B.

Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Generic Pharmaceutical Drugs

• Pharmaceutical Labelling Requirements
• Bioavailability of Drugs
• Transdermal Patches and Their Working
• Novel Drug Delivery System
• Mechanism of Drug Release from Oral Dosage Forms
• Heart Regulation by Autonomic Nervous System, Cardiac Output and Cardiac Cycle
• Elements of Conduction System of Heart and Heartbeat
• Structure and Functions of Artery, Vein and Capillaries
• Blood Circulation and Blood Vessels
• Anatomy of Heart
• Structure and Functions of Nose & Tongue and Their Disorders
• Structure and Functions of Eye & Ear and their Disorders
• Origin and Functions of Spinal and Cranial Nerves
• Structure and Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Classification of Peripheral Nervous System
• Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Circulation and Functions of Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
• Reticuloendothelial System
• Blood Grouping, Rh Factors, Transfusion, Its Significance and Disorders of Blood
• Hemopoiesis, Formation of Hemoglobin, Anemia and Mechanisms of Coagulation
• Body Fluids, Composition and Functions of Blood
• Structural and Functional Classification, Types of Joints Movements and Its Articulation
• Organization of Skeletal Muscle, Physiology of Muscle Contraction, Neuromuscular Junction
• Salient Features and Functions of Bones of Axial and Appendicular Skeletal System
• Divisions of Skeletal System and Types of Bone
• Structure and Functions of Skin
• Location and Functions of Epithelial, Muscular, Nervous and Connective Tissues
• Classification and Structure of Tissues
• Forms of Intracellular Signaling
• General Principles of Cell Communication, Intracellular Signaling Pathway Activation by Extracellular Signal
Molecule
• Cell Division and Cell Junctions
• Structure and Functions of Cell and Transport Across Cell Membrane
• Basic Life Processes, Homeostasis and Basic Human Anatomical Terminology
• Levels of Structural Organization and Human Body Systems
• Definition and Scope of Human Anatomy and Physiology
• Definition and Factors Affecting Posology
• Definition, Parts, Handling and Errors in Prescription
• Introduction, Classification and Definitions of Dosage Forms
• Pharmacy as a Career

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• History of Pharmacy
• Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
• Difference between Injection and Infusion
• Differences between Syrups and Suspensions
• Technology Transfer Guidelines for Pharmaceuticals
• Lubricant Concentration in Pharmaceutical Products
• Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Drug
• Different Routes of Drug Administration
• Different Types of Dosage Forms in Pharmaceuticals
• Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action
• Enzyme Induction, Enzyme Inhibition and Kinetics of Elimination
• Pharmacokinetics of Drugs
• Nature and Source of Drugs
• Introduction to Pharmacology : Definition, Historical Landmarks and Scope of Pharmacology
• Responsibility of Regulatory Affairs Professionals
• Introduction to Platform Technology
• Scale Up, Post Approval Changes (SUPAC guidelines)
• Pilot Plant Scale-up Considerations for Solids, Liquid orals, Semi solids and Relevant Documentation
• Institutional Review Board (IRB) / Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC)
• Trial Documents in Clinical Research
• Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier (IMPD)
• Neurohumoral Transmission, Co-transmission and Classification of Neurotransmitters
• Organization and Function of ANS
• Drug Discovery and Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs
• Drug Interactions (Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic)
• Adverse Drug Reactions
• Dose Response Relationship, Therapeutic Index, Combined Effects of Drugs and Factors Modifying Drug
Action
• Transmembrane Enzyme Linked Receptors, Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding Receptor and Receptors
that Regulate Transcription Factors
• Drug Receptors Interactions Signal Transduction Mechanisms, G-protein–coupled Receptors, Ion Channel
Receptor
• Receptor Theories and Classification of Receptors, Regulation of Receptors
• Pharmacodynamics- Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action
• Enzyme Induction, Enzyme Inhibition, Kinetics of Elimination
• Pharmacokinetics- Membrane Transport, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs
• Essential Drugs Concept and Routes of Drug Administration
• Agonists, Antagonists (competitive and noncompetitive), Spare receptors, Addiction, Tolerance,
Dependence, Tachyphylaxis, Idiosyncrasy, Allergy
• Nature and Source of Drugs
• Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, Historical Landmarks and Scope of Pharmacology
• Photolytic Degradation and Its Prevention
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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Accelerated Stability Testing in Expiration Dating of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

• Stabilization of Medicinal Agents Against Common Reactions like Hydrolysis & Oxidation
• Physical and Chemical Factors Influencing the Chemical Degradation of Pharmaceutical Product:
Temperature, Solvent, Ionic Strength, Dielectric Constant, Specific & General acid base catalysis
• Reaction Kinetics: Zero, Pseudo-zero, First & Second Order, Units of Basic Rate Constants, Determination
of Reaction Order
• Derived Properties of Powders, Porosity, Packing Arrangement, Densities, Bulkiness & Flow Properties
• Particle Shape, Specific Surface, Methods for Determining Surface Area, Permeability, Adsorption
• Methods for Determining Particle Size by Different Methods, Counting and Separation Method
• Particle Size and Distribution, Mean Particle Size, Number and Weight Distribution, Particle Number
• Rheological Properties of Emulsions and Emulsion Formulation by HLB Method
• Stability of Emulsions, Preservation of Emulsions
• Emulsions and Theories of Emulsification, Microemulsion and Multiple Emulsions
• Formulation of Flocculated and Deflocculated Suspensions
• Coarse Dispersion: Suspension, Interfacial Properties of Suspended Particles, Settling in Suspensions
• Deformation of Solids: Plastic and Elastic Deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain, Elastic Modulus
• Determination of Viscosity, Capillary, Falling Sphere, Rotational Viscometers
• Non-Newtonian Systems, Pseudoplastic, Dilatant, Plastic, Thixotropy, Thixotropy in Formulation
• Rheology: Newtonian Systems, Law of Flow, Kinematic Viscosity, Effect of Temperature
• Effect of Electrolytes, Coacervation, Peptization & Protective Action
• Optical, Kinetic & Electrical Properties
• Classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties
• Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of
colloidal particles
• Anti-inflammatory agents: Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin,
Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone
• Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin,
Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepirac
• Narcotic Antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartrate, Naloxone hydrochloride
• Morphine and related drugs: Fentanyl citrate, Methadone hydrochloride, Propoxyphene hydrochloride,
Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartrate
• Morphine and Related Drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine
hydrochloride, Anileridine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride
• Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride
• Ultra-short Acting Barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental sodium
• Inhalation Anesthetics: Halothane, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane
• Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid, Gabapentin, Felbamate
• Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
• Urea and Monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine
• Succinimides: Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide
• Oxazolidine Diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione
• Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Metharbital, Hydantoins: Phenytoin, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• SAR of Anticonvulsants and Mechanism of Anticonvulsant Action

• Benzamides: Sulpiride
• Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride
• Fluoro Buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone
• Ring Analogues of Phenothiazines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine
• SAR of Phenothiazines- Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride, Triflupromazine,
Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine
hydrochloride
• Aldehyde & Their Derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde
• Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobamate, Ethchlorvynol
• Amides & imides: Glutethimide
• Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Procyclidine hydrochloride, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide
iodide, Ethopropazine hydrochloride
• Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Methantheline bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine
mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine hydrochloride
• Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Clidinium bromide,
Dicyclomine hydrochloride, Glycopyrrolate
• SAR of cholinolytic agents: Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine
sulphate, Scopolamine hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide
• Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride
• Indirect acting: Tacrine hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide,
Parathion, Malathion
• Indirect Acting: Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride
• SAR of Parasympathomimetic Agents: Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol, Bethanechol,
Methacholine, Pilocarpine
• Cholinergic Receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and Their Distribution
• Biosynthesis and Catabolism of Acetylcholine
• SAR of Beta Blockers, Propranolol, Metipranolol, Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol,
Labetolol, Carvedilol
• Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine,
Methysergide
• Agents with Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine and Metaraminol
• SAR of Sympathomimetic Agents: Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine,
Propylhexedrine
• SAR of Sympathomimetic Agents: Direct Acting: Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol,
Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline
• SAR of Sympathomimetic Agents: Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine,
Methyldopa, Clonidine
• Adrenergic Receptors (Alpha & Beta) and Their Distribution
• Biosynthesis and Catabolism of Catecholamine
• Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System Adrenergic Neurotransmitters
• Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism Including Stereo Chemical Aspects
• Drug Metabolism and Drug Metabolism Principles - Phase I and Phase II

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Physicochemical Properties in Relation to Biological Action - Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism,

Optical and Geometrical isomerism
• Physicochemical Properties in Relation to Biological Action - Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient,
Hydrogen bonding
• History and Development of Medicinal Chemistry
• Beckmanns Rearrangement, Schmidt Rearrangement and Claisen-Schmidt Condensation
• Oppenauer Oxidation and Dakin Reaction
• Wolff Kishner Reduction
• Birch Reduction

• Clemmensen Reduction
• Metal Hydrid Reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4)
• Synthesis and Medicinal Uses of Azepines
• Synthesis and Medicinal Uses of Purine
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyrimidine
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Indole
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Acridine
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Isoquinoline
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Quinoline
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyridine and Basicity of Pyridine
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Thiazole
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Oxazole
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Imidazole
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyrazole
• Relative Aromaticity and Reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Thiophene
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Furan
• Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyrrole
• Heterocyclic Compounds: Nomenclature and Classification
• Stereospecific and Stereoselective Reactions
• Stereo Isomerism in Biphenyl Compounds (Atropisomerism) and Conditions for Optical Activity
• Conformational Isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane
• Methods of Determination of Configuration of Geometrical Isomers
• Geometrical Isomerism- Nomenclature of Geometrical Isomers (Cis-Trans, E-Z, Syn-Anti Systems)
• Asymmetric Synthesis: Partial and Absolute
• Racemic Modification and Resolution of Racemic Mixture
• Reactions of Chiral Molecules
• DL and RS System of Nomenclature of Optical Isomers and Sequence Rules
• Sequence Rules

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Chiral and Achiral Molecules

• Elements of Symmetry
• Optical Isomerism– Optical Activity, Enantiomerism, Diastereomerism and Meso Compounds
• Stereo Isomerism
• Basic of Material Handling Systems
• Inorganic and Organic Non-metals
• Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals
• Theories of Corrosion, Types of Corrosion and Their Prevention
• Factors Affecting During Materials Selected for Pharmaceutical Plant Construction
• Corrosion and Its Prevention
• Materials of Pharmaceutical Plant Construction
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits of Super Centrifuge
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits of Semi Continuous Centrifuge
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Perforated and Non-perforated Basket
Centrifuge
• Objectives, Principle and Applications of Centrifugation
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Membrane Filter and Seitz Filter
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Cartridge Filter
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Meta Filter
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Rotary Drum Filter
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Filter Leaf
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Plate and Frame Filter
• Filter Aids and Filter Media
• Filtration: Objectives, Applications, Theories & Factors Influencing Filtration
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Silverson Emulsifier
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Paddles
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Turbines
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Propellers
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Planetary Mixers
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Sigma Blade Mixer
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Ribbon Blender
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Twin Shell Blender
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Double Cone Blender
• Mechanism of Solid Mixing, Liquids Mixing and Semisolids Mixing
• Difference between Solid and Liquid Mixing
• Objectives, Applications and Factors Affecting Mixing
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Freeze Dryer
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Vacuum Dryer
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Fluidized Bed Dryer (FBD)
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Spray Dryer
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Drum Dryer

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Tray Dryer

• Rate of Drying Curve
• Measurements & Applications of Equilibrium Moisture Content
• Objectives, Applications and Mechanism of Drying Process
• Basic Principle and Methodology of Molecular Distillation
• Basic Principle and Methodology of Distillation Under Reduced Pressure and Steam Distillation
• Basic Principle and Methodology of Flash and Fractional Distillation
• Basic Principle and Methodology of Simple Distillation Process
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Multiple Effect Evaporator and Its Economy
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Forced Circulation Evaporator
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Climbing Film Evaporator
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Horizontal Tube Evaporator
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Steam Jacketed Kettle
• Differences Between Evaporation and Other Heat Process
• Evaporation: Objectives, Applications and Factors Influencing Evaporation
• Heat Interchangers and Heat Exchangers
• Fourier’s Law, Heat Transfer by Conduction, Convection and Radiation
• Heat Transfer: Objectives, Applications and Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Air Separator, Bag Filter and Elutriation
Tank
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Sieve Shaker and Cyclone Separator
• Official Standards of Powders, Sieves and Size Separation
• Size Separation: Objectives, Applications & Mechanism of Size Separation
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Edge Runner Mill and End Runner Mill
• Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Hammer Mill, Ball Mill and Fluid Energy
Mill
• Size Reduction: Objectives, Mechanisms & Laws Governing Size Reduction and Factors Affecting Size
Reduction
• Orifice Meter, Venturi Meter, Pitot Tube and Rotameter
• Bernoulli’s Theorem and Its Applications and Energy Loss
• Reynolds Number and Its Significance
• Flow of Fluids: Types of Manometers
• Application of Cell Cultures in Pharmaceutical Industry and Research
• Primary, Established and Transformed Cell Cultures
• Growth of Animal Cells in Culture, General Procedure for Cell Culture
• Evaluation of Microbial Stability of Formulations
• Preservation of Pharmaceutical Products using Antimicrobial Agents
• Assessment of Microbial Contamination and Spoilage
• Sources and Types of Microbial Contaminants
• Types of Spoilage, Factors Affecting the Microbial Spoilage of Pharmaceutical Products
• Assessment of a New Antibiotic
• Methods for Standardization of Antibiotics, Vitamins and Amino Acids
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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Principles and Methods of Different Microbiological Assay

• Clean Area Classification
• Different Sources of Contamination in an Aseptic Area and Methods of Prevention
• Designing of Aseptic Area and Laminar Flow Equipment
• Sterility Testing of Products (Solids, Liquids, Ophthalmic and Other Sterile Products) According to IP, BP
and USP
• Evaluation of Bactericidal & Bacteriostatic
• Factors Influencing Disinfection, Antiseptics and Their Evaluation
• Classification and Mode of Action of Disinfectants
• Morphology, Classification, Reproduction/Replication and Cultivation of Viruses
• Morphology, Classification, Reproduction/Replication and Cultivation of Fungi
• Sterility Indicators
• Equipments Employed in Large Scale Sterilization
• Evaluation of the Efficiency of Sterilization Methods
• Principle, Procedure, Merits, Demerits and Applications of Mechanical Method of Sterilization
• Principle, Procedure, Merits, Demerits and Applications of Gaseous and Radiation Sterilization
• Principle, Procedure, Merits, Demerits and Applications of Chemical Methods of Sterilization
• Principle, Procedure, Merits, Demerits and Applications of Physical Methods of Sterilization
• Identification of Bacteria using Staining Techniques (Simple, Gram’s & Acid-fast Staining) and Biochemical
Tests (IMViC)
• Phase Contrast Microscopy, Dark Field Microscopy and Electron Microscopy
• Quantitative Measurement of Bacterial Growth (Total & Viable Count)
• Cultivation of Anaerobes
• Isolation and Preservation Methods for Pure Cultures
• Physical Parameters for Bacterial Growth and Growth Curve
• Nutritional Requirements and Raw Materials used for Culture Media
• Ultra-structure and Morphological Classification of Bacteria
• Introduction to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Branches, Scope and Importance of Microbiology
• Introduction and History of Microbiology
• Reactions of Cyclopropane and Cyclobutane
• Coulson and Moffitt’s Modification, Sachse Mohr’s Theory (Theory of Strainless Rings)
• Stabilities – Baeyer’s Strain Theory, Limitation of Baeyer’s Strain Theory
• Structure and Medicinal Uses of Diphenylmethane, Triphenylmethane and Their Derivatives
• Structure and medicinal uses of Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene
• Polynuclear Hydrocarbons: Synthesis and Reactions
• Significance and Principle Involved in Determination of Iodine Value, Acetyl Value, Reichert Meissl (RM)
Value
• Significance and Principle Involved in Determination of Acid Value, Saponification Value, Ester Value
• Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Saponification and Rancidity of oils, Drying oils
• Acidity, Effect of Substituents on Acidity and Important Reactions of Benzoic Acid
• Basicity of Amines, Effect of Substituents on Basicity, and Synthetic uses of Aryl Diazonium Salts
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• Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Phenol, Cresols, Resorcinol, Naphthols

• Acidity of Phenols, Effect of Substituents on Acidity
• Structure and Uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine T

• Substituents, Effect of Substituents on Reactivity and Orientation of Mono Substituted Benzene

Compounds Towards Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
• Friedel Crafts Alkylation-reactivity, Limitations, Friedel Crafts Acylation
• Reactions of Benzene - Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation- Reactivity
• Orbital Picture, Resonance in Benzene, Aromatic Characters, Huckel’s Rule
• Analytical, Synthetic and Other Evidences in the Derivation of Structure of Benzene
• Environmental Pollution: Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Soil Pollution
• Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds, Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
• Forest Ecosystem; Grassland Ecosystem, Desert Ecosystem
• Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features, Structure and Function of the Ecosystems
• Concept of an Ecosystem, Structure and Function of an Ecosystem
• Role of an Individual in Conservation of Natural Resources
• a) Forest resources b) Water resources c) Mineral resources d) Food resources e) Energy resources f) Land
resources
• Natural Resources and Associated Problems
• Renewable and Non-renewable Resources
• The Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies, Natural Resources
• Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) and Text Information Management System (TIMS)
• Computers as Data Analysis in Preclinical Development: Chromatographic Data Analysis (CDS)
• Concept of Bioinformatics, Impact of Bioinformatics in Vaccine Discovery
• Introduction, Objective of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Databases
• Diagnostic System - Lab-diagnostic System, Patient Monitoring System, Pharma Information System
• Mobile Technology and Adherence Monitoring
• Barcode Medicine Identification and Automated Dispensing of Drugs
• Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, Electronic Prescribing and Discharge (EP) Systems
• Pharmacokinetics, Mathematical Model in Drug Design
• Drug Information Storage and Retrieval
• Introduction to Databases, MYSQL, MS ACCESS, Pharmacy Drug Database
• Introduction to Web Servers and Server Products
• Introduction to HTML, XML, CSS and Programming Languages
• Planning and Managing the Project
• Process Specifications, Input/Output Design, Process Life Cycle
• Information Gathering, Requirement and Feasibility Analysis, Data Flow Diagrams
• Binary Addition, Binary Subtraction – One’s Complement, Two’s Complement Method, Binary
Multiplication, Binary Division

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Conversion Decimal to Binary, Binary to Decimal, Octal to Binary

• Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal number system, Hexadecimal number systems
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases: AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea
• Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract Infections
• Infectious Diseases: Meningitis, Typhoid, Leprosy
• Principles of Cancer: Classification, Etiology and Pathogenesis of Cancer
• Disease of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis and Gout
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Jaundice, Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, F) and Alcoholic Liver Disease
• Gastrointestinal System: Peptic Ulcer
• Psychiatric Disorders: Depression, Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s Disease
• Nervous System: Epilepsy, Parkinson’s Disease, Stroke
• Diabetes, Thyroid Diseases, Disorders of Sex Hormones
• Endocrine System
• Thalassemia, Hereditary Acquired Anemia, Hemophilia
• Hematological Diseases: Iron Deficiency, Megaloblastic Anemia (Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid), Sickle Cell
Anemia
• Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
• Renal System
• Respiratory System: Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Airways Diseases
• Ischemic Heart Disease (Angina, Myocardial Infarction, Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis)
• Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure
• Cardiovascular System
• Basic Principles of Wound Healing in the Skin, Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
• Mechanism of Inflammation – Alteration in Vascular Permeability and Blood Flow, Migration of WBC’s,
Mediators of Inflammation
• Introduction, Clinical Signs of Inflammation, Different Types of Inflammation
• Enzyme Leakage and Cell Death Acidosis & Alkalosis, Electrolyte Imbalance
• Cell Swelling, Intra Cellular Accumulation and Calcification
• Morphology of Cell Injury – Adaptive Changes (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia)
• Causes of Cellular Injury and Pathogenesis (Cell membrane damage, Mitochondrial damage, Ribosome
damage, Nuclear damage)
• Introduction, Definitions, Homeostasis, Components and Types of Feedback systems
• Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptation
• Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications of Enzymes and Isoenzymes
• Coenzymes: Structure and Biochemical Functions
• Regulation of Enzymes: Enzyme Induction and Repression, Allosteric Enzymes Regulation
• Enzyme Kinetics (Michaelis-Menten plot, Line-Weaver Burke plot) Enzyme Inhibitors with Examples
• Introduction, Properties, Nomenclature and IUBMB Classification of Enzymes
• Genetic Code, Translation or Protein Synthesis and Inhibitors
• Transcription or RNA Synthesis
• DNA Replication (Semi Conservative Model)
• Structure of DNA and RNA and Their Functions
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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Organization of Mammalian Genome

• Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout Disease
• Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide
• Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Genetic Information Transfer
• Catabolism of Heme, Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice
• Synthesis and Significance of Biological Substances: 5-HT, Melatonin, Dopamine, Noradrenaline,
Adrenaline
• Catabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine and Their Metabolic Disorders (Phenylketonuria, Albinism,
Alkaptonuria, Tyrosinemia)
• Urea Cycle and Its Disorders
• Transamination, Deamination and Decarboxylation
• General Reactions of Amino Acid Metabolism
• Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, Fatty Liver and Obesity
• Biological Significance of Cholesterol and Conversion of Cholesterol into Bile Acids, Steroid, Hormone and
Vitamin D
• De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)
• Formation and Utilization of Ketone Bodies; Ketoacidosis
• β-Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acid (Palmitic Acid)
• Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers
• Oxidative Phosphorylation & Its Mechanism and Substrate Level Phosphorylation
• Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism
• Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus
• Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
• HMP Shunt and Its Significance- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
• Citric Acid Cycle- Pathway, Energetics and Significance
• Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance
• Glycolysis- Pathway, Energetics and Significance
• Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP
• Relationship between Free Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy; Redox potential
• Concept of Free Energy, Endergonic and Exergonic Reaction
• Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Proteins
• Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Amino Acids and Proteins
• Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Nucleic Acids
• Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Lipids
• Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Carbohydrate, Lipids
• Qualitative Test, Structure and Uses of Ethanolamine, Ethylenediamine, Amphetamine
• Basicity and Effect of Substituent on Basicity
• Structure and Uses of Benzyl benzoate, Dimethyl phthalate, Methyl salicylate and Acetyl salicylic acid
• Structure and Uses of Citric acid, Succinic acid. Oxalic acid, Salicylic acid, Benzoic acid
• Structure and Uses of Acetic acid, Lactic acid, Tartaric acid
• Inductive Effect and Qualitative Tests for Carboxylic Acids, Amide and Ester
• Acidity of Carboxylic Acids, Effect of Substituents on Acidity
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• Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Benzaldehyde, Vanillin, Cinnamaldehyde

• Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Chloral hydrate, Hexamine
• Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Formaldehyde, Paraldehyde, Acetone
• Benzoin Condensation and Perkin Condensation
• Cannizzaro Reaction and Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction
• Nucleophilic Addition, Electromeric Effect, Aldol Condensation, Crossed Aldol Condensation
• Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Cetosteryl Alcohol, Benzyl Alcohol, Glycerol, Propylene Glycol
• Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Ethyl Alcohol, Methyl Alcohol, Chlorobutanol
• Structure and Uses of Dichloromethane, Tetrachloromethane and Iodoform
• Structure and Uses of Ethyl Chloride, Chloroform, Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene
• SN1 versus SN2 Reactions, Factors Affecting SN1 and SN2 Reactions
• Stereochemistry and Rearrangement of Carbocations
• SN1 and SN2 Reactions - Kinetics, Order of Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
• Free Radical Addition Reactions of Conjugated Dienes, Allylic Rearrangement
• Stability of Conjugated Dienes, Diel-Alder, Electrophilic Addition
• Free Radical Addition Reactions of Alkenes, Anti- Markownikoff’s Orientation
• Ozonolysis, Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes, Markownikoff’s Orientation
• E1 verses E2 Reactions, Factors Affecting E1 and E2 Reactions
• Rearrangement of Carbocations, Saytzeff’s Orientation and Evidences
• E1 and E2 Reactions – Kinetics, Order of Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
• Stabilities of Alkenes, sp2 Hybridization in Alkenes
• sp3 Hybridization in Alkanes, Halogenation of Alkanes, Uses of Paraffins
• Alkanes, Alkenes and Conjugated Dienes
• Structural Isomerism in Organic Compounds
• Common and IUPAC Systems of Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (up to 10 Carbons Open Chain and
Carbocyclic Compounds)
• Classification of Organic Compounds
• Protein Synthesis and Genetic Pattern of Inheritance
• Chromosomes, Genes and DNA
• Physiology of Menstruation, Fertilization, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Pregnancy and Parturition
• Functions of Male and Female Reproductive System and Sex Hormones
• Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
• Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
• Structure, Functions and Disorders of Pineal Gland and Thymus
• Structure, Functions and Disorders of Adrenal Gland and Pancreas
• Structure, Functions and Disorders of Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland
• Classification of Hormones, Mechanism of Hormone Action
• Role of RAS in Kidney and Disorders of Kidney
• Physiology of Urine Formation, Micturition Reflex and Role of Kidneys in Acid Base Balance
• Functions of Kidney and Urinary Tract
• Anatomy of Urinary Tract with Special Reference to Anatomy of Kidney and Nephrons

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Artificial Respiration and Resuscitation Methods

• Lung Volumes and Capacities and Transport of Respiratory Gases
• Mechanism of Respiration and Regulation of Respiration
• Anatomy of Respiratory System with Special Reference to Anatomy of Lungs
• Formation and Role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate and BMR
• Movements of GIT, Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Disorders of GIT
• Anatomy and Functions of Salivary Glands, Pancreas and Liver
• Small Intestine and Large Intestine
• Anatomy of GI Tract with Special Reference to Anatomy and Functions of Stomach
• Spinal Cord (Gross Structure, Functions of Afferent and Efferent Nerve Tracts, Reflex Activity)
• Structure and Functions of Brain (Cerebrum, Brain Stem, Cerebellum)
• Meninges, Ventricles of Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Nerve Impulse, Receptors, Synapse and Neurotransmitters
• Classification and Properties of Nerve Fiber, Electrophysiology and Action Potential
• Neuron and Neuroglia
• Organization of Nervous System
• Group Discussion: Introduction, Communication Skills in Group Discussion, Do’s and Don’ts of Group
Discussion
• Delivering Your Presentation, Techniques of Delivery
• Giving Presentations: Dealing with Fears, Planning your Presentation, Structuring Your Presentation
• Interview Skills: Purpose of an interview, Do’s and Don’ts of an interview
• Writing effectively: Subject Lines, Put the Main Point First, Know Your Audience, Organization of the
Message
• Complexity of the Topic, Amount of Discussion Required, Shades of Meaning and Formal Communication
• Effective Written Communication: Introduction and When and When Not to Use Written Communication
• Basic Listening Skills: Introduction, Self-Awareness, Active Listening, Becoming an Active Listener, Listening
in Difficult Situations
• Communication Styles: Introduction, The Communication Styles Matrix with example for each Direct,
Spirited, Systematic, Considerate Communication Style
• Elements of Communication: Introduction, Face to Face Communication - Tone of Voice, Body Language,
Verbal Communication, Physical Communication
• Introduction, Visual perception, Language, Other factors affecting our perspective - Past Experiences,
Prejudices, Feelings, Environment
• Psychological Barriers and Emotional Barriers to Communication
• Gender Barriers and Interpersonal Barriers to Communication
• Physiological Barriers, Physical Barriers, Cultural Barriers, Language Barriers to communication
• The Communication Process – Source, Message, Encoding, Channel, Decoding, Receiver, Feedback,
Context
• Communication Skills: Introduction, Definition and the Importance of Communication

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Storage Conditions, Precautions & Pharmaceutical Application of Radioactive Substances

• Radio Isotopes and Study of Radio Isotopes- Sodium Iodide I131
• Radiopharmaceuticals: Radio activity, Measurement of radioactivity, Properties of α, β, γ radiations
• Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum
• Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite
• Half-life of Radiopharmaceutical Preparations
• Hematinics: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous gluconate
• Emetics: Copper sulphate, Sodium potassium tartrate
• Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride
• Antimicrobials: Mechanism, Classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide,
Chlorinated lime, Iodine and its preparations
• Cathartics: Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and Bentonite
• Antacid: Ideal Properties of Antacids, Combinations of Antacids, Sodium Bicarbonate, Aluminum hydroxide
gel, Magnesium hydroxide mixture
• Acidifiers: Ammonium chloride and Dil. HCl
• Desensitizing Agents, Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, and Zinc eugenol cement
• Dentifrices, Role of Fluoride in the Treatment of Dental Caries
• Physiological Acid Base Balance
• Electrolytes Used in the Replacement Therapy: Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate
and Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS)
• Functions of Major Physiological Ions
• Buffered Isotonic Solutions, Measurements of Tonicity, Calculations and Methods of Adjusting Isotonicity
• Buffers in Pharmaceutical Systems, Preparation, Stability of Buffers
• Buffer Equations and Buffer Capacity in General
• Modified Limit Test for Chloride and Sulphate
• Principle Involved in the Limit Test for Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Arsenic, Lead, and Heavy Metals
• Buffers in Pharmaceutical and Biological Systems and Buffered Isotonic Solutions
• Applications of Buffers, Buffer Equation and Buffer Capacity
• Sorensen’s pH Scale, pH Determination (Electrometric and Calorimetric)
• Crystalline Structures of Complexes and Thermodynamic Treatment of Stability Constants
• Introduction and Classification of Complexation, Applications and Methods of Analysis
• HLB Scale, Solubilization, Detergency and Adsorption at Solid Interface
• Spreading Coefficient, Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces and Surface Active Agents
• Surface Free Energy and Measurement of Surface & Interfacial Tensions
• Liquid Interface, Surface & Interfacial Tensions
• Dissociation Constant, Determinations and Applications
• Dielectric Constant and Dipole Moment
• Optical Rotation and Optical Activity
• Refractive Index
• Solid- crystalline, Amorphous and Polymorphism
• Liquid Complexes, Liquid Crystals and Glassy States
• Eutectic Mixtures, Gases and Aerosols– Inhalers
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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Latent Heats, Vapor Pressure and Sublimation Critical Point

• State of Matter and Changes in the State of Matter
• Distribution Law, Its Limitations and Applications
• Raoult’s Law and Real Solutions
• Partially Miscible Liquids, Critical Solution Temperature and Applications
• Solubility of Gas in Liquids and Solubility of Liquids in Liquids (Binary solutions, Ideal solutions)
• Diffusion Principles in Biological Systems
• Factors that Affect the Solubility of Drugs
• Solvation and Association
• Ideal Solubility Parameters
• Solubility Expressions and Mechanisms of Solute Solvent Interactions
• Excipients Used in Semi Solid Dosage Forms and Evaluation of Semi Solid Dosages Forms
• Preparation of Ointments, Pastes, Creams and Gels
• Definition, Classification, Mechanism and Factors Influencing the Dermal Penetration of Drugs
• Definition, Classification, Physical, Chemical and Therapeutic Incompatibilities with Examples
• Methods of Preparation, Displacement Value, Its Calculation and Evaluation of Suppositories
• Definition, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages of Suppositories
• Stability Problems of Emulsions and Methods to Overcome
• Methods of Preparation of Emulsions
• Test for Identification of Type of Emulsion
• Definition, Classification of Emulsion and Emulsifying Agents
• Definition, Classification, Advantages and Disadvantages of Suspensions
• Preparation of Flocculated and Deflocculated Suspensions, Stability Problems and Methods to Overcome
• Definition and Preparation of Syrups, Elixirs, Liniments and Lotions
• Definition and Preparation of Ear Drops, Nasal Drops and Enemas
• Definition and Preparation of Gargles, Mouthwash and Throat Paint
• Solubility Enhancement Techniques
• Excipients Used in Formulation of Liquid Dosage Forms
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid Dosage Forms
• Eutectic mixtures and geometric dilutions
• Dusting Powders, Effervescent, Efflorescent and Hygroscopic Powders
• Simple & Compound Powders– Official Preparations
• Definition, Classification, Advantages and Disadvantages of Powders
• Isotonic Solutions Based on Freezing Point and Molecular weight
• Calculations Involving Percentage Solutions, Allegation and Proof Spirit
• Weights and Measures - Imperial and Metric System
• Pediatric Dose Calculations Based on Age, Body Weight and Body Surface Area
• Introduction to Pharmacopoeias
• Construction and Working of Dropping Mercury Electrode & Rotating Platinum Electrode and Applications
• Polarography - Principle and Ilkovic Equation
• Methods to Determine End Point of Potentiometric Titration and Applications

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 B. Pharma Course Topics and Answers

• Potentiometry- Electrochemical Cell, Construction and Working of Reference and Indicator Electrodes
• Conductometry- Introduction, Conductivity Cell, Conductometric Titrations, Applications
• Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromometry, Dichrometry and Titration with Potassium-iodate
• Concepts of Oxidation & Reduction and Types of Redox Titrations (Principles and Applications)
• Basic Principles, Methods and Application of Diazotization Titration
• Purity of the Precipitate: Co-precipitation & Post precipitation and Estimation of Barium Sulphate
• Principle and Steps Involved in Gravimetric Analysis
• Masking & Demasking Reagents and Estimation of Magnesium Sulphate, and Calcium Gluconate
• Classification of Complexometric Titration and Metal ion Indicators
• Mohr’s method, Volhard’s method, Modified Volhard’s method, Fajan’s method of Precipitation Titration
• Estimation of Sodium Benzoate and Ephedrine Hydrochloride
• Solvents, Acidimetry and Alkalimetry Titration
• Theory Involved in Titrations of Strong, Weak, and Very Weak Acids and Bases and Neutralization Curves
• Theories of Acid Base Indicators and Classification of Acid Base Titrations
• Limit Tests
• Pharmacopoeia and Sources of Impurities in Medicinal Agents
• Methods of Minimizing Errors in Analysis, Accuracy, Precision and Significant Figures
• Sources and Types of Errors
• Preparation and Standardization of Various Molar and Normal Solutions
• Primary and Secondary Standards
• Methods of Expressing Concentration
• Different Techniques of Analysis
• Pharmaceutical Analysis: Definition and Scope
• Electrocardiogram and Disorders of Heart
• Regulation of Blood Pressure and Pulse

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