Answers for tutorial-1

1. Define in your own Words i) Intelligence ii) Artificial Intelligence iii) Rationality
iv) Logical reasoning

i) Intelligence
• relates to tasks involving higher mental processes, e.g. creativity, solving problems, pattern
recognition, classification, learning, induction, deduction, building analogies, optimization,
language processing, knowledge and many more. Intelligence is the computational part of
the ability to achieve goals.
ii) Artificial Intelligence
▪ Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and
decision-making capabilities of the human mind.
▪ AI currently encompasses a huge variety of subfields, ranging from the general to the
specific, such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a
car on a crowded street, and diagnosing diseases. AI is relevant to any intellectual task; it
is truly a universal field.
iii) Rationality
• The ability to make decisions based on logical reasoning and optimize behavior to achieve
its goals, considering its perception of the environment and the performance measure.
iv) Logical reasoning
i) Logical AI involves representing knowledge of an agent’s world, its goals and the current
situation by sentences in logic. The agent decides what to do by inferring that a certain
action or course of action is appropriate to achieve the goals.

2. Is AI a science or is it Engineering or both Explain ?

1. Artificial Intelligence is both a science and engineering.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of research and engineering that integrates science
and engineering to construct intelligent machines.
• It draws on work from philosophy, psychology, and computer science, as well as brain
science and languages.
• Intelligent robotics is a branch of robotics that studies how machines can manipulate
physical objects.
2. Significance of Artificial Intelligence as Science:
• Apparently, computers have no difficulty completing activities that we deem difficult.
• Even while we can build chess-playing computers that compete for world titles, creating a
robot that can walk or catch a ball is challenging.
• Calculus is something computers can accomplish, but they can't communicate like a two-
year-old baby.
• The scientific side of AI aims to understand our own intelligence by figuring out why it
works the way it does.
• Intelligent devices can aid us in comprehending and resolving intelligence-related problems.
• If we believe we have a strong knowledge of how something works, we can mimic it on a
computer to see if our theory is correct.
• Occasionally, rather than analyzing humans and animals, it is realized that building
intelligent objects is a better approach to evaluate our intelligence assumptions.
• AI engages with other areas like psychology and philosophy of mind to better understand
what it means to be human and how we think.
 3. Significance of Artificial Intelligence as Engineering:
• Despite the fact that AI systems have already permeated our daily lives, they are
occasionally dismissed as science fiction.
• For example, credit card companies can look at changes in your spending patterns to
discover if your card has been stolen.
• Artificial intelligence includes chess machines, intelligent agents that search the internet for
information, Hubble space telescope observation scheduling, and assisting doctors in
identifying illnesses.
• After the Chernobyl nuclear power disaster, robots were utilized to assist with cleanup.
• AI employs a variety of ways to construct these complex devices.
• Expert Systems make use of experts' knowledge, such as that of doctors and attorneys, to
provide advice to others on a variety of topics.
• The study of how computers and robots learn from their experiences is known as machine
learning.
• Neural networks are computers that function similarly to brains.
• NLP is a field of computer science that teaches computers to understand human languages
such as English and Japanese.
3. Difference between Formed Search and Uniformed Search Strategies with Example.
Parameters Informed Search Uninformed Search

Known as It is also known as Heuristic Search. It is also known as Blind Search.

Using Knowledge It uses knowledge for the searching It doesn’t use knowledge for the
process. searching process.

Performance It finds a solution more quickly. It finds solution slow as compared to

an informed search.

Completion It may or may not be complete. It is always complete.

Cost Factor Cost is low. Cost is high.

Time It consumes less time because of quick It consumes moderate time because
searching. of slow searching.

Direction There is a direction given about the No suggestion is given regarding the
solution. solution in it.

Implementation It is less lengthy while implemented. It is more lengthy while

implemented.
Parameters Informed Search Uninformed Search

Efficiency It is more efficient as efficiency takes It is comparatively less efficient as

into account cost and performance. The incurred cost is more and the speed
incurred cost is less and speed of finding of finding the Breadth-Firstsolution
solutions is quick. is slow.

Computational Computational requirements are Comparatively higher

requirements lessened. computational requirements.

Size of search Having a wide scope in terms of handling Solving a massive search task is
problems large search problems. challenging.

Examples of • Greedy Search • Depth First Search (DFS)

Algorithms • A* Search • Breadth First Search (BFS)
• AO* Search • Branch and Bound
• Hill Climbing Algorithm

4. Brief the history of AI?

1. The gestation of artificial intelligence (1943–1955)
2. The birth of artificial intelligence (1956)
3. Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952–1969)
4. A dose of reality (1966–1973)
• AI discovered computational complexity.
• - Neural network research almost disappeared after Minsky & Papert’s book in
1969.
5. Knowledge-based systems: The key to power? (1969–1979)
▪ 1969: DENDRAL by Buchanan et al..
▪ 1976: MYCIN by Shortliffle.
▪ 1979: PROSPECTOR by Duda et al..

6. AI becomes an industry (1980–present)

• Expert systems industry booms.
• 1981: Japan’s 10-year Fifth Generation project.
7. The return of neural networks (1986–present)
• Mid 80’s: Back-propagation learning algorithm reinvented.
• Expert systems industry busts.
• 1988: Resurgence of probability.
• 1988: Novel AI (ALife, GAs, Soft Computing, …).
• 1995: Agents everywhere.
• 2003: Human-level AI back on the agenda.
8. AI adopts the scientific method (1987–present)
9. The emergence of intelligent agents (1995–present)
10. The availability of very large data sets (2001–present)
5. Briefly Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of AI?
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

1. Reducing Human Error

It is likely for humans to make mistakes in tedious and monotonous tasks, but computers can
avoid such errors if programmed correctly.AI models make predictions by applying algorithms
to the compiled data, thereby reducing errors and improving accuracy.
2. Easily Handles Big Data
AI can process and make sense of big data in very less time.
It can quickly capture data and extract relevant data for analysis. However, that's not all, as AI
can also further process this data through interpretation and transformation.
3. Pattern Identification
AI outperforms human talents when spotting patterns in words, figures, or images.
AI effectively discovers trends and patterns in a dataset and, as a result, can generate more
accurate predictions faster.
4. Improving Processes and Workflows
Companies strive to find ways to work more efficiently, increase productivity, and boost
revenues.
5. Medical Applications and Treatments
The best thing that has ever happened to humans is AI being involved in medical applications
and treatments.
Doctors can assess their patients and their health risks quickly with AI. The growing applications
of AI used in medical science also help educate the machines regarding the side effects of various
medicines.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

1. More Likely to Increase Human Laziness

Automation in tasks and increased availability of digital assistants tend to increase machine
dependency, which can likely increase human laziness.
2. AI is Expensive to Implement
Initial set-up for AI requires a high investment as companies have to invest in AI frameworks,
including the latest hardware and software.
3. Can Increase Unemployment
Although AI can replace repetitive tasks and other types of manual work, which is beneficial for
organizations, this also has a negative impact on employment.
4. Lacks Creativeness
Since AI systems make predictions based on a set of algorithms, these can lack creativity,
especially in the content marketing field.
5. Cannot Understand Emotions
AI systems can work faster and without a break, but they cannot evaluate emotions before making
decisions.
6. Explain with Example a Toy Problem?
Toy problem is intended to illustrate or exercise various problem-solving methods. It can be
given a concise, exact description and hence is usable by different researchers to compare the
performance of algorithms.

Example 1
toy problem was devised by Donald Knuth (1964) and illustrates how infinite state spaces can
arise. Knuth conjectured that, starting with the number 4, a sequence of factorial, square root,
and floor operations will reach any desired positive integer. For example, we can reach 5 from
4 as follows:

The problem definition is very simple:

States: Positive numbers.
Initial state: 4.
Actions: Apply factorial, square root, or floor operation (factorial for integers only).
Transition model: As given by the mathematical definitions of the operations.
Goal test: State is the desired positive integer.
8. Define 8-puzzle problem take your own Initial State& Goal State, get the solution
for your goal state.
7. Define DFS? Explain the Concept with an example(consider Fig 1).
Depth-first search always expands the deepest node in the current frontier of the search tree.
The search proceeds immediately to the deepest level of the search tree, where the nodes have no
successors. As those nodes are expanded, they are dropped from the frontier, so then the search
“backs up” to the next deepest node that still has unexplored successors.
Solve problem for given tree
8. Define BFS? Explain the Concept with an example(consider Fig 1).
Breadth-first search is a simple strategy in which the root node is expanded first, then all the
successors of the root node are expanded next, then their successors, and so on. In general,all the
 nodes are expanded at a given depth in the search tree before any nodes at the next level are
expanded.
Solve problem for given tree

Fig 1

13. Explain Heuristic Function?

• Heuristic functions are the most common form in which additional knowledge of the problem is
imparted to the search algorithm.
• With a good heuristic function, however, the complexity can be reduced substantially. The amount
of the reduction depends on the particular problem and on the quality of the heuristic.
Speed vs. Accuracy
From the definition, we can conclude that the goal is to find a faster solution or an approximate one, even if
it is not optimal. In other words, when using a heuristic, we trade accuracy for the speed of the solution.
For example, greedy algorithms usually produce quick but sub-optimal solutions. A greedy algorithm to
find the largest sum in the following tree would go for the red path while the optimal path is the green one:
Admissible Heuristic
Heuristics don’t always lead to a lower cost. However, those that don’t overestimate the true or the lowest
possible cost of a solution are called admissible heuristics. This characteristic can guarantee the optimality
of the solution. An admissible heuristic can be found by simplifying the original problem in terms of its
constraints, reducing it to a less constrained problem. As an example, let’s consider the eight puzzle problem:

Examples of Heuristic Functions in AI Traveling Salesman ProblemSearch Engine