READING

ACTIVITY 1

HEALTH
EDUCATION
MARTINEZ, LANIE
BSN Y2 T12 A
ANTIQUE, PAUL MICHAEL. MSN, RN
BEHAVIORISM

COGNITIVE

ALBERT
BANDURA

REFLECTIONS

CITE
REFERENCES

TABLE
OF CONTENT
 BEHAVIORISM
Behaviorism is a theory of human psychology that suggests that all behaviors are
acquired through conditioning. According to this approach to psychology, it is our
interactions with our environments that shape what we learn, who we are, and how we
act.
Behaviorists believe that people are shaped by their interactions with their
environment. They emphasize the importance of observable behaviors and believe that
changing a person’s environment will change how they act, think, and feel.
Behaviorism rose to prominence early in the 20th century. During that time,
psychologists strove to make psychology a more scientific and empirical science.
This article covers what behaviorism is, how it works, and how it is still used today. It
also discusses the history of behaviorism and its contributions to psychology.

What Is Behaviorism?
At its most basic, behaviorism can be defined as the study of observable behavior. The
central idea of behaviorism is that all actions are acquired through conditioning
processes.
Behaviorism suggests that psychology should be the science of observable behavior.
Instead of focusing on what goes on inside the mind, the behaviorists suggested
that psychology should focus on the environmental influences that cause behaviors.
Behaviorism suggests that learning and behavior are the result of stimulus-
response associations. Behaviors can be explained by looking at these learned
associations rather than focusing on internal events inside the human mind.
The behaviorist influence was stronger during the middle half of the 20th century than
it is today. However, behavioral concepts and theories remain important in fields such
as education and psychotherapy.

The History of Behaviorism

Earlier schools of thought had focused on either identifying the structures of the human
mind (structuralism) or understanding how the mind functioned (functionalism). The
behaviorists, however, felt that psychology needed to focus only on what could be
observed in order to make psychology a more scientific discipline.
 Influenced by the work of the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, psychologist
John B. Watson began using the concept of classical conditioning to describe how and
why people learn. Watson felt that this conditioning process could explain much of
human behavior

“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed,

and my own special world to bring them up in and
I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train
him to become any type of specialist I might select
– doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes,
beggarman and thief.”
John B. Watson

While most experts would disagree with Watson’s statement, many of the early,
staunch behaviorists believed that conditioning could explain all learning and behavioral
responses.
Modern behaviorists recognize that not all human thought, learning, and behaviors can
be accounted for by conditioning process, yet Watson’s approach had a significant
impact on the field of psychology.

Behaviorism helped establish

psychology as a more experimental
and scientific discipline.
 COGNITIVE

Cognitive learning theory explains how internal and external factors

influence an individual’s mental processes to supplement learning.
Delays and difficulties in learning are seen when cognitive processes
are not working regularly. These processes are such as attention,
observation, retrieval from long-term memory, and categorization.
Several researchers have made significant contributions to this theory.
Jerome Bruner focused on how mental processes are linked to
teaching.
Another researcher by the name Jean Piaget recognized that the
environment plays a huge role and also focused on changes that take
place in the internal cognitive structure. You can read more about
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in our previous article.
Today, cognitive learning theory is dominant in psychology. It is
broken down into two categories.
Social Cognitive Theory
This theory helps us understand how people are influenced and their
influence on the environment.
One of the major components of social cognitive theory is
observational learning. It is the process of learning others’ desirable
and undesirable behaviors through observation.
It is a quick way of acquiring information when you individually take
action. A person who demonstrates behavior for another person is
known as a model.
These may be real people such as teachers, our peers, and supervisors,
or symbolic models, also known as fictional characters that influence
an observer’s behavior.
 Observational learning teaches people both positive and negative
behaviors. For example, a manager within a company can teach the
employees how they are supposed to behave ethically and be socially
conscious when interacting and dealing with rude customers.
Moreover, the manager can also train his/her employees on the
different procedures that they can take in case of fire or other low
probability hazardous scenarios.

Cognitive Behavioral Theory

This theory mainly refers to our mental processes, such as our
thoughts and interpretations of life events.
It explains how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of a person
interact with each other. Thoughts lead to particular emotions, which
in turn lead to specific behavioral responses.
When we change our thoughts, we can change our emotions and then
our behaviors. It also works in reverse where changing how we
behave leads to changes in our feelings and, ultimately, our thoughts.
Let’s take an example of a developer who encounters a problem in a
particular sphere and automatically believes that the task is difficult
for him/her right away. The employee is automatically likely to have
a negative attitude towards this particular task, and his performance
will likely be poor.
 ALBERT BANDURA
Albert Bandura was an influential Canadian-American psychologist known for his
social learning theory, the Bobo doll experiment, observational learning, and self-
efficacy. Throughout his long career, he left an indelible mark on the field of
psychology and influenced other areas such as education and psychotherapy.
In this article, learn more about Albert Bandura, including his early life, research, and
impact on psychology.
ALBERT BANDURA BIOGRAPHY
Albert Bandura was born in Mundare, Canada, a small town in Alberta, on
December 4, 1925. He was the youngest of six siblings born to his parents, who
immigrated to Canada as teens, his father was from Poland, and his mother was from
Ukraine. Two of his older siblings died in childhood—one due to the flu and the other in
a hunting accident.
While his parents were not formally educated, they instilled in him a love for learning.
He attended a tiny school with only two teachers and few educational materials. As a
result, he found that he had to direct much of his own educational pursuits through his
own efforts and curiosity.
It was when he started school at the University of British Columbia that he became
fascinated with psychology. He had started taking electives to fill extra time, which
was how he started with his first psychology course.
After completing his degree in 1949, he went to the University of Iowa for graduate
school. He completed his master’s degree in 1951 and his doctorate in clinical
psychology in 1952. In 1953, he began teaching at Stanford University, where he
would continue to teach for the rest of his career.
ALBERT BANDURA’S THEORIES
Albert Bandura developed a social learning theory that emphasized the importance of
social learning theory as part of the learning process. During much of the first half of
the 20th century, behaviorism dominated the field of psychology.
Bandura believed that conditioning processes, including association and
reinforcement, were important, but they couldn’t account for all learning on their
own, as behaviorists such as B. F. Skinner suggested.
Among Bandura’s most influential theories, ideas, and research include:
Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiments
These experiments involved children observing adults behaving aggressively
toward a toy Bobo doll. When the children: later played with the same doll, they
imitated the violent actions the adults previously modeled.
Observational Learning
Observational learning describes the process of observing and imitating others as a
way of learning. As Bandura’s experiments demonstrated, this can involve direct
and indirect demonstrations.
:
Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory describes how people learn by observing and imitating
others. Bandura later renamed his approach social cognitive theory to emphasize
the cognitive factors, including attention and memory, that play a role in social
learning.
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in their own ability to succeed. Bandura was the
first to demonstrate that a person’s self-belief influenced what people are close to
doing, how they feel about what they do, and how much effort they put in.
His work on self-efficacy had notable parallels to his own life.
“Self-directedness has really served me very well throughout my whole career,” he
suggested in a 2012 episode of Inside the Psychologist’s Studio.
“In a way, my psychological theory is founded on human agency, which means
that people have a hand in determining the course their lives take, and in many
respects, my theory is really a reflection of my life path.”
Albert Bandura’s Impact
Bandura is widely regarded as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th
century. In a 2002 survey published in the General Review of Psychology,
Bandura was named the fourth most influential psychologist of the 20th century.
 REFLECTIONS
 he concept of Albert Bandura changed into so far the maximum
T
fascinating for me out of all the topics that we explored before, by hook or
by crook because I believe most of his views about personality. First, it
emphasizes observational gaining knowledge of, that is learning that occurs
through looking at the behavior of others. I continually use this style of
getting to know a good deal of the time, one of the cases in which I used this
sort of studying became when I was a little younger. As the youngest
inside the own family, I frequently witnessed my older brother getting
scolded for his infantile acts, and every time he went domestic overdue from
his hangouts and due to that statement, I learn how to behave nicely in able
for me to avoid getting scolded or punished. Additionally, Bandura insisted
that reinforcement isn't a necessary circumstance of mastering, and
handiest did I recognize that that is authentic after I read thi stopic. Often
times, I best supply attempt to my studies, waiting for that I gets rewards
from my dad and mom after, just what other mother and father commonly
do base on my observations. I would usually attempt to get high grades in
change for receiving cash or gifts, and I realize that this stuff aren't vital
for me to study. I discern that if I desired to learn and to attain my desires,
it ought to not be of alternate for something. Instead, it should be me having
the pressure to examine and to accomplish my objectives. Thus, I must be
encouraged and pay interest in able for me to attain my choice behavior.
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory is carefully comparable to Skinner's
BehavioralAnalysis, yet there are evident precise variations between The
Social Cognitive Theory asserts that behavior may be changed through
external forces, but that thein fluence of the individual on the surroundings
is simply as sizeable. That is one among the strongest points made by
Bandura, that is the balance between inner and external influences
 CITE REFERENCES

What Is Behaviorism? - Explore Psychology

Cognitive Learning Theory: Benefits, Strategies and Examples

(valamis.com)

https://www.explorepsychology.com/albert-bandura/