MTH166

Lecture-4

Equations Reducible to Exact Form-II

Topic:

Equations of Reducible to Exact form

Learning Outcomes:

1. How to find I.F. using different methods (Next two methods)

2. How to convert a non-exact equation into an exact equation using I.F.

and find its solution
Methods to find I.F.

3. If an equation: 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

can be re-written as:

𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

1
then, 𝐼. 𝐹. = provided 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦
Solve the following differential equations:

Problem 1. 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (1)

Solution: 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Comparing it with: 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Here 𝑀 = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ⇒ = 1 + 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
And𝑁 = 𝑥 − 𝑥2𝑦 ⇒ = 1 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , So, Equation (1) is Non-exact .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since equation (1) can be re-written as:
1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Which is of the form: 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 1 1
𝐼. 𝐹. = = =
𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦 𝑦+𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥− 𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑦 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2

Multiplying equation (1) by I.F.

1
𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 × =0
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
1 1 1 1
⇒ + 𝑑𝑥 + − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2 2𝑦

Which is an exact differential equation.

Solution: ‫𝑛𝑜𝑐=𝑦׬‬. 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬
1 1 1
⇒ ‫𝑛𝑜𝑐=𝑦׬‬. 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
1 1 1
⇒ − + log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = 𝑐 Answer.
2𝑥𝑦 2 2
Solve the following differential equations:

Problem 2. 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (1)

Solution: 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Comparing it with: 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀
Here 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 ⇒ = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
And𝑁 = 𝑥 3𝑦2 +𝑥 ⇒ = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 1
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , So, Equation (1) is Non-exact .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since equation (1) can be re-written as:
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 1 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Which is of the form: 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 1 −1
𝐼. 𝐹. = = =
𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 −𝑦 𝑥− 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 +𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦

Multiplying equation (1) by I.F.

−1
𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 × =0
2𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑦 2 1 𝑥2𝑦 1
⇒ − + 𝑑𝑥 + − − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 2𝑥 2 2𝑦

Which is an exact differential equation.

Solution: ‫𝑛𝑜𝑐=𝑦׬‬. 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬
𝑥𝑦 2 1 1
⇒ ‫𝑛𝑜𝑐=𝑦׬‬. − 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥2𝑦2 1 1
⇒ − + log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = 𝑐 Answer.
4 2 2
 Polling Quiz
For what values of 𝒂, given differential equ.: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is
exact:
(A)For all values of 𝑎 (Answer)
(B) There does not exist any value of 𝑎 for which given diff. equ. is exact.
(C) Only for 𝑎 = 1
(D) None of these.
Methods to find I.F.

4. For an equation: 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
(I) If
𝑁

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
− 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑦), then 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥
(II) If
𝑀
Problem 1. 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (1)
Solution: 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Comparing it with: 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀
Here 𝑀 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 ⇒ = 4𝑥 + 6𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
and 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 ⇒ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , So, Equation (1) is Non-exact .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝜕𝑦
− 𝜕𝑥 4𝑥+6𝑦 −( 2𝑥+2𝑦) 2(𝑥+2𝑦) 2
Here = = = = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑁 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦 𝑥(𝑥+2𝑦) 𝑥

2 2
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥׬‬
So, 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 2 log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥
= 𝑥2
Multiplying equation (1) by I.F., we get:
4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 × 𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Which is an exact differential equation.

Solution: ‫𝑛𝑜𝑐=𝑦׬‬. 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬

⇒ ‫𝑛𝑜𝑐=𝑦׬‬. 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ‫(׬‬0)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
4𝑥 4 𝑦 𝑥3 2 𝑥4
⇒ +3 𝑦 − =𝑐
4 3 4
⇒ 4𝑥 4 𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 4 = 4𝑐
⇒ 4𝑥 4 𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 4 = 𝑐1 Answer. (4𝑐 = 𝑐1 )
Problem 2. 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (1)
Solution: 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Comparing it with: 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀
Here 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 ⇒ = 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
and 𝑁 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 4 ⇒ = 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ , So, Equation (1) is Non-exact .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑥
− 𝜕𝑦 4𝑥𝑦 2 +2 −(3𝑥𝑦 2 +1) (𝑥𝑦 2 +1) 1
Here = = = = 𝑓(𝑦)
𝑀 𝑥𝑦 3 +𝑦 𝑦(𝑥𝑦 2 +1) 𝑦

1
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦 𝑓 ׬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑𝑦׬‬
So, 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 log 𝑦 = 𝑦
Multiplying equation (1) by I.F., we get:
[ 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦] × 𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦
Which is an exact differential equation.

Solution: ‫𝑛𝑜𝑐=𝑦׬‬. 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬

⇒ ‫𝑛𝑜𝑐=𝑦׬‬. 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + ‫(׬‬2𝑦 5 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥2 𝑦4 2 𝑦6
⇒ + 𝑥𝑦 + = 𝑐
2 3
⇒ 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 6 = 6𝑐
⇒ 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 6 = 𝑐1 Answer. (6𝑐 = 𝑐1 )
 Polling Quiz
Solution of differential equation: 𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 is given by:
(A) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 (Answer)
𝑥
(B) =𝑐
𝑦

(C) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
(D) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑐