Project

presentatio
n
Presented by B.Sandeep
 KAUTILYA
CHAPTER -
ARTHASHASTRA
98
BOOK - VI:The Source of Sovereign
States
CHAPTER -
CHAPTER II. CONCERNING PEACE AND EXERTION.
99
BOOK - VII:The End of the Six-Fold
Policy
CHAPTER I. THE SIX-FOLD POLICY, AND DETERMINATION OF
DETERIORATION, STAGNATION AND PROGRESS.
 01 ) CHAPTER II. CONCERNING PEACE AND
EXERTION.
CHAPTER II of the Arthashastra discusses the importance of peace and industry in acquiring and
securing property.
The text explains that peace refers to the absence of disturbance in enjoying the results of one's
work,
while industry refers to the efforts made to achieve these results.

The text also delves into the different aspects of position, which include deterioration, stagnation,
and progress. It highlights that human and providential causes, such as policy, impolicy, fortune,
and misfortune, govern the world and its affairs.

Furthermore, the text explores the various types of kings and their relationships. It distinguishes
between natural and factitious enemies and natural and acquired friends.
It introduces the concept of the Madhyama king, who is capable of helping both the conqueror and
the immediate enemy. It also mentions the neutral king, who is situated beyond the territory of other
It concludes that there are four primary Circles of States, twelve kings, sixty elements of
sovereignty, and seventy-two elements of states.
The text then discusses the importance of strength and happiness for a king's superiority. It
describes three types of strength: intellectual, sovereignty, and physical.
It also explains three types of ends: those attainable by deliberation, the strength of sovereignty,
and perseverance.
Finally, the text advises kings to always strive to augment their power and elevate their happiness.
It suggests strategies for dealing with enemies, such as undermining their power or waiting for their
own weaknesses to manifest. It also mentions the concept of expanding the Circle of States by
incorporating other kings as spokes, with the conqueror as the central nave.
Overall, this chapter provides insights into the dynamics of peace, industry, position, and
relationships between different types of kings.
Additionally, the text mentions the primary Circles of States, which consist of the conqueror, his
friend, and his friend's friend, as well as the enemy, the Madhyama king, or the neutral king at the
center of each circle.
 Understanding Peace and Exercise
• Peace and industry are crucial for acquisition and security of property.
• Industry (vyáyáma) is the effort to achieve the results of works.
• Peace is the absence of disturbance to the enjoyment of the results achieved from works.
• The application of the six-fold royal policy is the source of peace and industry.
Aspects of Position
• Deterioration, stagnation, and progress are the three aspects of position.
• Causes of human action affect position: policy and impolicy (naya and apanaya), fortune and misfortune
(aya and anaya).
Conqueror, Enemy, and Friends
• The conqueror, his friend, and his friend's friend are the three primary kings constituting a circle of
states.
• Each king possesses five elements of sovereignty: the minister, the country, the fort, the treasury, and
the army.
 Elements of Sovereignty, Power, and End
• Strength is intellectual strength; the possession of a prosperous treasury and a strong army is the
strength
of sovereignty.
• The end is attainable by deliberation; the strength of sovereignty is the end of sovereignty; and the end
of
martial power is to be secured by perseverance.It also mentions the neutral king, who is situated beyond
the territory of other kings and has the power to influence the conqueror, the enemy, and the Madhyama
king.
Conqueror's Power and Happiness
• A king who is equal to his enemy in the matter of his sovereign elements shall endeavor to throw his
enemy's power into the shade.
• The conqueror may allow his enemy to grow in strength and attain success for the time being by
throwing the circumference of the Circle of States beyond his friend's territory.Finally, the text advises
kings to always
strive to augment their power and elevate their happiness.
 CHAPTER I. THE SIX-FOLD POLICY, AND DETERMINATION OF
DETERIORATION,
STAGNATION AND PROGRESS.
The Circle of States is the origin of the six-fold policy, which consists of peace, war, neutrality,
marching, alliance, and double policy. Some argue that there are only two forms of policy, peace and
war, while others, like Kautilya, believe in the existence of all six forms.
In detail, the six forms of policy are: agreement with pledges for peace, offensive operation for war,
indifference for neutrality, making preparations for marching, seeking protection from another for
alliance, and making peace with one and waging war with another for double policy.
These forms depend on the conditions and capabilities of each state. If a state is inferior to another, it
should make peace. On the other hand, a state that is superior in power should wage war. A state that
believes it is neither strong enough to destroy the enemy nor can be harmed by the enemy should
observe neutrality. A state with sufficient means should march against its enemy. If a state cannot
defend itself, it should seek the protection of another. And if a state relies on help from others to
achieve its goals, it should make peace with one and wage war with another.
 A wise king should choose the form of policy that allows him to build forts, construct buildings and
commercial roads, open new plantations and villages, exploit mines and timber, and harass the enemy's
works while benefiting from his own.
Stagnation is a condition where neither progress nor retrogression is observed. A king who believes his
stagnation will be brief and his prosperity in the long run greater than the enemy's can ignore the
temporary situation.
If two hostile kings in a stationary condition anticipate equal wealth and power in equal time,
peace should be made. However, a king can choose to keep peace if it enables him to undertake
productive

Alternatively, a king with a strong defensive position or a powerful army can benefit from open
hostility.
In conclusion, a king should strive to move from a state of deterioration to stagnation and then
progress, by employing the six-fold policy within the Circle of States.
If two hostile kings expect equal results from their works, they should make peace. No king should
adopt a policy that causes him to lose profit without inflicting the same loss on the enemy. If the king's
loss is expected to be less than the enemy's over time, temporary deterioration can be neglected.
Some argue that there are only two forms of policy, peace and war, while others, like Kautilya,
believe in the existence of all six forms.
In detail, the six forms of policy are: agreement with pledges for peace, offensive operation for war,
indifference for neutrality, making preparations for marching, seeking protection from another for
alliance, and making peace with one and waging war with another for double policy.
These forms depend on the conditions and capabilities of each state.
If a state is inferior to another, it should make peace.
On the other hand, a state that is superior in power should wage war.
A state that believes it is neither strong enough to destroy the enemy nor can be harmed by the
enemy should observe neutrality.
A state with sufficient means should march against its enemy.
If a state cannot defend itself, it should seek the protection of another.
And if a state relies on help from others to achieve its goals, it should make peace with one and
wage war with another.
A wise king should choose the form of policy that allows him to build forts, construct buildings and
commercial roads, open new plantations and villages, exploit mines and timber, and harass the
enemy's works while benefiting from his own.
No king should adopt a policy that causes him to lose profit without inflicting the same loss on the
enemy.
If the king's loss is expected to be less than the enemy's over time, temporary deterioration can be
neglected.
Similarly, if two deteriorating kings anticipate equal wealth in equal time, they should make peace.
Stagnation is a condition where neither progress nor retrogression is observed.
A king who believes his stagnation will be brief and his prosperity in the long run greater than the
enemy's can ignore the temporary situation.
If two hostile kings in a stationary condition anticipate equal wealth and power in equal time, peace
should be made.
However, a king can choose to keep peace if it enables him to undertake productive works, destroy the
enemy's works, or achieve other advantages.
Alternatively, a king with a strong defensive position or a powerful army can benefit from open hostility.
If a king does not have the capability to harm the enemy or defend against the enemy's attack, seeking
protection from a stronger king is the best option.
Lastly, a king can adopt a double policy, making peace with one and waging war with another, to improve
his resources.
 The Six-Fold Policy and Decision Making
• The Circle of States is the source of the six-fold policy.
• The policy includes peace, war, neutrality, marching, alliance, and making peace with one and waging w
with another.
• Vátavyádhi argues for two forms of policy: peace and war.
• Kautilya argues for six forms of policy based on their respective conditions.
• Peace: Agreement with pledges, offensive operation, neutrality, preparations, alliance, and double policy
• War: War if superior in power, neutrality if no enemy can harm one, protection if necessary, and peace if
help is needed.
• Decreasing: Policy that causes profit loss but doesn't affect the enemy is considered deterioration.
• Stangulation: Policy that neither progress nor retrogression is seen.
• Peace: If hostile kings expect equal wealth and power acquisition in equal time, they should make peace
 King's Strategy for Resource Allocation
• King can increase his resources by maintaining peace, destroying enemy works, or using secret means
to destroy enemy works.
• King can also use inducements such as a happy dwelling, rewards, remission of taxes, little work, and
large profits and wages to empty enemy's country of its population.
• King can prolong hostility with another king whose threats have driven enemy to seek his protection.
• King can exploit his own resources in alliance with friendly kings to augment his resources.
• King can divide and combine with other friendly kings if a Circle of States is formed by enemy.
• King can catch hold of enemy and make him incur displeasure of other members of the Circle of States.
• King can increase his resources by maintaining open hostility with enemy.
• King can observe neutrality and augment his own resources if neither enemy nor king is strong enough
to destroy his works.
• King can increase his resources by marching his troops to destroy enemy works and safeguard his own
works.
• King can seek protection from a king of superior power to pass from deterioration to stagnancy and
from stagnancy to progress.
• King can adopt a double policy of making peace with one king and waging war with another king to
improve his resources.
Thank you
very
much!