiency
Cirrhosis
Traumatic muscle injury
Hepatitis 7 -35 U/L (F)
Mononucleosis 10 -40 U/L (M)
Shock
AST Hepatitis N/A
Pancreatitis
Shock
Biliary obstruction
Hemolytic anemia 9 – 36 U/L (F)
CHF 19 – 48 U/L (M)
Muscle damage
CK Total

Glucose Lvl Acute stress Alcohol ingestion

Trauma Addison’s disease
Diabetes Hypothyroidism
Hemochromatosis Glycogen storage
Myocardial infarction disease
(MI) 65 – 99 mg/dl Starvation
Pancreatitis (fasting) Excessive insulin
Strenuous exercise
Thyrotoxicosis
LDH

Magnesium Lvl

Phosphate Acromegaly Hypercalcemia

Bone disease Hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure Hypokalemia
Ketoacidosis 2.5 – 4.5 mg/dL Gout
Respiratory acidosis Severe vomiting
Hypokalemia Diarrhea
Respiratory alkalosis
Cardiac Studies

BNP

Other Chemistry Studies

Folate Lvl
FSH

PSA

HIV Studies

HIV 1/2 Ab Scr

Cardiac Markers
Creatine Abnormal results: Normal values:
kinase <4–6%
myocardial MI (electrophoresis)
band Cerebrovascular accident
(CK-MB) Pericarditis < 10 ng/mL
Rhabdomyolysis (immunoassay)
Cardiomyopathy
Cardioversion
Troponin Small infacrts < 0.35 ng/mL
(cTnl) Myocardial damage post
cardiac surgery
Troponin T Acute MI < 0.2 ng/mL
(cTnT) Myocardial damage
Post cardiac surgery
Angioplasty
Unstable angina
Myocarditis
Trauma
Rhabdomyolysis