Environmental Impact Assessment

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT REPORT
CORE BRIDGE LIMITED

Authored by: Derek Kotoku Arphul - Ampaabeng
April, 2024
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Star Lux Mall Environmental Impact Assessment Report, 2024
UNIVERSITY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PROGRAM:
BSC. CIVIL ENGINEERING, LEVEL 400
CIVL 407: FINAL YEAR DESIGN PROJECT
PROJECT TITLE:
DESIGN OF A MULTI PURPOSE SHOPPING MALL
AUTHOR:
DEREK KOTOKU ARPHUL – AMPAABENG (UEB0703120)
APRIL, 2024
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Star Lux Mall Architectural Design Report, 2024
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS & UNITS

Abbreviations and Acronyms
AC Air Conditioner
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Impact Assessment
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GWCL Ghana Water Company Limited
HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
NEDCo Northern Electricity Distribution Company
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
USD United States Dollar
WC Water Closet
Units and Symbols
m Metre CO Carbon Monoxide
m2 Square Metre (m × m) CO2 Carbon Dioxide
Km Kilometre (1,000 metres) O3 Ozone
Km2 Square kilometre (km × km) SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
0C Degrees Celsius
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

List of Figures
Figure 1: Layout Map of Proposed Site (from Google Earth Pro) .......................................... 2
Figure 2: Architectural Impression of proposed Star Lux Mall .............................................. 3
Figure 3: Average Mean Air Temperature of Ghana from 1991 - 2022 .................................. 6
Figure 4: Average Wind Speed of Sunyani Municipal (2010-2022) ....................................... 7
Figure 6: Bird's nest on a tree at the Project Site .................................................................... 8
Figure 7: Methodology for Impact Assessment.................................................................... 12
Figure 8: Checklist of Project's likely Impacts ..................................................................... 13
Figure 9: Operational phase Air Pollutants, their Sources and Risks .................................... 16
Figure 10: Operational Phase Wastes .................................................................................. 16
List of Tables
Table 1: Proposed Project Site Coordinates ........................................................................... 2
Table 2: Sectional Areas in Mall Building ............................................................................. 3
Table 3: Distribution of Vegetation ....................................................................................... 7
Table 4: List of species of birds found within and around the radius of the Proposed Site ...... 8
Table 5: Insects that inhabit the Proposed Site ....................................................................... 8
Table 6: Population trends for Sunyani Municipal from 2000 to 2021 ................................... 9
Table 8: Summary of Impacts.............................................................................................. 17
Table 9: Analysis of the Proposed Project's Impacts ............................................................ 17
Table 10: Proposed Mitigation Measures to Possible Impacts and their Residue Impact ...... 18
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In the recent decade, Sunyani has undergone a surge in urban development, choreographed by
the inception of a multitude of awe-inspiring infrastructure projects including residential,
commercial, industrial establishments, and recreational facilities. These have all been in
support and service to the growing population in the city and the economic development.
Almost all of these projects tend to have generic impacts with baselines withholding but having
a cumulative impact on our limited natural resources which the entire population depends on.
The proposed project for which this EIA report has been prepared is a construction project that
will involve a mixed-use development on the campus of University of Energy and Natural
Resources. The development is a multi-purpose shopping mall in Sunyani. The project shares
similar impact with most urban development projects, and is thus manageable through the
proposed EMP that was developed commensurate to the assessment of its impact in this report.
The project will be implemented on a relatively flat site measuring approximately 19,460m2
with no existing infrastructure; only flora and fauna. The project once completed, shall offer a
state-of-the-art elegant shopping mall in a three storied building. The building will be serviced
by two lifts, a pair of escalators and two stairways from ground floor to roof floor. The
construction will have the following but not limited to:
 Ground floor: entry porch and foyer, a lounge, eleven (11) shops, a laundry, a pair of
washrooms on either side of the floor, a control room, and four exit doors.
 First Floor: having a meeting room, ten (10) shops, an electric metre room for electricity
control and monitoring, and 24m by 12m supermarket.
 Second Floor: this floor features nine (9) shops, two office spaces, a restaurant and a
kitchen, a washroom, an Auditorium for conferencing and cinema entertainment.
This Environmental Impact Assessment is undertaken under requirements of Environmental

Protection Agency Act, 1994 (Act 490), and Ghana Building Code in order to elucidate the
potential adverse impacts of project and thereby devising appropriate mitigation measures.
The major objective of the EIA was to identify potential environmental impacts during the
construction phase and operational phase, and propose effective mitigation measures to
minimize them. This project report is broken down the proposed project’s activities into the
following: Design phase, Construction phase, and Operational phase.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS & UNITS........................................................................ i
Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................ ii
Units and Symbols ............................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ...................................................................................... ii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................... ii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. iii
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Project Objectives....................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1. Desk and Site Study ............................................................................................. 1
1.2.2. Public and Stakeholders Engagement ................................................................... 1
1.2.3. Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................................... 1
1.3. Project Description ..................................................................................................... 1
1.3.1. Project Location................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2. Land Tenure, Use, Ownership and Management .................................................. 2
1.3.3. Project Design ..................................................................................................... 2
1.3.4. Processes, Equipment, Materials, Outputs ............................................................ 4
2. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ............................................................ 6
2.1. Physical Environment ................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1. Atmospheric Conditions ...................................................................................... 6
2.2. Ecological Environment ............................................................................................. 7
2.2.1. Flora .................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.2. Fauna ................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Socio-Economic Environment ................................................................................ 9
2.3.1. Population and Demography ................................................................................ 9
2.3.2. Livelihoods and Poverty .................................................................................... 10
2.4.3. Housing, Water and Sanitation........................................................................... 10
2.4.4. Energy ............................................................................................................... 10
3. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES.......................................................................................... 10
3.1. Alternative Site ......................................................................................................... 10
3.2. Alternative Designs .................................................................................................. 11
3.3. Alternative Input Utilities ......................................................................................... 11
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3.3.1. Electricity .......................................................................................................... 11

3.3.2. Water ................................................................................................................. 11
3.3.3. Transport ........................................................................................................... 11
3.3.4. Materials............................................................................................................ 11
3.4. No Project Option ..................................................................................................... 12
4. IMPACT RECOGNITION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .................. 12
4.1. Impact Identification................................................................................................. 12
4.2. Positive Impacts ....................................................................................................... 13
4.2.1. Design Phase ..................................................................................................... 13
4.2.2. Construction Phase ............................................................................................ 14
4.2.3. Operational Phase .............................................................................................. 14
4.3. Negative Impacts ...................................................................................................... 15
4.3.1. Construction Phase ............................................................................................ 15
4.3.2. Operational Phase .............................................................................................. 16
4.4. Analysis of Impacts .................................................................................................. 17
4.5. Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................. 18
5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................... 19
5.1. Mitigation Measures at Construction Phase .............................................................. 19
5.1.1. Water Resource and Quality Management ......................................................... 19
5.1.2. Solid Waste Management .................................................................................. 19
5.1.3. Liquid Waste Management ................................................................................ 19
5.2. Mitigation Measures at Operational Phase ................................................................ 20
5.2.1. Water Resource and Quality Management ......................................................... 20
5.2.2. Solid Waste Management .................................................................................. 20
5.2.3. Liquid Waste Management ................................................................................ 20
5.2.4. Landscape Management..................................................................................... 20
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 21
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Star Lux Mall Environmental Impact Assessment Report, 2024
1. INTRODUCTION
Construction of multipurpose infrastructure impact the environment in several ways during the
diverse phases of the project life cycle. At the construction phase; building materials, land
clearing, building erection, and during operation; generation of solid and liquid wastes, etc.
This EIA seeks to examine the positive and negative impacts that the proposed project is likely
to have on the physical and socio-economic environment, to make decisions that align
synergistically with the natural world within a sustainable development framework.
1.1. Project Objectives

The objective of the EIA is to assess the construction and operation of the proposed Star Lux
Mall to determine whether or not its impacts on the environment, considering biophysical,
social, cultural and economic. The specific objectives of the EIA are to:
 Identify potential environmental impacts during each phase.

 Propose effective mitigation measures to minimize impacts.
1.2. Methodology
1.2.1. Desk and Site Study
An arm-chair study of the proposed site was done using; Google Earth Pro and ArcGIS to
acquire geographic information. Site investigation was conducted to acquire information to
confirm or deny the desk study.
1.2.2. Public and Stakeholders Engagement

Structured stakeholder engagement was undertaken in the neighbourhood of the proposed site
(University Campus – UENR) to capture the views and concerns of interested and affected
parties. The engagement process entailed face to face meetings, discussions, and interviews.
1.2.3. Data Collection and Analysis

Data collection was undertaken through preliminary assessment of the site after the desk study,
then screening, collection of baseline data, and analysis and evaluation of alternatives.
1.3. Project Description

This EIA report is based on information and consultations with the project proponent, the
Architect, Quantity Surveyor, and Engineers; and details contained in the Drawings of the
proposed project. The Star Lux Mall project entails the construction of the mall building, road
networks, parking lots, water supply system, and waste management systems.
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1.3.1. Project Location

The proposed Star Lux Mall is situated on the University of Energy and Natural Resources
Campus in Sunyani. The site for the project has an area of 19,460m2 and a perimeter of 555m2.
Table 1: Proposed Project Site Coordinates
Point ID Latitude Longitude
A 7°21'8.40"N 2°20'24.96"W
B 7°21'9.18"N 2°20'21.35"W
C 7°21'3.95"N 2°20'23.68"W
D 7°21'4.66"N 2°20'20.25"W
The proposed Star Lux Mall shares boundary with RCEES office building to the East, faces
the Fiapre – SSNIT road to the North, about 50m due South is the University’s Syndicate Block
and to its West there is no infrastructure.
Figure 1: Layout Map of Proposed Site (from Google Earth Pro)
1.3.2. Land Tenure, Use, Ownership and Management

The proposed site for the construction of the mall is a habitat for fauna and flora; it has no
existing infrastructure. It is owned and managed by the University of Energy and Natural
Resources. It has acquired a change of land use to multi-purpose shopping mall and is leasehold
to the Government of Ghana.
1.3.3. Project Design

Star Lux Mall is designed with a blend of Mediterranean and African styles; characterized by
the use of thick walls, small windows, reflective terracotta, interior courtyards, flat roofs; and
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traditional materials, overhanging roofs, shading elements, respectively. The mall stands 17m
with three floors and a roof terrace.
Figure 2: Architectural Impression of proposed Star Lux Mall
There are 30 shops; 11 at Ground Floor, 10 at First Floor, and 9 at Second Floor. It features a
supermarket, restaurant, auditorium, lounges, offices, and spaces for vertical and horizontal
circulations. Materials range from steel and aluminium for frames to glass, wood, and steel
sheets for panels. The façade incorporates Antisolar Insulating Glass, metal panels and wood
cladding. Notably, energy-efficiency design elements include atrium, clerestory windows, and
shading elements to optimize natural light and ventilation while reducing the need for artificial
lighting and air conditioning.
Table 2: Sectional Areas in Mall Building
Project Component Descriptive Objective
Shops To create an indoor shopping environment.
Supermarket To create a convenient and accessible shopping space for
groceries.
Restaurant/Kitchen To provide a culinary space for dining experience
Meeting Room To provide a dedicated space for meeting.
Auditorium To offer a space for events, conferences, and cinema
entertainment.
Lounges To provide a communal space with an open layout for relaxation
and restoring.
Control/Metre Rooms To ensure centralized control and monitoring of various mall
systems.
Laundry To provide space for cleaning logistics.
Washrooms To ensure the well-being and satisfaction of visitors.
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1.3.4. Processes, Equipment, Materials, Outputs

For better understanding, the proposed project and the identification and analysis of impact,
the proposed project is divided into design phase, construction phase and operation phase in
terms of its processes, equipment, materials, and outputs (expected wastes).
Quantities of utilities and facilities will be used as primary inputs to achieve the project
objectives. These may include; Water, Sewerage, Storm Water Drainage, Solid waste,
Transport, Parking and Traffic, and Fire Reticulation.
1.3.4.1. Water Resource

Design, construction and operation of a multipurpose shopping mall will obviously make use
of a huge volume of clean water. At the construction phase, water will be used mainly for
concreting; at the operation phase, water will be needed for use in washrooms, kitchen, for
hydrants, gardening, and drinking. Core-Bridge has designed this project to rely on
groundwater borehole as its water resource. Two boreholes shall be drilled for use during the
construction and operation phases. Water supply to washrooms, for gardening, and fire fighting
shall only be filtered and not treated.
Nonetheless, water shall be treated and sachet as part of the mall’s commercials. Some of the
same treated water shall be supplied to the kitchen in the mall. The treatment process employed
is reverse osmosis; because the water is groundwater and is likely to have mineral pollutants
from the soil and rocks.
1.3.4.2. Liquid Waste

The expected liquid waste from the mall at the operation phase falls within Municipal waste
and is grouped into Black water (sewerage) and Grey water (kitchen and washroom sink). The
collection and disposal of these will be approached differently. The Black water from the water
closets will be collected and conveyed using a PVC pipe into a septic tank downstream at a
minimum of 10m away from the mall building and the groundwater borehole. Furthermore, the
grey water will be collected and carried to a soakaway pit designed to handle such waste water.
The septic tank and soakaway pit are designed based on the EPA and SDG goals and standards.
1.3.4.3. Storm Water Drainage

The topography of the site is a general fall from where the Syndicate Block is located in the
south towards the SSNIT – Fiapre road in the north. There is no ridge or gully or river along
the east to west of the site that breaks the South-North slope.
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Preliminary calculations have been carried out to determine the quantity of runoff from the site
but will need to be checked with verified climatic details from the vicinity (University campus).
From these calculations, it has been assumed that some part of the site will be impermeable,
either caused by the mall building or paved landscape areas and roads.
The choice of storm water drains will include having open channel storm water drains along
the roads, although they affect the aestheticism of the site. Drains will be connected to the that
along the right side of the SSNIT road.
1.3.4.4. Solid Waste

The expected solid waste generated from the usage of the mall is classified based on the type
of waste; that is, organic waste (food scraps, yard waste, compostable), recyclable waste (paper
and cardboard, plastic, glass, metal), non-recyclables (hazardous and electronic waste). Bins
for each category of waste will be placed inside and outside of the mall building at areas where
it will not obstruct movement.
The design calculations show that organic wasted expected is of a high percentage of the total
waste expected. Due to this, the Solid Waste design features organic composting site at the
mall environment.
1.3.4.5. Transport, Parking and Traffic

The traffic loads and peaks have been modelled to show that the primary access to Star Lux
Mall will be through the access gate fed from Fiapre – SSNIT road instead of the University
Campus roads. Nonetheless, this option will include the development of this access road which
indubitably will increase the capital costs of the project. Pedestrians will also have access from
this area and on University Campus roads to the mall.
1.3.4.6. Fire Reticulation

During the construction phase, fire brigade vehicles will be provided around the site or closer
to the area should there be a need for fire brigadiers. The design of the mall features water
sprinklers inside the mall building and fire hydrants on its environment for firefighting.
The hydrants and sprinklers are served from GWCL because the pressure within the main is
usually adequate as the fire engines have an in-built booster pump. GWCL will take over the
fire reticulation system and hydrants at the end of the defects liability period, having already
approved the design of the entire water reticulation system before construction.
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2. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Core Bridge Limited is proposing to build a multipurpose shopping mall on University of
Energy and Natural Resources Campus in Sunyani. The University Campus is a commercial
and residential suburb pined northeast in Sunyani and southwest of the Sunyani Airport.
This chapter presents the baseline experimental and socioeconomic of the project site and its
environs. The scope of this chapter covers the project’s area, the immediate neighbourhood,
and Sunyani city in the areas of; Physical Environment, Ecological Environment, and Socio-
Economic Environment.
2.1. Physical Environment

This section will address atmospheric conditions, and ecological environment.
2.1.1. Atmospheric Conditions

2.1.1.1. Climate and Meteorology
The climate of Sunyani is hot and humid; during the wet season, the atmosphere has water
vapour which makes the climate humid. The wet season is between March and November. May
and October records the highest rains and thunderstorm. The dry season is characterized as dry
hot; dry winds blow from the Sahara Desert making the atmosphere dry and hot. It spans from
December to February. The average daily temperatures in Sunyani varies from about 190C –
350C in January and 210C – 280C in September.
Figure 3: Average Mean Air Temperature of Ghana from 1991 - 2022
Average Mean Air Temperature

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30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers
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2.1.1.2. Wind and Precipitation

The wind analysis is done on speed and direction only within the Sunyani Municipality. The
average wind speed from 2010 – 2022 is between 2.38m/s to 3.2m/s. The same has average
direction from Northeast to Southwest. Average Precipitation from 2010 – 2022 is between
4.3mm to 6.5mm.
Figure 4: Average Wind Speed of Sunyani Municipal (2010-2022)
2.2. Ecological Environment

2.2.1. Flora
The project study area is under the Phyto geographical region of moist semi-deciduous forest
vegetation. The continuous expansion of human habitation and heavy population pressure is
changing the natural vegetation faster. Though there is no demarcated forest patch at the
proposed site, the vegetation cover is divided into trees, shrubs and herbs, and species of grass.
Table 3: Distribution of Vegetation

Vegetation Type Percentage Cover (%)
Deciduous trees 70
Shrubs and herbs stratum 20
Grass species 10
Source: Ghana Commission for UNESCO
2.2.2. Fauna
Most of the faunal species found in residential areas of Sunyani are livestock. Some of these
are; poultry, goat, sheep, and pigs. However, the proposed site has a wide range of fauna
including, birds, insects, microbes, and mammals.
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2.2.2.1. Birds
There are different species of birds found at the area of the University Campus. Some of these
birds are residents; others immigrate and emigrate. The site therefore constitutes an inhabitant
for some of these birds.
Table 4: List of species of birds found within and around the radius of the Proposed Site
Common Name Genus / Species Status
Sparrow Passer domesticus R/c
Swallow Hirundo rustica M/u
Spotted night adder Caucus maculatus R/c
Lucia widow Palpopleura lucia M/f
Source: Forestry Commission of Ghana – Wild Life Division
Status of Birds:
R = Resident
M = Migrant
c = Common, seen in very high numbers
f = Fairly common, seen on move than
u = Uncommon, seen once in a while
Figure 5: Bird's nest on a tree at the Project Site
2.2.2.2. Insects and Microbes

Plenty
Table 5: Insects that inhabit the Proposed Site

Common Name Scientific Nomenclature
Termite (white ants) Zootermopsis nevadensis
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Butterfly Clade rhopalocera

Spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum
Mosquito Aedes infirmatus
Centipede Scolopendra calcarata
Millipede Anadenobolus monilicornis
Cockroach Periplaneta americana
2.2.2.3. Mammals
Squirrels
Common Name Scientific Nomenclature

Mouse Mus musculus
Rat Rattus norvegicus
Bat Vespertilio
Squirrel Sciuridae
2.3. Socio-Economic Environment

Ghana’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2012 was 41.27 billion USD and in 2022 it was
73.77 billion USD. In 2022, the share of agriculture contributed 19.57%, industry contributed
31.99% and the service sector contributed 42.03%. These are the major growth sectors of the
economy. As a regional capital, Sunyani is a contributor to Ghana’s economy: it helps increase
the GDP through agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, and service provision. Thus, this
project will have some impact on the socio-economic environment.
2.3.1. Population and Demography

According to the 2021 population census by the Ghana Statistical Service, the population of
Sunyani is 1,208,649 constituting 4.3% of Ghana’s population which brings about an
approximate gross average of 3 persons per household.
Table 6: Population trends for Sunyani Municipal from 2000 to 2021

Year Total Population No. of Population Density Area (km2)
Households
2000 101,145 * * *
2010 123,224 30,806 10.57 1,1639.88
2021 1,208,649 55,313 103.84 1,1639.88
Source: Ghana Statistical Service
Current trends confirm the population growth in Sunyani. This suggest a higher number of
residents with lifestyles of high demand in energy, land, and natural resources. This has
implications on ecosystem and economic stability.
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2.3.2. Livelihoods and Poverty

At the socio-economic investigation, it was noted that the residents of the area make livelihoods
in a variety of ways in the formal and informal sector. In 2023, about 2.9 million people in
Ghana lived in extreme poverty, majority in rural areas; where about 2.8 million people lived
on less than 1.9 USD a day; while 214,000 extremely poor people lived in urban areas.
2.3.3. Housing, Water and Sanitation

Sunyani Municipal had a lot of households from the 2021 census and house census and these
are quality houses. Typical of an urban area, most building materials are of processed nature;
common materials for building are concrete, tiles, glass, iron sheets and a very few clay muds.
The GWCL supplies water through out the municipality; though not in a constant flow; but
water supply is averagely good. A good number of households rely on borehole system which
is treated when drawn into a water tank. Every household has a toilet facility which aligns with
SDG goal 6. Few use pit latrines while majority use water closet with septic tank or biodigester.
2.3.4. Energy
Energy is an important livelihood aspect and the quantity and quality of energy that a household
has accesses is evident in socioeconomic wellbeing as well as ingenuity. It is also a primary
driver of environmental changes since all fuels are from natural environment and they involve
conversions and extractions of resources in which in some cases are unsustainable. About 80%
of Sunyani residents rely on NEDCo for electric energy without any standby generator. Few
use standby generators for their household and about 45% of businesses have it as standby.
3. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
This chapter of the EIA lies at the heart of the process and methodology. Alternatives to the
proposed project will be compared to determine the best method of achieving project objectives
while minimizing environmental impacts, and indicate the eco-friendliest practicable option.
3.1. Alternative Site

This involves pursuing the proposed project but on a different site; meaning, the impacts that
are relevant to the proposed site will be avoided. Avoidance of these in-situ and ex-situ impacts
is the benefit of this option.
However, there will also be other impacts specific to the alternative site. During the
construction phase, the proposed site has benefits getting natural building materials to the site
not through the city, but through the by-pass road. The operation phase of the project also
benefits from the proposed site since it is a non-residential area but closer to residencies.
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3.2. Alternative Designs

Undertaking the project with different proposed infrastructural designs that encompass;
buildings, roads, water supply, and sewerage disposal. The proposed project design was
achieved by considering the options that ensure safety, cost-effectiveness, and avoid or reduce
environmental impacts.
The mall building has a layout and features that considers energy efficiency and also structural
integrity of the building. Featuring clean energy generation. Water supply from groundwater
and treated to provide constant flow of safe drinking water. Septic tank used for sewerage
collection downstream away from borehole water supply. And well laid road pavements and
walkways to allow free-flow of vehicles and persons.
3.3. Alternative Input Utilities

The project may sue different combinations of inputs such as; transport and parking systems,
water and electric power supply, and sewerage. Probably, this may reduce the project’s impacts
in various cases but as compared to the project’s preferred options, they may result in extensive
costs and bottlenecks since these options are at techno-commercial stage.
3.3.1. Electricity
The proposed project is designed to be on the grid of NEDCo for electric power. Moreover, it
is designed to have solar photovoltaic cell and standby generator.
3.3.2. Water
The main options for water supply are GWCL mains, borehole drilling, rainwater harvesting,
and sewerage recycling. The cost of the later makes it less of an option while the former is not
very reliable in terms of availability. Rainwater harvesting would have been a preferable option
if the estimated volume of annual rainfall at the area is enough for water supply. The preferred
option is borehole drilling; whose supply and treatment is cost efficient.
3.3.3. Transport
Aside the proposed access modes to the site, there are options like; using the main university
campus roads, and creating a new route from the Campus residency through the east of
Syndicate Block to the site. In all of these, construction cost is higher and these are is liable to
cause a lot of traffic obstruction and low passenger comfortability. But an access route from
the Fiapre – SSNIT road to the site is more of cost efficiency, and comfortability.
3.3.4. Materials
Alternatives materials that may be considered for the project involve exotic procured materials,
timber for structural elements, and carbon fibre. The proposed structural materials are concrete
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and steel; whose production as compared to timber, does not cause massive depletion of
ecological natural minerals. Design materials are selected based on how they react with climate
conditions to provide comfort while promoting energy efficiency.
3.4. No Project Option

This means forfeiting the proposed project and avoiding its impact. The only benefit of this
option would be that the negative impacts would be avoided.
Nevertheless, positive gains from the project on the economy would also be lost; such as,
employment creation, revenue generation, tourism development, capital injection into the
economy, infrastructure developments that may result from the project.
4. IMPACT RECOGNITION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION

MEASURES
To assess the significance of the proposed project’s impacts, the impacts were first identified
from their source; activities, equipment, processes, and materials. The receptor of impacts are
the Baseline Environmental conditions.
4.1. Impact Identification

The impacts are classified as either positive or negative and the project phase whence which
they will occur; then these are discussed individually in the subsections of this chapter. Through
literatures reviewed, professional knowledge, stakeholder engagements and engagements with
proponent, mitigation measures were developed commensurate to the significance of impact.
This also facilitated the development of the Environmental Management Plan in this report.
Figure 6: Methodology for Impact Assessment
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Figure 7: Checklist of Project's likely Impacts

Environmental Aspect Design Construction Operational
Water
Pollution  
Surface flow  
Water Balance 
Air
Pollution  
Noise  
Bio-Diversity
Loss of Flora 
Loss of Fauna 
Extinction of species
Habitat Alteration 
Population and Social Dynamics
Population size  
Diseases  
Quality of Life  
Employment   
Utilities  
Land uses  
Others
Economy   
Environmental opportunities   
Key: “  ” – denotes an Impact
4.2. Positive Impacts

The development of this project will have significant positive impacts locally and nationally.
4.2.1. Design Phase

4.2.1.1. Creation of Employment and Business Opportunities
Employment will be created and there will be business opportunities for various professionals
and consultants who will be involved in the design of the project. These may include; engineers,
architects, building economists, land surveyors, environmentalists, urban planners, etc.
4.2.1.2. Income Generation and Government Revenue

Consultancies and service providers will be taxed and generate revenue for the state. Fees for
the submission of plans to state agencies for approval and application for services will also
generate revenue for the governmental.
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4.2.1.3. Environmental Opportunities

This phase of the project will present opportunities for green and sustainable design projects –
which support the minimization of environmental impacts.
4.2.2. Construction Phase

This phase involves erection, and management of the proposed mall project.
4.2.2.1. Creation of Employment

Workers with diverse skills will be employed for this project: this creates employment since
the project is a large-scale project.
4.2.2.2. Increased Population

The influx of labour into the area and subsequent workers to service them will increase the
population. This is taken as positive impact since the population increase will create additional
market for goods and services offered.
4.2.2.3. Economic Activities and Revenue

To facilitate construction activities, goods and services including raw materials, plumbing and
electrical services will be provided. This therefore offers a market for such goods and services.
Also, through this activity, there will be an increase in economic activities in the region; and
revenue for the government through taxes, businesses, and services (health, food, etc.)
4.2.3. Operational Phase

4.2.3.1. Increased Employment and Viability Rate
The operation of a shopping mall will increase the offer of goods and services thereby creating
employment. It will also attract more high-income investors and middle-income settlers into
the region which increases the viability rate.
4.2.3.2. Increased Economic Activity and Government Revenue

The project’s operation will increase the economic activities that will be carried out in the area.
There will be businesses that may form around the project site and these will be taxed and
generate revenue for the central government.
4.2.3.3 Aesthetic Enhancements

The proposed project will result in beautification of the locality. This will include establishment
and maintenance of ornaments. The design concept has been inspired by modern lifestyle
expectation of space interacting with nature to produce lifestyle that features quality of living.
4.2.3.4. Impetus to Improve Amenities and Services

An increase in population to the area will provide an impetus for the City Council to improve
the much-needed amenities and infrastructure to the area. The influx will provide impetus to
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provide facilities like; schools, hospitals, and market areas. Telecommunication companies will
also be encouraged by the increase in area of land use (housing) to extend their network regions.
4.3. Negative Impacts

4.3.1. Construction Phase
4.3.1.1. Loss of Flora and Faunal Habitats
Vegetation has a great effect on the general and localized environment and can normally
modify microclimate. Flora usually creates good environment for fauna habitat; thus, the two
may go together more often than not. The proposed site for the construction serves as a habitat
for a good list of fauna and flora. The presence of the project will cause loss of flora and fauna.
4.3.1.2. Changes in surface hydrology

The project will cover about 60% built environment of the total proposed area and this will
change the surface hydrology of the area. There will be an increase run-off while reducing
percolation of water into the ground thereby changing the geohydrology. Also, excavation may
lead to losses in the accumulated soil carbon which is the known source of GHG. Compaction
and other heavy activities may reduce percolation of soil and increase hydraulic run-off.
4.3.1.3. Generation of Noise

Construction activities will generate nose above the ambient levels of the area. Sources of this
noise would be from trucks and machinery, hammering, sawing, and use of generators. Noise
creates nuisance to the surrounding areas. Loud noise increases the risk of ear damage and
deafness, and drive away fauna within 3km radius of the noise origin.
4.3.1.4. Emission of Air pollutants

The works involved in this phase will also emit various air pollutants which have negative
effects on both the environmental and human health. Generally, there will be emission of
carbon, sulphur, nitrogen, ozone, from activities like welding and vehicular burning of fossil
fuels. These have effect on human respiration and climate change.
4.3.1.5. Generation of Construction Waste

Variety of construction waste will be generated at this phase. These may include; plastic, metal
shavings, wood shavings, food wastes, plants, gases, stone shavings, glass, ceramic, cement,
concrete, and construction effluent.
4.3.1.6. Increased Pressure on Utilities

The construction activities and processes would place added pressure on infrastructure services
and utility such as roads, water, drainage, and energy. This may disrupt services since the utility
and service requirements for this stage are intensive.
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4.3.2. Operational Phase

The expected increase in population and the needs of this would place more pressure on
infrastructure, utilities and social amenities at the operation of Star Lux Mall. Undoubtably, it
will happen at the initial stages of operation and continue through until utilities are scaled
higher to serve the population.
4.3.2.2. Sociocultural and Security Threats

A shopping mall will attract different Ghanaians and foreigners to the site. Social cohesion
with the existing communities may pose a conflict of interest and of cultural norms. Social
interactions may present public health risks.
There may be security threats of theft, blood money (juju), etc. due to increase in social and
economic capital arising from its respective activities in the area.
4.3.2.3. Increased Air Pollution

The operation of the shopping mall will increase the amount of air pollutants into the
atmosphere; which present risks to human and ecosystem health.
Figure 8: Operational phase Air Pollutants, their Sources and Risks

Pollutant Sources Risks
CO2 Fossil fuel engines
GHG and micro-climate modification, Acid run-off,
Cooking Suffocation
CO Fossil fuel engines
GHG and micro-climate modification, Acid run-off,
Cooking Suffocation
SO2 Fossil fuel engines
Acidified run-off, GHG, Respiratory diseases
Dust and Heavy Fossil fuel engines
Heavy metals are poisonous when ingested.
metals Respiratory diseases
Source: Lisa Benton Short on Cities and Nature, 2008.
4.3.2.4. Generation of Waste

Solid wastes will be generated from the operational phase of the mall project. Their sources
and risks are given in the table below.
Figure 9: Operational Phase Wastes

Waste Sources Risks
Solid Waste Kitchen, restaurants, supermarket, water borne diseases, respiratory
wrappings, plastic. diseases.
Liquid Waste Kitchen, washrooms (WCs, basins, urinal water borne diseases, respiratory
sinks), fuel laundry detergents and soaps. diseases, soil contamination.
Waste Heat Electronics, Vehicles, AC Microclimate modification
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4.4. Analysis of Impacts

Identified impacts of the proposed project are summarized in terms of their orientation and the
project phase. Further analysis in terms of their characteristics to define their significance.
Table 7: Summary of Impacts

POSITIVE IMPACTS NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Design Phase
4.2.1.1. Creation of Employment and Business
Opportunities
4.2.1.2. Income Generation and Government
Revenue
4.2.1.3. Environmental Opportunities
Construction Phase
4.2.2.1. Creation of Employment 4.3.1.1. Loss of Flora and Faunal Habitats
4.2.2.2. Increased Population 4.3.1.2. Changes in surface hydrology and soil
4.2.2.3. Economic Activities and Revenue characteristics
4.3.1.3. Generation of Noise
4.3.1.4. Emission of Air pollutants
4.3.1.5. Generation of Construction Waste
Operational Phase
4.2.3.1. Increased Employment and Viability Rate 4.3.2.1. Increased Pressure on Utilities
4.2.3.2. Increased Economic Activity and 4.3.2.2. Sociocultural and Security Threats
Government Revenue 4.3.2.3. Increased Air Pollution
4.2.3.3 Aesthetic Enhancements 4.3.2.4. Generation of Waste
4.2.3.4. Impetus to Improve Amenities and Services
Table 8: Analysis of the Proposed Project's Impacts

REF. Significance Reversibility Magnitude Spatial Timing Duration
Construction Phase
4.3.1.1 M I L SS FO ST
4.3.1.2 M R L L MO MT
4.3.1.3 L I L L FO ST
4.3.1.4 M I M L FO LT
4.3.1.5 H I M SS FO ST
4.3.1.6 M R L L MO ST
Operation Phase
4.3.2.1 M R L L MO MT
4.3.2.2 M R L L SO LT
4.3.2.3 M R L L MO LT
4.3.2.4 H I L SS FO LT
The reference is the section of this report where the impact is discussed in Chapter 4. Impact’s
significance is ranked at HIGH, MODERATE, and LOW
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4.5. Mitigation Measures

Table 9: Proposed Mitigation Measures to Possible Impacts and their Residue Impact
Likely Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Residual

Impact
Construction Phase
4.3.1.1. Loss of Flora and Use of less than 60% of proposed area for development of project. Low
Faunal Habitats Clear only vegetation in construction region and specify clearing areas. Landscaping with
indigenous species on completion of project.
4.3.1.2. Changes in surface Drainage channels should be installed in areas that generate or receive surface water. Low
hydrology and soil Channels should be designed to ensure surface flow is drained into the public drains to control
characteristics flooding.
4.3.1.3. Generation of Noise Use equipment with noise suppressing technologies. Low
Provide workers with PPEs against noise e.g. ear plugs.
4.3.1.4. Emission of Air Controlling the speed and operation of construction vehicles. Low
pollutants Regular maintenance and services of machines and engines.
4.3.1.5. Generation of Use some of the construction waste for the project’s hardcore filling. Low
Construction Waste Follow EPA regulations on waste management.
4.3.1.6. Increased Pressure on Employ water conservation techniques and only use required amount. Low
Utilities Use machines with high efficiency to save power.
Operational Phase
4.3.2.1. Increased Pressure on Employ water conservation techniques and only use required amount. Low
Utilities Use machines with high efficiency to save power.
4.3.2.2. Sociocultural and Create awareness towards diversity of cultures and economic status. Low
Security Threats Use CCTV cameras, employ security guards, collaborate with national police.
4.3.2.3. Increased Air Install scrubbers in the exhausts of motor vehicles to filter toxic fumes. Low
Pollution Use de-sulphurized fuels, and ban the burning of wastes materials.
4.3.2.4. Generation of Waste Ensure all types of wastes are dumped in their designated areas. Low
Collaborate with Zoomlion Ghana Limited to handle solid waste.
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5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

This chapter describes the control measures adopted and recommended for mitigating the
environmental impacts both at the construction and operation phases of the project as analysed.
To maintain the ecological balance and to check harmful effects due to the proposed project’s
environmental mitigation, measures are integrated into the process of planning.
5.1. Mitigation Measures at Construction Phase

Construction works give rise to number of problems, which need timely mitigation to maintain
environmental quality. The EMP has been designed to tackle impact in the areas of water
resource and quality management, solid waste management, and liquid waste management.
5.1.1. Water Resource and Quality Management
As regards the management of water resources, it is seen that during the construction period,
required water will be supply from the groundwater borehole that will be drilled by Core Bridge
Limited. This water will only be filtered to take out impurities and insoluble; it will not be
treated. At the construction stage, the measures adopted in relation to this management are;
 Use of effective equipment requiring minimum water for cooling and operation.
 Curing water will be sprayed on concrete structure; free flow water will not be used.
 Concrete structures will be covered with thick cloths and then water sprayed on them;
to avoid water rebound and ensure sustained curing.
5.1.2. Solid Waste Management
Solid waste will be generated at both phases. Solid wastes are categorized into construction
waste, and general waste. General waste constitutes solid waste other than construction waste,
while construction wastes are those generated due to construction activities; such waste are;
concrete scraps, sand and gravel waste, wood, materials packages, and pieces of steel.
General waste shall be handled by providing a waste bin for collection of waste by Zoomlion
Ghana Limited. Construction waste such at concrete scraps, sand and gravel waste, and pieces
of metals will be used for hardcore filling purposes. Waste wood will be sold to local food
vendors as firewood. Waste from materials packages will be added to the Zoomlion waste bin.
5.1.3. Liquid Waste Management
Liquid waste that will be generated during the construction phase is as a result of wastewater
from concreting, misuse of water by workers, and grey waste from workers. The following
effects may arise from liquid waste;
 On site run-off contaminating dust and sediments
 Leaching and stagnation of wastewater, may contaminate groundwater in the locality.
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 Painting of building surfaces; as much paint which will be transferred from the roller,
brushes and trays which may join with surface runoff.
Wastewater generated at the site during the construction phase will be discharged into the
municipal drain after removal of grit and debris in sediment trap.
5.2. Mitigation Measures at Operational Phase

During the operational phase, environmental pollution might occur due to the multipurpose
activities in and around the project site. Biotic and abiotic components of the environment
might be affected. Below are the aspects that will be tackled to mitigate and manage pollutions.
5.2.1. Water Resource and Quality Management
The required water for various areas will be supplied through groundwater borehole. The
following measures will be adopted for water management;
 Use of efficient plumbing fixtures, sensors, auto valves, etc. to reduce water
consumption and increase water efficiency.
 Untreated but filtered water will be used for cleaning, watering, and in washrooms.
5.2.2. Solid Waste Management
Solid waste might pollute the air, the land, and water; therefore, there will be an on-site
collection and sorting into at least three categories; organics, recyclables, and non-recyclables.
Zoomlion Ghana Limited shall have the final collection on monthly basis. The skip containers
shall be well covered to prevent water from entering and reacting with the waste.
5.2.3. Liquid Waste Management
Black water will be collected into the septic tank for periodic withdrawal by the municipal
sanitation agency. Grey water will be collected into a soakaway pit on-site.
5.2.4. Landscape Management
Green Belt Development is a tool for minimizing the impact of pollution on the environment.
Such a development will be a measure to mitigate air pollution, and noise pollution while
improving the aesthetics of the site. Main objectives of green belt development are:
 Reduction of Noise Level generated from the surrounding development
 Improvement of aesthetics within project area and maintain ecological balance.
 Erosion control, and control of dust emission and gaseous emission.
The measures below will be employed to achieve the objectives above:
 Planting adequate number of trees; most of which will be native species.
 Proper care will be taken to maintain trees, plants, and lawn grass.
 Lighting of fires and heat/gas emitting activities will not be allowed within the site area.
 Open spaces will be covered with grass; there will not be a bare land.
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The EIA report and the EMP have been prepared by carrying out various conventional studies
that are essential for preparation of an EIA report of this nature.
The project will have several positive economic impacts during its different phases; which may
include, employment creation, stimulating development through revenue and tax, market for
goods and services, and many more.
Nonetheless, the presence of the project will present environmental impacts similar to most
building and infrastructure projects which include; waste generation, changes in soil
characteristics, changes in hydrology, emission of air pollutants amongst others. These impacts
adequately be managed through the proposed mitigation measures, and EMP.
The Environmental Protection Agency and Environmental Management Authority is advised

to license the project subject to it following the proposed EMP and mitigation measures and
complying with all statutory requirements that the project subscribes to. The project should
also develop a plan for continuous engagement with stakeholders that include members of the
public, and government bodies.
In the recent decade, Sunyani has experienced a boom in urban development curtailed by the
construction of numerous infrastructure projects encompassing; residential and housing
projects, commercial and industrial projects, recreational facilities, and other amenities. These
all, have been in support to the growing population in the city and also economic development
in both macro and micro scales. Most of these projects tend to have generic impacts with
baselines withholding, but having a cumulative impact on the natural resources that the greater
population depends on. Therefore, as required by EPA, and UNEP, it is prudent for all these
projects to comply with regulations to minimize or avoid negative impacts on these resources.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

CORE BRIDGE LIMITED

UNIVERSITY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

BSC. CIVIL ENGINEERING, LEVEL 400

CIVL 407: FINAL YEAR DESIGN PROJECT

DESIGN OF A MULTI PURPOSE SHOPPING MALL

DEREK KOTOKU ARPHUL – AMPAABENG (UEB0703120)

ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS & UNITS

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

This Environmental Impact Assessment is undertaken under requirements of Environmental

3.3.1. Electricity .......................................................................................................... 11

1.1. Project Objectives

 Identify potential environmental impacts during each phase.

1.2.2. Public and Stakeholders Engagement

1.2.3. Data Collection and Analysis

1.3. Project Description

1.3.1. Project Location

Figure 1: Layout Map of Proposed Site (from Google Earth Pro)

1.3.2. Land Tenure, Use, Ownership and Management

1.3.3. Project Design

Figure 2: Architectural Impression of proposed Star Lux Mall

1.3.4. Processes, Equipment, Materials, Outputs

1.3.4.1. Water Resource

1.3.4.2. Liquid Waste

1.3.4.3. Storm Water Drainage

1.3.4.4. Solid Waste

1.3.4.5. Transport, Parking and Traffic

1.3.4.6. Fire Reticulation

2. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

2.1. Physical Environment

2.1.1. Atmospheric Conditions

Figure 3: Average Mean Air Temperature of Ghana from 1991 - 2022

Average Mean Air Temperature

2.1.1.2. Wind and Precipitation

Figure 4: Average Wind Speed of Sunyani Municipal (2010-2022)

2.2. Ecological Environment

Table 3: Distribution of Vegetation

Figure 5: Bird's nest on a tree at the Project Site

2.2.2.2. Insects and Microbes

Table 5: Insects that inhabit the Proposed Site

Butterfly Clade rhopalocera

Common Name Scientific Nomenclature

2.3. Socio-Economic Environment

2.3.1. Population and Demography

Table 6: Population trends for Sunyani Municipal from 2000 to 2021

2.3.2. Livelihoods and Poverty

2.3.3. Housing, Water and Sanitation

3.1. Alternative Site

3.2. Alternative Designs

3.3. Alternative Input Utilities

3.4. No Project Option

4. IMPACT RECOGNITION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION

4.1. Impact Identification

Figure 6: Methodology for Impact Assessment

Figure 7: Checklist of Project's likely Impacts

4.2. Positive Impacts

4.2.1. Design Phase

4.2.1.2. Income Generation and Government Revenue