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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GURUKUL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERRING AND TECHNOLOGY, NANDGAON

MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2023-24

TITLE OF PROJECT
"Earthing"
Subject: Maintainance of Electrical Equipment
Subject Code:22625
Course and Code: EE-6I
Subject Teacher: MR.Y.Patil
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mubeen Shaikh, Raza Shaikh, Sumit
Pardeshi,Dhiraj Patil, Roll No 3, 17, 28, , of 6rd Semester of Diploma in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Project satisfactorily in Subject –MEE for the
academic year 2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Nandgaon Enrollment no 2116070031,

2216070283,

2216070215,

2216070216,

Date:-__/__/____ Exam. Seat No

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

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Group Details

Sr. Roll Enrollment Seat No

Name of group members
No No No

1. Mubeen Shaikh 5 2116070031

2. Raza Shaikh 8 2216070283

3. Sumit Pardeshi 10 2216070215

4 Dhiraj Patil 2216070216

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INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 1

Course outcome addressed 2

2

3 Proposed methodology 3

Resources used 4
3

Conclusion
5,6,7
4

5 Equipment Earthing 10

6 Reference 11
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A MICRO PROJECT ON "Earthing"

Part A: A micro-project proposal

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the micro project

introduction
The electrical engineering technologist is required to carry out the maintenance of the
electrical machines and equipment, which includes installation and testing. S/he is thus
expected to use the relevant skill-sets while working in the industry, commercial
establishments, and public utility departments such as PWD, irrigation, electricity supply
agencies, water supply, and sewage board. This course arms the student with the skills to
inspect various types of installations and test electrical machines as per prevailing
standards. S/he will also be able to carry out different types of maintenances of electrical
equipment. S/he will follow the relevant safety practices during such activities.

2.0 Course outcome addressed.

a) Follow state practices to prevent accidents while using electrical equipment.

e) Maintain insulation systems of electrical equipment.

3.0 Proposed methodology

In this project, we know about the information Earthing.

5.0 Resources used

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Name of
Sr. no resource Specificions Quantity
material

1 PC windows 11

Maintenance Of
2 textbook Electrical 1
Equipment

3 MS WORD 2021

NAME OF TEAM MEMBERS WITH ROLL NO.

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What Is Earthing?
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The procedure of joining metallic bodies of all the electrical apparatus and equipment to a huge
mass of the earth by a wire having negligible resistance is called Earthing. The term earthing
means connecting the neutral point of the supply system or the noncurrent carrying parts of the
electrical appliance to the general mass of earth in such a manner that at all times an immediate
discharge of electrical energy takes place without risk.

Objectives of the earthing

• Deliver an alternative way for the fault current to flow so that it will not endanger the user
• Assure that all exposed conductive parts do not contact a dangerous potential
• Retain the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to prevent
overcurrent or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment.

Good Earthing must have low impedance sufficiently to ensure that sufficient current can flow
through the safety device so that it detaches the supply ( <0.4 sec ). The fault current is much
more than the full load current of the circuit which melts the fuse. Hence, the appliance is
detached automatically from the supply mains.

• Must be of low electrical resistance

• Must be of good corrosion resistance
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• Must be able to dissipate high fault current repeatedly

Purpose of Earthing

 To save human life from the risk of electrical shock or death by blowing a fuse i.e.

 To provide an alternative path for the fault current to flow so that it will not risk the user

 To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault conditions ie.

 To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a risky potential.

 To provide a safe path to scatter lightning and short circuit currents.

 To deliver a stable platform for the operation of sensitive electronic equipment i.e.

 To maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to

prevent overcurrent or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment

 To supply safety against static electricity from friction

Electric shock
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An electric shock (electrocution occurs when two parts of a person's body come in contact with
electrical conductors of a circuit which is at different potentials, thus creating a potential
difference across the body. The human body does have resistance and when the body is
attached to two conductors at different potentials a circuit is formed via the body and a current
will flow When the human body comes in contact with only one conductor, a circuit is not created
and nothing happens. When the human body comes in contact with circuit conductors, no matter
what the voltage is there is potential for harm.

• The higher the potential difference the more the damage. The effect of an electric shock is a
function of what parts of the body come in contact with each conductor, the resistance of each
contact point the surface resistance of the body at the contact as well as another factor.

• When the electrical contact is such that the circuit path through the body is across the heart,
you have the greatest potential for death.

• As shown in fig the human body's resistance varies from as low as 500 ohms to as high as
600,000 ohms. As the skin becomes moist the contact resistance drop. If the skin is moist due to
sweat that contains salt the resistance drop further
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• Fig 1 shows the quantity of current that can flow through the human body at three different
potential differences across the body also shown is the effect of different current levels both AC
and DC the ultimate effect is fibrillation which causes the heart to stop and result in death.

• When a high voltage such as 13,800V is applied the body is literally cooked and at times
bursts.

Short circuit

• To examine how an electrical shock occurs and how grounding is applied you need to look at
the circuit involved. Fig 2 represents the basic circuit that consists of a source, a transformer or
generator for all AC circuits, circuit protection, conductors(R1s), and a load (RL).

• A short circuit is an unintended connection Rsc across the circuit conductors between the
power source and the load See the second circuit in fig short circuits are classified as bolted
shorts, momentary shorts, intermittent shorts, or high impedance shorts. A bolted short which is
rare is a very low resistant connection such as two conductors being bolted together.
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• Most shorts are highly resistant or they are momentary or intermittent. The high resistant short
starts out as a high resistance or impedance connection but usually progresses to a lower
impedance connection.
• In electrical systems shorts are categorized as a phase to phase, phase to neutral, or phase to
ground short.

• Most short are phase to ground and short which start as a phase to phase or phase to neutral
progress to a phase to ground short

• When considering short circuits and protecting against the harm they can cause one requires to
know what is the highest amount of short circuit current that can flow in a given circuit.
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Equipment Earthing
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• In case of insulation failure, the primary object of joining all the above points and instruments to
the earth is to unleash the charge accumulated on them immediately to the earth so that the
person coming in contact may not experience an electric shock.

The other object is that a heavy current when flows through the circuit that drives the protective
device which is the fuse or CB, which opens the circuit.

Max. Value of Earth Resistance to be achieved

Equipment to be
Max. Value of Earth Resistance to be achieved in Ohms
Earthed

Large Power
0.5
Stations

Major Substations 1.0

Small Substations 2.0

Factories
1.0
Substations

Lattice Steel Tower 3.0

Industrial Machine
0.5
and Equipment

The Earth Resistance depends upon the moisture content in the soil.

Methods of Earthing

• Conventional Earthing

• Maintenance Free Earthing

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Conventional Earthing

• The Conventional system of Earthing calls for digging a large pit into which a GI pipe or a
copper plate is placed in the middle layers of charcoal and salt.

• It needs maintenance and pouring of water at regular intervals.

Maintenance Free Earthing

• It is a new type of earthing system which is Readymade, standardized, and scientifically

developed. Its Advantages are

• MAINTENANCE FREE: No need to spew water at regular intervals- except in sandy soil.

• CONSISTENCY: Maintain stable and consistent earth resistance around the year.

•MORE SURFACE AREA: The conductive compound creates a conductive zone, which provides
the increased surface area for peak current dissipation. And also get stable reference points.

• LOW EARTH RESISTANCE: Highly conductive. Carries high peak current repeatedly.

• NO CORROSION:

• LONG LIFE.

•EASY INSTALLATION.

Methods of Conventional Earthing

1. Plate Earthing
2. Pipe Earthing
3. Rod Earthing
4. Strip Earthing
5. Earthing through Water Mains
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1. Plate Earthing

In this sort of earthing plate either copper or G.I. is buried into the ground at a depth of not less
than 3 meters from the ground level. The earth plate is embedded in an alternative layer of coke
and salts for a minimum thickness of about15cm.
The earth wire(copper wire for co-operate earthing and G.I. wire for G.I. plate earthing) is
securely bolted to an earth plate with the help of bolt nut and washer made of copper, in case of
copper plate earthing and of G.I. in case of G.I. plate earthing
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2. Pipe Earthing

3. Rod Earthing

• In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of copper 16mm diameter solid rod of GI
or steel or hollow section of 25mm GI pipe of length, not less than 3 meters are driven vertically
into the earth In order to increase the embedded length of the electrode under the ground, which
is sometimes necessary to reduce the earth resistance to desired value more than one-rod
section are hammered one above the other.
• This system of earthing is suitable for areas that are sandy in character
•This system of earthing is very cheap
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4. Strip Earthing

• In this system of earthing strip electrodes of cross-section not less than 25mm into 1.6mm of
copper or 25mm * 4mm of GI or steel are buried in horizontal trenches of a minimum depth of
0.5m
• If the round conductor is used their cross-sectional area shall not be smaller than three if
copper is used and 6mm2 if GI or steel is used. The length of buried conductor shall be sufficient
to give the required earth resistance (about 0.522to 1.522)
• It shall however be not less than 15 m
The electrode shall be as widely distributed as possible in a single straight or circular trench
radiating from a point
• This type of earthing is used in rocky soil earth beds because at such places excavation work
for plate earthing is difficult.

2.0 Actual Resources Use

Name of
Sr.
resource Specificions Quantity
no
material

1 PC windows 11

Maintenance Of
2 textbook Electrical 1
Equipment

3 MS WORD 2021
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3.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project

in this micro project, we get all information about the information Earthing.

4.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

a.Develop group discussion skills.

b.Communication skills improved.
c. MS WORD skills developed.
d. get knowledge about how earthing works.

5.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

• Telecommunication
• Transmission
• Substations & Power Generations
• Transformer Neutral earthing
• Lightning Arrestor Earthing
• Equipment Body Earthing
• Water Treatment Plants
• Heavy Industries
• College, Hospitals, Banks
• Residential Building
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Conclusion
Earthing is a critical part of electrical systems because of the following reasons: It keeps people
secure by stopping electric shocks. It averts harm to electrical appliances and devices by
preventing extreme current from running through the circuit

Reference
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1) GOOGLE.COM
2) WW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
3) Gmail.com

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT

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SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED DATE SIGN

Discussion and finalization of topic

1 1st

2 2nd Preparation and submission of Abstract

Literature Review
3 3rd
Collection of Data
4 4th

Collection of Data
5 5th

Discussion and outline of Content

6 6th

Formulation of Content
7 7th

8 8th Compilation of report and presentation

9 9th Seminar

10 10th Final submission of Micro project

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