9.

Law of Reflection:

Aim: Verify the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) using a mirror and light
source.
Apparatus:
Plane mirror
Light source (e.g., lamp, laser pointer)
Protractor
Method:
1. Secure the mirror upright on a table.
2. Place the light source some distance away from the mirror.
3. Shine the light onto the mirror, creating a reflected beam.
4. Using the protractor, measure the angle between the incident ray (incoming light) and the
normal to the mirror (a line perpendicular to the mirror's surface at the point of incidence).
5. Measure the angle between the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror.
Results:
Record the values of the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
Ideally, these angles should be approximately equal, supporting the law of reflection.
Conclusion:
Explain how your measurements uphold the law of reflection, where the angle of incidence
equals the angle of reflection.

10. Plane Mirror Image:

Aim: Demonstrate that a plane mirror produces a virtual image that is the same size and same
distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
Apparatus:
Plane mirror
Object with a well-defined shape (e.g., ruler, pencil)
Ruler
Method:
1. Place the mirror upright on a table.
2. Position the object in front of the mirror at a certain distance.
3. Observe the virtual image formed behind the mirror.
4. Using the ruler, measure the distance between the object and the mirror.
5. Estimate the distance between the virtual image and the mirror (it should appear to be behind
the mirror).
Results:
Record the distance between the object and the mirror, and the estimated distance between the
virtual image and the mirror.
Conclusion:
Explain how your observations support the concept of a virtual image formed by a plane mirror.
Ideally, the object and image distances should be approximately equal.

11. Refraction of Light:

Aim: Observe how light bends as it passes through transparent blocks of different shapes.
Apparatus:
Transparent blocks with different shapes (e.g., prism, triangular block, hemisphere)
Light source (e.g., lamp)
 Marking pen (optional)
Method:
1. Place the light source on one side of a transparent block.
2. Observe the path of the light beam as it enters the block, travels through it, and exits on the
other side.
3. You can mark the path of the light beam on the block with a marking pen (be sure it's safe for
the material) to visualize the bending.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 with different shaped blocks.
Results:
Describe how the light beam bends (changes direction) as it enters and exits the transparent
block.
Conclusion:
Explain how the observations support the phenomenon of refraction, where light bends due to a
change in its speed as it travels through different media (air, glass, etc.).