Definitions

Lesson 3:

a) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume. It is expressed as kg/m3.

b) Specific gravity: It is the ratio of density of a material to density of water.

c) Porosity: The term porosity is used to indicate the degree by which the volume of a material is
occupied by pores. It is expressed as a ratio of volume of pores to that of the specimen.

d) Strength: Strength of a material has been defined as its ability to resist the action of an external force
without breaking.

e) Elasticity: It is the property of a material which enables it to regain its original shape and size after the
removal of external load.

f) Plasticity: It is the property of the material which enables the formation of permanent deformation.

g) Hardness: It is the property of the material which enables it to resist abrasion, indentation, machining
and scratching.

h) Ductility: It is the property of a material which enables it to be drawn out or elongated to an

appreciable extent before rupture occurs.

i) Brittleness: It is the property of a material, which is opposite to ductility. Material, having very little
property of deformation, either elastic or plastic is called Brittle.

j) Creep: It is the property of the material which enables it under constant load to deform slowly but
progressively over a certain period.

k) Stiffness: It is the property of a material which enables it to resist deformation.

l) Fatigue: The term fatigue is generally referred to the effect of cyclically repeated stress. A material has
a tendency to fail at lesser stress level when subjected to repeated loading.

m) Impact strength: The impact strength of a material is the quantity of work required to cause its
failure per its unit volume. It thus indicates the toughness of a material.

n) Toughness: It is the property of a material which enables it to be twisted, bent or stretched under a
high stress before rupture.

o) Thermal Conductivity: It is the property of a material which allows conduction of heat through its
body. It is defined as the amount of heat in kilocalories that will flow through unit area of the material
with unit thickness in unit time when difference of temperature on its faces is also unity.

p) Corrosion Resistance: It is the property of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis gases
etc., which tend to corrode (or oxidize).
Lesson 5:

1. Damp/moist or wet—Aggregate in which the pores connected to the surface are filled with water and
with free water also on the surface.

2. Saturated surface-dry (SSD) —Aggregate in which the pores connected to the surface are filled with
water but with no free water on the surface.

3. Air-dry—Aggregate that has a dry surface but contains some water in the pores. 4. Oven-dry(OD)—
Aggregate that contains no water in the pores or on the surface, other; also known as bone dry.

ENUMERATION:

Broad classification of materials

1. Natural materials - The materials which are obtained from natural sources like earth, plants, and
animals are called natural materials. Ex: Stone, timber, bitumen, lime, soil etc

2. Artificial materials – The materials which are produced in the industries by chemical or mechanical
processes are called artificial materials. Ex: Bricks, tiles, cement, precast concrete, plywood, glass, plastic
etc

3. Special materials – The materials which are produced for special purposes like waterproofing, sound
proofing, damp proofing, thermal insulating are called special materials. Ex: Fibers, ferroconcrete,
artificial timber, adhesives, epoxy, geo-synthetic, ceramic materials

4. Finishing materials – The materials which are produces for the use of finishing purposes of building
constructions are called finishing materials. Ex: Lime mortar, cement mortar, special mortar, Plaster Of
Paris, paint, distemper, varnishes, cladding materials, linoleum etc

5. Recycled construction materials – The materials which are recycled from the waste construction or
destruction are called recycled materials. Ex:. Rich husk, baggage, coir fiber, straw, coconut tree trunk,
plastic waste, polymer waste, rubber waste, coconut leaves, fly-ash, blast furnace, slag, granite, marbles,
polishing wastes

LESSON 1:

Materials Engineering Concepts

1) Economic factors. The economics of the material selection process are affected by much more than
just the cost of the material. Factors that should be considered in the selection of the material include: -
Availability and cost of raw materials - Manufacturing costs - Transportation - Placing - maintenance

2) Mechanical properties. The mechanical behavior of materials is the response of the material to
external loads. All materials deform in response to loads; however, the specific response of a material
depends on its properties, the magnitude and type of load, and the geometry of the element. Whether
the material “fails” under the load conditions depends on the failure conditions. The following are the
considerations in the design of a project: - Loading conditions - Stress-strain relations - Elastic behavior -
Temperature and time effects - Work and energy
3) Non-mechanical properties. Non – mechanical properties refer to characteristics of the material,
other than load response, that affect selection, use and performance. There are several types of
properties that are of interest to engineers, but those of the greatest concern to civil engineers are: -
Density and unit weight - Thermal expansion - Surface characteristics

4) Production / construction considerations. Even if a material is well suited to a specific application,

production and construction considerations may block the selection of the material. - Availability of the
material - Ability to fabricate the material into the desired shapes and required specifications -
Availability of a trained workforce

5) Aesthetic properties. The aesthetic characteristics of a material refer to the appearance of the
material. Generally, these characteristics are the responsibility of the architect. However, the civil
engineer is responsible for working with the architect to ensure that the aesthetic characteristics of the
facility are compatible with the structural requirements.

LESSON 2:

Motorized Test Sieve Shakers Series EML T

N1990 Sieve Shaker High Capacity

N2700 Insertion Moisture Meter MICROLANCE

Heating Chambers with Forced Convection Series FED

L0550 Heated Sand Bath for Beakers Flasks

LESSON 3: