MATHEMATICS 9 – 3RD QUARTER REVIEWER

Building blocks in Geometry

1. Point
➢ Has no size
➢ Only has a location
➢ Representation:
▪ Shown by a dot
▪ Named with a single capital letter

= point L

2. Line
➢ A straight arrangement of infinitely many points.
➢ Infinite lengths, but no thickness.
➢ Extends forever in two directions.
➢ Named by any 2 points on the line with the line symbol above the letters
(order does not matter)

3. Plane
➢ An imaginary flat surface that is infinitely large and with zero thickness.
➢ Has length and width but no thickness.
➢ It is like a flat surface that extends infinitely along its length and width.
➢ Represented by a 4-sided figure

Triangle

△ ABC

△CBA

△BAC

△ACB

△CAB
Classify triangles in 2 ways:

1. According to sides
a. Scalene – no sides are equal
b. Isosceles – two sides are equal
c. Equilateral – all sides are equal
2. According to angles
a. Acute triangle – all measurements are less than 90 degrees
b. Obtuse triangle – 1 obtuse angle (measures more than 90 but less than
180)
c. Right triangle – 1 right angle (90 degrees) with 2 acute angles

Special Classification

• Equiangular – all angles are congruent

Angle Sum Theorem - The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180
degrees.

Translation – sliding a figure in any direction without changing its size, shape or
orientation

Reflection – flipping an object across a line without changing its size or shape

Rotation – rotating an object about a fixed point without changing its size or shape

Congruent Triangles
1. SSS – Side Side Side

2. SAS – Side Angle Side

3. ASA – Angle Side Angle

4. AAS – Angle Angle Side

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CPCTC- Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent

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Parts of a Right Triangle
1. LL (Leg-Leg)
➢ if the legs of one right
triangle are congruent to
the legs of another right
triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.
2. HyL (Hypotenuse Leg)
➢ if the hypotenuse and a
leg of a right triangle are
each congruent with the
corresponding hypotenuse
and leg of another right
triangle, then the triangles
are congruent
TRY THIS: 3. HyA (Hypotenuse Acute Angle)
➢ if the hypotenuse and an
acute angle of one right
triangle are congruent to
the hypotenuse and an
acute angle of another
right triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.
4. LA (Leg Angle)
➢ If one leg and an acute
angle of a right triangle are
congruent to one leg and
the corresponding acute
angle of another right
triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.
Recap:

• A simple closed curve made up of only line segments is called a polygon.

• A diagonal of a polygon is a line segment connecting two non-
consecutive vertices.
• A convex polygon is a polygon in which no portion of its any diagonal is in
its exterior.
• A three-sided polygon is called a triangle.
• The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees.

Quadrilateral

➢ A polygon with 4 sides Definition: Opposite sides are parallel

Theorem 1: Opposite sides are congruent.

Theorem 2: Opposite angles are

congruent.

Theorem 3: Any two consecutive angles

are supplementary.

Theorem 4: Diagonals bisect each other.

Theorem 5: Diagonal divides the

parallelogram into two congruent
triangles.

Theorem 6: A pair of opposite sides are

TRY THIS: both parallel and congruent.
Prove: If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
A B
Given: 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐷
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶

Prove: ABCD is a

D C
Statement Reason
Proofs:

1) Given: 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅, 𝐴𝐹
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐷 𝐵𝐶 , ∠AFD ≅ ∠ADF
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅ 2) Given: WXYZ
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram Prove: ΔWOX ≅ ΔYOZ using
AAS

3) Given: WXYZ, ̅̅̅̅ 𝑊𝑂, ̅̅̅̅

𝑍𝑂 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑋𝑃 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑃
Prove: WOYP is a parallelogram
(Give a reason for each step)
Definition: Parallelogram with four congruent sides.

Theorem 1: The diagonals are perpendicular.

Theorem 2: Each diagonal bisects opposite angles.

Definition: Parallelogram with 4

congruent angles.

T1: If a parallelogram has four right

angles, then it is a rectangle.

T2: The diagonals are congruent.

Combined properties of a
parallelogram, rectangle, and
rhombus
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Trapezoids

➢ A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides

Isosceles Trapezoid Properties

➢ Definition: A trapezoid with congruent legs.

▪ Theorem 1: Pair of base angles are congruent.
▪ Corollary of T1:
• The opposite angles of an isosceles trapezoid are supplementary.
• The consecutive angles between bases of a trapezoid are supplementary.
▪ Theorem 2: Diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

TRY THIS:
Midline Theorem

➢ the midline is parallel to the bases and its length is half their sum

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KITES

➢ A quadrilateral that has no parallel sides. It has two pairs of adjacent sides, but
opposite sides are not congruent.

Definition: Two pairs of adjacent congruent

sides but opposite sides are not congruent.

Theorem 1: The perpendicular bisector of at

least one is the other diagonal.

Theorem 2: Its area is half the product of the

lengths of its diagonal.

Theorem 3: Has one diagonal forming two

congruent triangles.

Theorem 4: Has one diagonal that bisects a

pair of opposite angles.

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RATIO AND PROPORTION

Ratio – an ordered pair of numbers a and b, written a/b where b does not equal 0

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Proportion – a statement in which two ratios are set equal to each other

3 types of Proportions:

1. Direct Proportion - as one value increases/decreases, so does the other value

2. Indirect Proportion - a relation between two quantities where an increase in one
lead to a decrease in the other (and vice versa)
3. Partitive Proportion - formed when a whole is divided into parts of certain ratios

MEANS AND EXTREMES PROPERTY

➢ allows you to cross multiply, taking the product of the means and setting them
equal to the product of the extremes

➢ Product of extremes = product of means

➢ axd=bxc

TRY THIS:
Reciprocal Property

➢ If two ratios are equal, then their reciprocals are also equal.
➢ If you interchange the means of a proportion, then you form another true
proportion.

Interchangeable Property

➢ The means or extremes may be interchanged

Proportion by Addition or Subtraction

➢ Adding or subtracting the second terms of the proportion from the first terms
gives an equal ratio

Equal Ratios Proportion

➢ The sum of numerators over the sum of the denominators is equal to itself.

Proportional Segments in Triangles

➢ If a line intersects two sides of a triangle at distinct points and is parallel to the
third side, the line divides the two sides into two proportional segments.
TRY THIS:
The Converse of the Proportional Segments Theorem

➢ If a line divides two sides of a triangle proportionally then it is parallel to the third
side.
Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem

➢ Divides the opposite sides into two segments whose lengths are proportional to
the lengths of the other two sides

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SIMILARITY

Geometric figure is similar if:

1. Must have the same shape.

2. Corresponding angles are congruent.
 3. Corresponding sides must be proportional.

TRY THIS:
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Proving Similar Triangles

1. AAA Similarity Theorem

➢ If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides
are in the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar
2. AA Similarity Theorem
➢ If two triangles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of a second triangle,
then the two triangles are similar
3. SAS Similarity Theorem
➢ If two sides in one triangle are proportional to two sides in another triangle and
the included angle in both are congruent, then the two triangles are similar.
4. SSS Similarity Theorem
➢ If all the three sides of a triangle are in proportion to the three sides of another
triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
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