100 Olym Geo Problems Solutions

100 Geometry Problems: Bridging the Gap from AIME to USAMO
David Altizio
August 30, 2014
Abstract
This is a collection of one-hundred geometry problems from all around the globe designed for bridging the
gap between computational geometry and proof geometry. Problems start middle-AMC level and go all the way
to early IMO Shortlist level. As there are computational and proof problems mixed in with each other, relative
difficulties may not be exact, so feel free to skip around. Enjoy!1
1. [MAΘ ????] In the figure shown below, circle B is tangent to circle A at X, circle C is tangent to circle A at
Y , and circles B and C are tangent to each other. If AB = 6, AC = 5, and BC = 9, what is AX?
C
X
B
A
2. [AHSME ????] In triangle ABC, AC = CD and ∠CAB − ∠ABC = 30◦ . What is the measure of ∠BAD?
A B
3. [AMC 10A 2004] Square ABCD has side length 2. A semicircle with diameter AB is constructed inside the
square, and the tangent to the semicircle from C intersects side AD at E. What is the length of CE?
D C
E
A B
4. [AMC 10B 2011] Rectangle ABCD has AB = 6 and BC = 3. Point M is chosen on side AB so that
∠AM D = ∠CM D. What is the degree measure of ∠AM D?
1 This is the second version of the PDF. It fixes a few typoes and inaccuracies found in the first version.
1
100 Geometry Problems David Altizio Page 2
5. [AIME 2011] On square ABCD, point E lies on side AD and point F lies on side BC, so that BE = EF =
F D = 30. Find the area of the square.
6. Points A, B, and C are situated in the plane such that ∠ABC = 90◦ . Let D be an arbitrary point on AB,
and let E be the foot of the perpendicular from D to AC. Prove that ∠DBE = ∠DCE.
7. [AMC 10B 2012] Four distinct points are arranged in a plane so that the segments connecting them have
lengths a, a, a, a, 2a, and b. What is the ratio of b to a?
8. [Britain 2010] Let ABC be a triangle with ∠CAB a right angle. The point L lies on the side BC between B
and C. The circle BAL meets the line AC again at M and the circle CAL meets the line AB again at N .
Prove that L, M , and N lie on a straight line.
9. [OMO 2014] Let ABC be a triangle with incenter I and AB = 1400, AC = 1800, BC = 2014. The circle
centered at I passing through A intersects line BC at two points X and Y . Compute the length XY .
10. [India RMO 2014] Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = AC and let Γ denote its circumcircle. A point
D is on arc AB of Γ not containing C. A point E is on arc AC of Γ not containing B. If AD = CE prove
that BE is parallel to AD.
11. A closed planar shape is said to be equiable if the numerical values of its perimeter and area are the same.
For example, a square with side length 4 is equiable since its perimeter and area are both 16. Show that any
closed shape in the plane can be dilated to become equiable. (A dilation is an affine transformation in which
a shape is stretched or shrunk. In other words, if A is a dilated version of B then A is similar to B.)
12. [David Altizio] Triangle AEF is a right triangle with AE = 4 and EF = 3. The triangle is inscribed inside
square ABCD as shown. What is the area of the square?
B E C
F
A D
13. Points A and B are located on circle Γ, and point C is an arbitrary point in the interior of Γ. Extend AC
and BC past C so that they hit Γ at M and N respectively. Let X denote the foot of the perpendicular from
M to BN , and let Y denote the foot of the perpendicular from N to AM . Prove that AB k XY .
14. [AIME 2007] Square ABCD has side length 13, and points E and F are exterior to the square such that
BE = DF = 5 and AE = CF = 12. Find EF 2 .
15. Let Γ be the circumcircle of 4ABC, and let D, E, F be the midpoints of arcs AB, BC, CA respectively. Prove
that DF ⊥ AE.
16. [AIME 1984] In tetrahedron ABCD, edge AB has length 3 cm. The area of face ABC is 15 cm2 and the area
of face ABD is 12 cm2 . These two faces meet each other at a 30◦ angle. Find the volume of the tetrahedron
in cm3 .
17. Let P1 P2 P3 P4 be a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle with diameter of length D, and let X be the intersection
of its diagonals. If P1 P3 ⊥ P2 P4 prove that
D2 = XP12 + XP22 + XP32 + XP42 .
18. [iTest 2008] Two perpendicular planes intersect a sphere in two circles. These circles intersect in two points,
A and B, such that AB = 42. If the radii of the two circles are 54 and 66, find R2 , where R is the radius of
the sphere.
19. [AIME 2008] In trapezoid ABCD with BC k AD, let BC = 1000 and AD = 2008. Let ∠A = 37◦ , ∠D = 53◦ ,
and M and N be the midpoints of BC and AD, respectively. Find the length M N .
20. [Sharygin 2014] Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with base AB. Line ` touches its circumcircle at point B.
Let CD be a perpendicular from C to `, and AE, BF be the altitudes of ABC. Prove that D, E, F are
collinear.
21. [Purple Comet 2013] Two concentric circles have radii 1 and 4. Six congruent circles form a ring where each
of the six circles is tangent to the two circles adjacent to it as shown. The three lightly shaded circles are
internally tangent to the circle with radius 4 while the three darkly shaded circles√ are externally tangent to
the circle with radius 1. The radius of the six congruent circles can be written k+n m , where k, m, and n are
integers with k and n relatively prime. Find k + m + n.
22. Let A, B, C, and D be points in the plane such that ∠BAC = ∠CBD. Prove that the circumcircle of 4ABC
is tangent to BD.
23. [Britain 1995] Triangle ABC has a right angle at C. The internal bisectors of angles BAC and ABC meet
BC and CA at P and Q respectively. The points M and N are the feet of the perpendiculars from P and Q
to AB. Find angle M CN .
24. Let ABCD be a parallelogram with ∠A obtuse, and let M and N be the feet of the perpendiculars from A
to sides BC and CD. Prove that 4M AN ∼ 4ABC.
25. For a given triangle 4ABC, let H denote its orthocenter and O its circumcenter.
(a) Prove that ∠HAB = ∠OAC.2

(b) Prove that ∠HAO = |∠B − ∠C|.
26. Suppose P, A, B, C, and D are points in the plane such that 4P AB ∼ 4P CD. Prove that 4P AC ∼ 4P BD.
27. [AMC 12A 2012] Circle C1 has its center O lying on circle C2 . The two circles meet at X and Y . Point Z in
the exterior of C1 lies on circle C2 and XZ = 13, OZ = 11, and Y Z = 7. What is the radius of circle C1 ?
28. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral with no two sides parallel. Lines AD and BC (extended) meet at K, and
AB and CD (extended) meet at M. The angle bisector of ∠DKC intersects CD and AB at points E and F,
respectively; the angle bisector of ∠CM B intersects BC and AD at points G and H, respectively. Prove that
quadrilateral EGF H is a rhombus.
29. [David Altizio] In 4ABC, AB = 13, AC = 14, and BC = 15. Let M denote the midpoint of AC. Point P
is placed on line segment BM such that AP ⊥ P C. Suppose that p, q, and r are positive integers
√
with p and
p q
r relatively prime and q squarefree such that the area of 4AP C can be written in the form r . What is
p + q + r?
30. [All-Russian MO 2013] Acute-angled triangle ABC is inscribed into circle Ω. Lines tangent to Ω at B and C
intersect at P . Points D and E are on AB and AC such that P D and P E are perpendicular to AB and AC
respectively. Prove that the orthocenter of triangle ADE is the midpoint of BC.
2 As a result of this equality condition, lines AH and AO are said to be isogonal conjugates, i.e. reflections across the A-angle bisector.
31. For an acute triangle 4ABC with orthocenter H, let HA be the foot of the altitude from A to BC, and define
HB and HC similarly. Show that H is the incenter of 4HA HB HC .
32. [AMC 10A 2013] In 4ABC, AB = 86, and AC = 97. A circle with center A and radius AB intersects BC at
points B and X. Moreover BX and CX have integer lengths. What is BC?
33. [APMO 2010] Let ABC be a triangle with ∠BAC 6= 90◦ . Let O be the circumcenter of the triangle ABC
and Γ be the circumcircle of the triangle BOC. Suppose that Γ intersects the line segment AB at P different
from B, and the line segment AC at Q different from C. Let ON be the diameter of the circle Γ. Prove that
the quadrilateral AP N Q is a parallelogram.
34. [AMC 10A 2013] A unit square is rotated 45◦ about its center. What is the area of the region swept out by
the interior of the square?
35. [Canada 1986] A chord ST of constant length slides around a semicircle with diameter AB. M is the midpoint
of ST and P is the foot of the perpendicular from S to AB. Prove that angle SP M is constant for all positions
of ST .
36. [Sharygin 2012] On side AC of triangle ABC an arbitrary point is selected D. The tangent in D to the
circumcircle of triangle BDC meets AB in point C1 ; point A1 is defined similarly. Prove that A1 C1 k AC.
37. [AMC 10B 2013] In triangle ABC, AB = 13, BC = 14, and CA = 15. Distinct points D, E, and F lie on
segments BC, CA, and DE, respectively, such that AD ⊥ BC, DE ⊥ AC, and AF ⊥ BF . The length of
segment DF can be written as m
n , where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. What is m + n?
38. [Mandelbrot] In triangle ABC, AB = 5, AC = 6, and BC = 7. If point X is chosen on BC so that the sum
of the areas of the circumcircles of triangles AXB and AXC is minimized, then determine BX.
39. [Sharygin 2014] Given a rectangle ABCD. Two perpendicular lines pass through point B. One of them meets
segment AD at point K, and the second one meets the extension of side CD at point L. Let F be the common
point of KL and AC. Prove that BF ⊥ KL.
C
40. [AIME Unused] In the figure, ABC is a triangle

and AB = 30 is a diameter of the circle. If AD =
AC/3 and BE = BC/4, then what is the area of D
E
the triangle?
A B
41. [MOSP 1995] An interior point P is chosen in the rectangle ABCD such that ∠AP D + ∠BP C = 180◦ . Find
the sum of the angles ∠DAP and ∠BAP .
42. Let ABC be a triangle and P , Q, R points on the sides AB, BC, and CA respectively. Prove that the circum-
circles of 4AQR, 4BRP , and 4CP Q intersect in a common point. This point is named the Miquel point of
the configuration.
43. [AIME 2013] Let 4P QR be a triangle with ∠P = 75◦ and ∠Q = 60◦ . A regular hexagon ABCDEF with side
length 1 is drawn inside 4P QR so that side AB lies on P Q, side CD lies on QR, and one of the remaining
RP . There are positive integers a, b, c, and d such that the area of 4P QR can be expressed
vertices lies on √
in the form a+bd c , where a and d are relatively prime and c is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
a + b + c + d.
44. [“Fact 5”] Let Γ be the circumcircle of an arbitrary triangle 4ABC. Furthermore, denote I its incenter and
M the midpoint of minor arc BC.
d Prove that M is the circumcenter of 4BIC.
45. [AIME 2001] In triangle ABC, angles A and B measure 60 degrees and 45 degrees, respectively. The bisector √
of angle A intersects BC at T , and AT = 24. The area of triangle ABC can be written in the form a + b c,
where a, b, and c are positive integers, and c is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a + b + c.
46. Let O be the circumcenter of a triangle ABC with AB > AC. Define M as the midpoint of BC, D the foot
of the altitude from A, and E the point on line AO such that BE ⊥ AO. Prove that M D = M E.
47. [India RMO 2008] Let ABC be an acute angled triangle; let D, F be the midpoints of BC, AB respectively.
Let the perpendicular from F to AC and the perpendicular from B to BC meet at N . Prove that N D is
equal in length to the circumradius of 4ABC.
48. [Sharygin 2012] Let ABC be a triangle, and let M be the midpoint of side BC. Point P is the foot of the
altitude from B to the perpendicular bisector of segment AC. Suppose that lines P M and AB intersect at
point Q. Prove that triangle QP B is isosceles.
49. [ELMO SL 2013] Let ABC be a triangle with incenter I. Let U , V and W be the intersections of the angle
bisectors of angles A, B, and C with the incircle, so that V lies between B and I, and similarly with U and
W . Let X, Y , and Z be the points of tangency of the incircle of triangle ABC with BC, AC, and AB,
respectively. Let triangle U V W be the David Yang triangle of ABC and let XY Z be the Scott Wu triangle
of ABC. Prove that the David Yang and Scott Wu triangles of a triangle are congruent if and only if ABC
is equilateral.
50. [AIME 2001] Triangle ABC has AB = 21, AC = 22, and BC = 20. Points D and E are located on AB and
AC, respectively, such that DE is parallel to BC and contains the center of the inscribed circle of triangle
ABC. Then DE = m/n, where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n.
51. Inscribe equilateral triangle ABC inside a circle. Pick a point P on arc BC, and let AP intersect BC at Q.
Prove that
1 1 1
= + .
PQ PB PC
52. [Sharygin 2012] Let BM be the median of right-angled triangle ABC(∠B = 90◦ ). The incircle of triangle
ABM touches sides AB, AM in points A1 , A2 ; points C1 , C2 are defined similarly. Prove that lines A1 A2 and
C1 C2 meet on the bisector of angle ABC.
53. [IMSA] Let ω be a circle centered at point O. Lines AB and AC are tangent to ω at points B and C
respectively. On line segment BC a point X is chosen, and ` is the line that passes through X perpendicular
to XO. Let ` intersect AB and BC (or their extensions) at points K and L respectively. Prove that X is the
midpoint of segment KL.
54. [Sharygin 2008] Quadrilateral ABCD is circumscribed around a circle with center I. Prove that the projections
of points B and D to the lines IA and IC lie on a single circle.
55. [HMMT] Let ABCD be an isosceles trapezoid such that AB = 10, BC = 15, CD = 28, and DA = 15. There
is a point E such that 4AED and 4AEB have the same area and such that EC is minimal. Find EC.
56. [Canada 2008] ABCD is a convex quadrilateral for which AB is the longest side. Points M and N are located
on sides AB and BC respectively, so that each of the segments AN and CM divides the quadrilateral into
two parts of equal area. Prove that the segment M N bisects the diagonal BD.
57. [India RMO 2011] Let ABC be an acute angled scalene triangle with circumcentre O and orthocentre H. If
M is the midpoint of BC, then show that AO and HM intersect on the circumcircle of ABC.
58. [Sharygin 2009] Let ABC be a triangle. Points M , N are the projections of B and C to the bisectors of angles
C and B respectively. Prove that line M N intersects sides AC and AB in their points of contact with the
incircle of ABC.
59. [PUMaC 2010] In the following diagram, a semicircle is folded along a chord AN and intersects its diameter
M N at B. Suppose M B : BN = 2 : 3 and M N = 10. If AN = x, find x2 .
M B N
60. [BAMO 2001] Let JHIZ be a rectangle, and let A and C be points on sides ZI and ZJ, respectively. The
perpendicular from A to CH intersects line HI in X, and the perpendicular from C to AH intersects line
HJ in Y . Prove that X, Y , and Z are collinear.
61. Let ABC be a triangle, and let D be a point on BC. Suppose O1 and O2 are the centers of the circles that
circumscribe 4ABD and 4ACD respectively. Prove that 4AO1 O2 ∼ 4ABC.
62. [Ray Li] In triangle ABC, AB = 36, BC = 40, CA = 44. The bisector of angle A meet BC at D and the
circumcircle at E different from A. Calculate the value of DE 2 .
63. [APMO 2007] Let ABC be an acute angled triangle with ∠BAC = 60◦ and AB > AC. Let I be the incenter
and H the orthocenter of the triangle ABC. Prove that 2∠AHI = 3∠ABC.
64. [Brazil 2008] Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral and r and s the lines obtained reflecting AB with respect
to the internal bisectors of ∠CAD and ∠CBD, respectively. If P is the intersection of r and s and O is the
center of the circumscribed circle of ABCD, prove that OP is perpendicular to CD.
65. [AIME 1986] In 4ABC, AB = 425, BC = 450, and AC = 510. An interior point P is then drawn, and
segments are drawn through P parallel to the sides of the triangle. If these three segments are of an equal
length d, find d.
66. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral, and define P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , P5 , and P6 to be the midpoints of line segments
AB, BC, CD, DA, AC, and BD respectively. Prove that lines P1 P3 , P2 P4 , and P5 P6 all intersect in a single
point.
67. [PUMaC 2013] An equilateral triangle is given. A point lies on the incircle of this triangle. If the smallest two
distances from the√point to the sides of the triangle is 1 and 4, the sidelength of this equilateral triangle can
be expressed as a c b where (a, c) = 1 and b is not divisible by the square of an integer greater than 1. Find
a + b + c.
68. [IberoAmerican 2012] Let ABC be a triangle, P and Q the intersections of the parallel line to BC that passes
through A with the external angle bisectors of angles B and C, respectively. The perpendicular to BP at P
and the perpendicular to CQ at Q meet at R. Let I be the incenter of ABC. Show that AI = AR.
69. [Mexico 2012] Let C1 be a circumference with center O, P a point on it and ` the line tangent to C1 at P .
Consider a point Q on ` different from P , and let C2 be the circumference passing through O, P and Q.
Segment OQ cuts C1 at S and line P S cuts C2 at a point R diffferent from P . If r1 and r2 are the radii of C1
and C2 respectively, Prove
PS r1
= .
SR r2
70. [AMC 12B 2008] Let ABCD be a trapezoid with AB k CD, AB = 11, BC = 5, CD = 19, and DA = 7.
Bisectors of ∠A and ∠D meet at P , and bisectors of ∠B and ∠C meet at Q. What is the area of hexagon
ABQCDP ?
71. [Sharygin 2010] Suppose X and Y are the common points of two circles ω1 and ω2 . The third circle ω is
internally tangent to ω1 and ω2 in P and Q respectively. Segment XY intersects ω in points M and N . Rays
P M and P N intersect ω1 in points A and D; rays QM and QN intersect ω2 in points B and C respectively.
Prove that AB = CD.
72. [Italy TST 2001] The diagonals AC and BD of a convex quadrilateral ABCD intersect at point M . The
bisector of ∠ACD meets the ray BA at K. Given that
M A · M C + M A · CD = M B · M D,
prove that ∠BKC = ∠CDB.

73. [Sharygin 2012] In acute triangle ABC inscribed in circle ω, let A0 be the projection of A onto BC and B 0 , C 0
the projections of A0 onto AC, AB respectively. Line B 0 C 0 intersects ω at X and Y and line AA0 intersects ω
for the second time at D. Prove that A0 is the incenter of triangle XY D.
74. Let P, Q, R be arbitary points on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively of triangle ABC. Prove that the circum-
centers of triangles AQR, BRP, CP Q form a triangle similar to triangle ABC.
√
75. [Mandelbrot 2008] Triangle ABC has sides of length AB = 41, AC = 5, and BC = 8. Let O be the center
of the circumcircle of 4ABC, and let A0 be the point diametrically opposite A with respect to circle O.
Determine the area of 4A0 BC.
76. [AIME 2008] In triangle ABC, AB = AC = 100, and BC = 56. Circle P has radius 16 and is tangent to AC
and BC. Circle Q is externally tangent to P and is tangent to AB and BC.
√ No point of circle Q lies outside
of 4ABC. The radius of circle Q can be expressed in the form m − n k, where m, n, and k are positive
integers and k is the product of distinct primes. Find m + nk.
77. Let P, A, B, C, D be points in the plane such that 4P AB ∼ 4P CD, and let M and N be the midpoints of
AC and BD respectively. Show that 4P AB ∼ 4P M N ∼ 4P CD.
78. [AIME 2002] In triangle ABC the medians AD and CE have lengths 18 and 27, respectively,
√ and AB = 24.
Extend CE to intersect the circumcircle of ABC at F . The area of triangle AF B is m n, where m and n
are positive integers and n is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m + n.
79. [USAMO 1999] Let ABCD be an isosceles trapezoid with AB k CD. The inscribed circle ω of triangle BCD
meets CD at E. Let F be a point on the (internal) angle bisector of ∠DAC such that EF ⊥ CD. Let the
circumscribed circle of triangle ACF meet line CD at C and G. Prove that the triangle AF G is isosceles.
80. [IMO 2000] Two circles G1 and G2 intersect at two points M and N . Let AB be the line tangent to these
circles at A and B, respectively, so that M lies closer to AB than N . Let CD be the line parallel to AB and
passing through the point M , with C on G1 and D on G2 . Lines AC and BD meet at E; lines AN and CD
meet at P ; lines BN and CD meet at Q. Show that EP = EQ.
81. [AIME 2008] Let AB be a diameter of circle ω. Extend AB through A to C. Point T lies on ω so that line
CT is tangent to ω. Point P is the foot of the perpendicular from A to line CT . Suppose AB = 18, and let
m denote the maximum possible length of segment BP . Find m2 .
82. [IberoAmerican 2003] Let C and D be two points on the semicircle with diameter AB such that B and C are
on distinct sides of the line AD. Denote by M , N and P the midpoints of AC, BD and CD respectively.
Let OA and OB the circumcentres of the triangles ACP and BDP . Show that the lines OA OB and M N are
parallel.
83. [AIME 2009] In triangle ABC, AB = 10, BC = 14, and CA = 16. Let D be a point in the interior of BC.
Let IB and IC denote the incenters of triangles ABD and ACD, respectively. The circumcircles of triangles
BIB D and CIC D√meet at distinct points P and D. The maximum possible area of 4BP C can be expressed
in the form a − b c, where a, b, and c are positive integers and c is not divisible by the square of any prime.
Find a + b + c.
84. [IMO 2014] Let P and Q be on segment BC of an acute triangle ABC such that ∠P AB = ∠BCA and
∠CAQ = ∠ABC. Let M and N be the points on AP and AQ, respectively, such that P is the midpoint
of AM and Q is the midpoint of AN . Prove that the intersection of BM and CN is on the circumcircle of
triangle ABC.
85. [AIME 2005] Triangle ABC √ has BC = 20. The incircle of the triangle evenly trisects the median AD. If the
area of the triangle is m n where m and n are integers and n is not divisible by the square of a prime, find
m + n.
86. [Japanese Theorem] Let A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 be arbitrary points on circle ω in that order. For each positive integer
1 ≤ k ≤ 4, define Ik to be the incenter of 4Ak Ak+1 Ak+2 , where indeces are taken modulo 4 (so that A5 = A1 ,
etc.). Show that I1 I2 I3 I4 is a rectangle.
87. [Iran 2007] Two circles C, D are exterior tangent to each other at point P . Point A is in the circle C. We
draw 2 tangents AM, AN from A to the circle D (M ,N are the tangency points). The second meet points of
AM, AN with C are E, F , respectively. Prove that P E ME
P F = NF .
88. [Sharygin 2009] Let CL be a bisector of triangle ABC. Points A1 and B1 are the reflections of A and B in
CL, points A2 and B2 are the reflections of A and B in L. Let O1 and O2 be the circumcenters of triangles
AB1 B2 and BA1 A2 respectively. Prove that angles O1 CA and O2 CB are equal.
89. [IMO 1990] Chords AB and CD of a circle intersect at a point E inside the circle. Let M be an interior point
←→
of the segment EB. The tangent line at E to the circle through D, E, and M intersects the lines BC and
←→
AC at F and G, respectively. If AM/AB = t, find EG/EF in terms of t.
90. [All-Russian MO 2001] Let the circle ω1 be internally tangent to another circle ω2 at N . Take a point K on
ω1 and draw a tangent AB which intersects ω2 at A and B. Let M be the midpoint of the arc AB which is
on the opposite side of N . Prove that the circumradius of 4KBM does not depend on the choice of K.
91. [USAJMO 2011] Points A, B, C, D, E lie on a circle ω and point P lies outside the circle. The given points
are such that (i) lines P B and P D are tangent to ω, (ii) P , A, C are collinear, and (iii) DE k AC. Prove
that BE bisects AC.
92. [Iran 2011] Let ABC be a triangle and denote its circumcircle centered at O by ω. Points M and N lie on
sides AB and AC respectively. The circumcircle of triangle AM N intersects ω for the second time at Q. Let
P be the intersection point of M N and BC. Prove that P Q is tangent to ω if and only if OM = ON .
93. [ISL 2007] Denote by M midpoint of side BC in an isosceles triangle 4ABC with AC = AB. Take a point
X on a smaller arc M
d A of the circumcircle of triangle 4ABM . Denote by T point inside of angle BM A such
that ∠T M X = 90 and T X = BX. Prove that ∠M T B − ∠CT M does not depend on the choice of X.
94. [Italy TST 2005] The circle Γ and the line ` have no common points. Let AB be the diameter of Γ perpendicular
to `, with B closer to ` than A. An arbitrary point C 6= A, B is chosen on Γ. The line AC intersects ` at D.
The line DE is tangent to Γ at E, with B and E on the same side of AC. Let BE intersect ` at F , and let
AF intersect Γ at G 6= A. Let H be the reflection of G in AB. Show that F, C, and H are collinear.
95. Let Ω be the circumcircle of a triangle ABC. A circle ω with center O passes through B and C and meets
the segments AC and AB again at D and E respectively. Let P 6= A be the point at which the circumcircle
of 4ADE meets Ω. Prove that AP ⊥ P O.
96. [All-Russian MO 2008] A circle ω with center O is tangent to the rays of an angle BAC at B and C. Point
Q is taken inside the angle BAC. Assume that point P on the segment AQ is such that AQ ⊥ OP . The line
OP intersects the circumcircles ω1 and ω2 of triangles BP Q and CP Q again at points M and N . Prove that
OM = ON .
97. [OMO 2014] Let AXY BZ be a convex pentagon inscribed in a circle with diameter AB. The tangent to
the circle at Y intersects lines BX and BZ at L and K, respectively. Suppose that AY bisects ∠LAZ and
AY = Y Z. If the minimum possible value of
2
AK AL
+
AX AB
m
√
can be written as n + k, where m, n and k are positive integers with gcd(m, n) = 1, compute m+10n+100k.
98. [ISL 2006] Consider a convex pentagon ABCDE such that
∠BAC = ∠CAD = ∠DAE, ∠ABC = ∠ACD = ∠ADE.
Let P be the point of intersection of the lines BD and CE. Prove that the line AP passes through the
midpoint of the side CD.
99. [ISL 2011] Let A1 A2 A3 A4 be a non-cyclic quadrilateral. Let O1 and r1 be the circumcentre and the circum-
radius of the triangle A2 A3 A4 . Define O2 , O3 , O4 and r2 , r3 , r4 in a similar way. Prove that
1 1 1 1
+ + + = 0.
O1 A21 − r12 O2 A22 − r22 O3 A23 − r32 O4 A24 − r42
100. [USAMO 2008] Let ABC be an acute, scalene triangle, and let M , N , and P be the midpoints of BC, CA,
and AB, respectively. Let the perpendicular bisectors of AB and AC intersect ray AM in points D and E
respectively, and let lines BD and CE intersect in point F , inside of triangle ABC. Prove that points A, N ,
F , and P all lie on one circle.
100 Geometry Problems: Solutions
Alvin Zou
April 26th, 2015
1. Let ra , rb , rc be the radii of the circles centered at A, B, C respectively. We then have the following system of
equations 

BC = 9 = rb + rc
AX = ra = 6 + rb


AY = ra = 5 + rc .
Solving yields rb = 4, rc = 5, and AX = ra = 10 .

2. Denote ∠BAC = α and ∠BAD = φ, then φ is our unknown. By AC = AD we get ∠DAC = ∠CAD = α − φ
and thus ∠ACD = 180◦ − 2(α − φ). By that we can now get ∠ABC = 180◦ − (180◦ − 2(α − φ)) − α = α − 2φ.
And now using the condition we get
30◦ = ∠CAB − ∠ABC = α − (α − 2φ) = 2φ ⇔ φ = 15◦ .
3. We can draw the perpendicular from the center of the semicircle to CE (call this point X). Notice that the
radius of the semicircle is 1. Since ABCD is a square, BC and EA are tangents as well. We have
CX = BC = 2 and EX = EA. We can Pythagorean Theorem △EDC with legs DE = 2 − EA and DC = 2
5
with a hypotenuse CE = 2 + EA. Solving, we get EA = 21 and CE = .
2
4. The diagram:
A M 6 B
3
6
D C
It is given that ∠AM D ∼

= ∠CM D. Since ∠AM D and ∠CDM are alternate interior angles and AB k DC,
∠AM D ∼ = ∠CDM −→ ∠CM D ∼ = ∠CDM . Use the Base Angle Theorem to show DC ∼ = M C. We know that
ABCD is a rectangle, so it follows that M C = 6. We notice that △BM C is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle, and
∠BM C = 30◦ . If we let x be the measure of ∠AM D, then
2x + 30 = 180
2x = 150
x = 75
1
5. From F draw a perpendicular to AD and let the foot be G. Then, we quickly notice that triangles ABE,
EF G, GF D are congruent because of 2 equal sides and the right angle. (SsA) Let the side length of the
square be a then by the Pythagorean Theorem we get
1
302 − ( a)2 = a2
3
10 2
900 = a
9
a2 = 810
6. First, we draw the diagram:
B C
Since ∠DEC = ∠DBC = 90, quadrilateral DEBC is cyclic, from which the result follows due to same
inscribed arcs. Q.E.D.
7. Let △ABC be an equilateral triangle with side length a, and point D be on line AC such that
CD = AC = a, and point A and D are distinct. ∠BCD = 120, and BC = CD, so △BCD √ is isosceles. Also,
∠CBD = ∠CBD = 30, so ∠ABD = 90. Thus, △ABD is a 30-60-90 triangle, so b = a 3, and
b
√
a 3
√
a = a = 3.
8. Drawing the diagram, we get:
L
M
N A B
Since quadrilateral ABLM is cyclic, ∠M LB = 180 − ∠A = 90◦ = ∠M LC. Thus ∠CM L = 90 − ∠C. We also
have ∠C = ∠AN M since ALCN is cyclic. Then since ∠M AN = 180 − ∠A = 90◦ , we get
∠AM N = 90 − ∠AN M = 90 − ∠C = ∠CM L.
Since the vertical angles are congruent, L, M, N are collinear. Q.E.D.
2
9. First, a diagram:
E
I
B X D Y C
Let D and E be the feet of the altitudes from I to BC and AB respectively. Since IX = IA and ID = IE we
have that △IDX ∼= △IEA by HL congruence (both are clearly right triangles). It is also easy to show that
△IDX ∼ = △IDY. So, AE = s − a = XD = 12 XY, and thus XY = b + c − a = 1400 + 1800 − 2014 = 1186 .
10. Notice that, since ADBE is cyclic, we want to show that it is an isosceles trapezoid. Thus, it suffices to prove
that arc DB = arc AE. However, we have arc AB = arc AC and arc AD = arc CE (since AD = CE). Thus,
we have arc DB = arc AB - arc AD = arc AC - arc CE = arc AE. Q.E.D.
11. Let P be the shape’s perimeter and A its area. Note that if we dilate the shape by a factor of k, its perimeter
becomes kP and its are becomes k 2 A. Thus, if we want our dilated shape to equiable, or kP = k 2 A, we
should dilate the shape by a factor of k = P
A . Q.E.D.
12. By simple angle chasing, we notice that triangle AEB is similar to EF C. Let the side length of the square be
a, EC = x and thus BE = a − x. Because of similarity, it is
a x 3
= ⇔ x = a.
4 3 4
That yields BE = 14 a. Using the Pythagorean Theorem in triangle AEB the result is
1 17 2 162
a2 + ( a) = 16 ⇔ a = 16 ⇔ a2 =
4 16 17
13. ∠ABN = ∠AM N since they are subtended from the same chord. Since ∠M XN = ∠M Y N = 90◦ , it follows
that M , X, Y , and N are concyclic. Then, since M and X form angles subtended from the same chord,
∠Y XN = ∠Y M N = ∠AM N = ∠ABN . Because BN is an extension of XN , and because
∠Y XN = ∠ABN , it follows that AB k XY . Q.E.D.
14. Solution 1: Let M be the intersection point of the diagonals of the square. Then reflect A, B about M and
we’ll get C, D. Thus, the reflection of E about M which we call E ′ will give us DE ′ = 5 and E ′ C = 12, E ′
must be F ! Thus
EM = M F.
Now notice that
√
(5, 12, 13) is a pythagorean triple which yields ∠BEA = 90◦ . Obviously, ∠AM B = 90◦ and
AM = M B = 2·13 2 . Then AEBM is a cyclic quadrilateral and by Ptolemy we get
√ √ √
2 · 13 2 · 13 2 · 17
·5+ · 12 = 13 · M E ⇔ M E = .
2 2 2
√
Therefore EF = 2 · M E = 2 · 17, so √
EF 2 = ( 2 · 17)2
= 2 · 289
= 578 .
3
Solution 2:
A B
D C
Extend F C, EB, EA, F D as shown until the sides intersect. The two intersection points as well as point E
and F form a square, ∼
2
√ 2 as the newly formed triangles are congruent to triangles AEB and CF D by ASA =. So
then EF = (17 2) = 578 .
15. Let O be △ABC’s circumcenter. Note that ∠BF E = 12 ∠BOE = 14 ∠BOC = 21 ∠A. Similarly, ∠AEF = 12 ∠B
and ∠DF B = 21 ∠C. Since ∠DF E + ∠AEF = ∠DF B + ∠BF E + ∠AEF = 21 (∠A + ∠B + ∠C) = 90◦ , it
follows that DF ⊥ AE. Q.E.D.
16. Call P the projection of D onto AB, and let Dp be the projection of D onto plane ABC. Since AB = 3, we
have DP = 2 · 12 ◦ 1
3 = 8. By definition, ∠DDp P = 90 so DDp P is a 30-60-90 triangle. Then DDp = 2 DP = 4,
so
[ABC] · DDp
VABCD = = (15 · 4)/3 = 20 .
3
4
17. Here’s a colorful diagram:
P1 A3
P4 P2
P3 A1
Since the quadrilateral is orthodiagonal, we can write the statement we want to show as D2 = P1 P22 + P3 P42 .
Let A1 and A3 be the antipodes of P1 and P3 , respectively, and let O be the center of the circle. The claim is
that reflecting P1 P2 P3 P4 over the diameter of the circle that is parallel to P1 P3 results in the new
quadrilateral A3 P4 A1 P2 . We can prove this by noting that P1 OP3 ∼ = A3 OA1 , so P1 goes to A3 and P3 goes to
A1 (and obviously P2 and P4 switch places). Now, after reflecting, we get that A1 P2 = P3 P4 , so now we want
to show that D2 = P1 P22 + A1 P22 which is true by the Pythagorean Theorem on △P1 P2 A1 . Q.E.D.
18. Notice that the midpoint of AB, the centers of the two circles, and the center of the sphere form a rectangle.
Thus, if we know the sides of the rectangle we can compute the distance from the center of the sphere to the
midpoint of AB. Then, since this line is perpendicular to AB, we can then compute the √ radius of the sphere.
First,
√ we find the distances from the centers of the circles to midpoint of AB. They are 542 − 212 and
66 2 − 212 . Thus, the distance from the center of the sphere to the midpoint of AB is
√
54√2 − 212 + 662 − 212 . Finally, we apply pythagorean theorem once more to get the radius of the sphere to
be 542 − 212 + 662 − 212 + 212 . Squaring, we get that R2 = 6831 .
19. Extend AB and CD to meet at X. We see that ∠AXD is a right angle, so XM and XN are medians of
triangle XBC and XAD, respectively. We can also see that X, M, N are collinear. Hence, XN = AN and
XM = BM , so we easily find that M N = XN − XM = 1004 − 500 = 504 .
20. First, we know that EF ||AB by symmetry. Now we wish to show that DF ||EF , as this would imply that
D, E, F collinear. Since line l is tangent to the circle, ∠DBC = ∠A, and therefore ∠BCD = 90 − ∠A. Notice
that quadrilateral BDCF is cyclic (opposite angles 90). Thus, we have ∠BCD = ∠DF B = 90 − ∠A.
However, we also have ∠EF B = ∠F BA = 90 − ∠A by parallel lines, so lines DF and EF make the same
angle with BF . This implies that lines DF and EF are parallel, which implies D, E, F collinear. Q.E.D.
21. Let the center of the circle with radius 1 be A. Let the circle shaded grey have center B and let the circle
shaded black that is adjacent to that grey circle be C. Let r be the radius that we want to find. Clearly,
BC = 2r, AB = 4 − r and AC = r + 1. We can also see that, from symmetry, ∠BAC = 60◦ . From Law of
Cosines, we have
4r2 = (r + 1)2 + (4 − r)2 − 2(r + 1)(4 − r) cos 60◦ )
This reduces down to r2 + 9r − 13, and plugging into the quadratic formula:
√
−9 + 133
r=
2
We arrive at −9 + 133 + 2 = 126 .
5
22. ∠BAC inscribes arc BC. Assume that BD is tangent to the circle. Then, clearly, ∠DBC also inscribes arc
BC, so ∠DBC = ∠BAC. However, if we let BD be not tangent, it will either increase or decrease the angle.
But since we were given that the angles are equal, this is not possible. Thus, BD must be tangent to the
circle. Q.E.D.
23. Clearly, we see that CQM B and AN P C are cyclic quadrilaterals, implying that ∠CM B = ∠CQB and
∠CN A = ∠CP A. Therefore, we can deduce that
∠M CN = 180◦ − (∠CM N + ∠M N C) = 180◦ − (90◦ − A/2 + 90◦ − B/2) = 45◦
24. Note that since AM CN is cyclic, we have ∠AN M = ∠ACB and ∠AM N = ∠ACD = ∠CAB so
△M AN ∼ △ABC by AA similarity. Q.E.D.
25. (a) We angle chase. Since AH is perpendicular to BC, ∠BAH = 90 − ∠B. Now consider the circumcircle of
ABC. We have ∠AOC = 2∠B (since it inscribes the same arc but goes through the center). Since triangle
OAC is isosceles (OA = OC), we have ∠OAC = (180 − 2∠B)/2 = 90 − ∠B. Q.E.D.
(b) Notice that ∠HAO = |∠A − ∠BAH − ∠OAC|. Substituting in our values from part (a), we get
∠HAO = |∠A − (90 − B) − (90 − B)| = |∠A + 2∠B − 180| = |(∠A + ∠B + ∠C) + (∠B − ∠C) − 180| = |∠B − ∠C|.
Q.E.D.
26. We know ∠AP B = ∠CP D, so ∠AP B + ∠BP C = ∠CP D + ∠BP C, or ∠AP C = ∠BP D. We also know
AP PB
= , so by SAS similarity △P AC ∼ △P BD. Q.E.D.
PC PD
27. Note that ∠OY X = ∠OXY , so ∠Y ZO = ∠OZX. Let ∠Y ZO = α, then by Law of Cosines on triangles Y ZO
and OZX we get 121 + 49 − 2 · 11 · 7 cos α = 121 + 169 − 2 · 11 · 13 cos α, which simplifies to cos α = 10
11 .
√
2
Plugging this back in we have OY = 170 − 140 = 30, so OY = 30 .
28. Let ∠AKF = ∠F KB = α and ∠AM H = ∠HM D = β. Also let F E ∩ HG = X. Then because
∠KAF = ∠DCB, we have ∠M F X = α + C, so ∠M XF = 180 − (α + β + C). However we also know that
2α + C + D = 180 and that 2β + C + B = 180, so adding these we see that 2α + 2β + 2C + (B + D) = 360.
But we also know that B + D = 180 because quadrilateral ABCD is cyclic, so we get that α + β + C = 90.
Which means ∠M XF = 180 − 90 = 90. From this we conclude that triangles EM X and F M X are
congruent, and triangles HKX and GKX are congruent. Thus EX = XF , HX = XG, and HG ⊥ F E, so
EGF H is a rhombus. Q.E.D.
29. The diagram:
A 5 H M 7 C
With some simple calculations we see that

√ AH = 5, HM = 2, and M C = M P = 7. Also BH = 12. So by the
Pythagorean theorem we have BM = 2 37. Let the foot of the altitude from P to AC be D. Then
MP PD √7 PD √42 Thus the area of △P AC is
M B = BH . Or 2 37 = 12 . Solving we have P D = 37
√
1 √42 294 294 37
2 · 14 · 37
= √
37
= 37 . Therefore p + q + r = 294 + 37 + 37 = 368
6
30. The complicated diagram:
D
B
E′
A O
M
D′ P
C
Let O be the circumcentre of △ABC and M be the midpoint of BC. Then its clear that P M ⊥ BC. Since
∠BDP = 90◦ = 190 − ∠P M B, quadrilateral P M BD is cyclic. So we have ∠M DP = ∠M BP . Also
∠ADM = 90 ⌢◦ − ∠M DP = 90◦ − ∠M DP . As BP is tangent to the circumcircle of △ABC we must have
BC
∠M BP = = ∠A. Therefore ∠ADM = 90◦ − ∠M DP = 90◦ − ∠A. Let D′ = DM ∩ AE then ADD′ is
2′
right. So DD is the D-altitude of △ADE. Similarly EE ′ is the E-altitude of △ADE which means that M is
the orthocentre of △ADE. Q.E.D.
31. Note that HHA BHC and HHA CHB are cyclic. Then ∠HC HA A = ∠HC BHB = 90 − ∠BAC and
∠AHA HB = ∠ACHC = 90 − ∠BAC. Therefore, H lies on the angle bisector of ∠HC HA HB . The same
argument can be repeated for the angles HC HB HA and HA HC HB to show that H is the incenter. Q.E.D.
32. Let Y and Z be the intersections of AC with the circle, w.l.o.g. CY < CZ. Then clearly CY = 97 − 86 = 11
and CZ = 97 + 86 = 183. Now, CB · CX = CY · CZ = 11 · 183 = 3 · 11 · 61. If BX and CX have integer
lengths, this also holds for BC and since BC ≥ CX ≥ 11 (the latter holds by the Triangle Inequality) the
only possible values are CX = 11, V C = 183 and CX = 33, BC = 61. But in the first case, ACX would be
degenerated which implies X ∈ AC, only possible if X = C but this contradicts AX = 86 6= 97 = AC. Hence
CX = 33 and BC = 61 is the only possible solution.
7
33. Let ∠BAC = A, \
⌢∠ABC = B, and⌢∠BCA = C. We know that ∠BOC = 2A, so the measure of BN
4A−PQ
C = 4A.
Then A = 2 , which means PQ = 2A, and ∠P N Q = A. Because the center of circle τ also lies on the
perpendicular bisector of BC, we know that ∠N OB = ∠N OC = A. Thus ∠N QC = ∠N OC = A, so
∠N QA = 180 − A, and ∠N P A = 180 − A. From this we conclude AP N Q is a parallelogram. Q.E.D.
34. First we’re going to have to visualize this.
Drawing the center of the square to each of the 8 vertices we see that we are looking for the area of 4 sectors
of a circle with central angle 45◦ , 4 right triangles with length and width equal to the√half the side of the
square, and 4 tiny external right triangles. The sectors form a semicircle with radius 22 , so the area of that is
1 1
·
π
4. The 4 big right triangles have a total area of 4 · 2 2 2 = 12 . Then the small external triangles are isosceles
√
right triangles, and have height 2−1
2 , so their area is
√ 2
2−1 √
2 3−2 2
4· =
2 2
π √
So the total area is +2− 2 .
4
35. Take O the midpoint of the diameter. thus, M, O, P, S are concyclic, so ∠M P S = ∠M OS; since ST has
constant length, we are done. Q.E.D.
36. We have ∠BAC = ∠BDA1 since they intercept the same arc in the circumcircle of triangle ADB and
∠BCA = ∠BDC1 thus
∠A1 DC1 = ∠A1 DB + ∠BDC1 = ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180◦ − ∠ABC = 180◦ − ∠A1 BC1 hence the quadrilateral
BA1 DC1 is insciptible and ∠BAC = ∠BDA1 = ∠BC1 A1 which proves that A1 C1 //AC. Q.E.D.
37. From simple similarity we find AE = 48 27 36

5 , EC = 5 , and DE = 5 . Now notice that quadrilateral ABDF is
AE AD
cyclic, so ∠AF E = ∠ABC. Thus △AF E ∼ △ABD, and EF = DB . It is well known that for a 13 − 14 − 15
48
12 36 16
triangle AD = 12 and BD = 5. So we have 5 = 5
EF , and EF = 4. Therefore DF = 5 −4= 5 , so
m + n = 21 .
8
38. Let BX = m, CX = n, and AX = d. Furthermore let the circumcircles of triangles √ AXB and AXC have
radii
√ 1
R and R 2 respectively. We know that the√
area of △ABC is, by Heron’s, 6 6. So the area of △ABX is
m·6 6 n·6 6
7 . Similarly the area of △AXC equals 7 . Then
5md 35d
R1 = √ = √
m·6 6 24 6
4· 7
From the same logic we arrive at
7d
R2 = √
6
Thus we see that the area of the circumcircles is minimized when d2 is minimized and hence when d is √
minimized. To minimize d, we have to make it the length of the altitude from A to BC. Setting 7d
2 = 6 6 we
√ 19
find d = 127 6 , and that BX = .
7
39. Since ∠KBL = ∠KDL = 90, KDLB is cyclic. Therefore, ∠BDL = ∠BKL But also,
∠BAF = ∠BAC = ∠BDC = ∠BDL = ∠BKL = ∠BKF Therefore, BAKF is cyclic. Then since
∠KAB = 90, ∠KF B = 90 so BF ⊥ KL. Q.E.D.
40. Of course, a diagram would help.
D
E
A B
Let AD = x and BE = y. Then, we have DC = 2x and EC = 3y. By power of a point, we have that
DC(AC) = EC(BE) =⇒ (2x)(3x) = (3y)(4y) =⇒ x2 = 2y 2 . Now, since AB is the diameter, ∠ADB √ and
∠BEA are both right angles by Thales Theorem. By √ Pythagorean Theorem, we have that BD = 900 − x2 .
Thus, the problem reduces to finding [ABC] = 12 (3x)( 900 − x2 ). Note, that by Pythagorean Theorem, we
p
also have BD = (4y)2 − (2x)2 . Using Pythag. yet again on △ABD gives:
(16y 2 − 4x2 ) + x2 = 900

=⇒ 16y 2 − 3x2 = 900
=⇒ 16y 2 − 3(2y 2 ) = 900
=⇒ 10y 2 = 900
√
=⇒ y = 3 10
√ √ √ √
Thus, x = 2·y = 2 · 3 10 = 6 5. Plugging in our value of x, we finally get:
1 √ √ √ √
[ABC] = (18 5)( 900 − 180) = (9 5)(12 5) = 540 .
2
9
41. The diagram:
D′ D C C′
P
P′ P ′′
A′ A B B′
We seek the value of ∠DAP + ∠BCP . We begin by constructing congruent rectangles BCC ′ B ′ to the right
and ADD′ A′ to the left of rectangle ABCD. Denote the points P ′ and P ′′ as the points in rectangles
ADD′ A′ and BCC ′ B ′ , respectively, that satisfy
∠A′ P ′ D′ + ∠AP ′ D = 180◦
and
∠BP C + ∠B ′ P ′′ C ′ = 180◦ ,
′′
respectively. In other words, P ′ and P ′′ are the corresponding points to P in rectangles ADD′ A′ and
BCC ′ B ′ , respectively. Since P ′ and P ′′ are just translations of P in the horizontal direction, the line P ′ P ′′ is
parallel to AB and is thus perpendicular to AD and BC. Now, note that by the ∠AP D + ∠BP C = 180◦
condition, we have that AP DP ′ and P BP ′′ C are cyclic quadrilaterals. Then, by inscribed arcs, we have that
∠BCP = ∠BP ′′ P = ∠AP P ′
the last equality following from congruence. Thus, we have that
∠DAP + ∠BCP = ∠DAP + ∠AP P ′ = 180◦ − 90◦ = 90◦
42. Let the circumcircles of triangles AP R and BP Q intersect at a point X. Because quadrilaterals AP XR and
BP XQ are inscribed in circles we know ∠P XR = 180 − ∠A and ∠P XQ = 180 − ∠B. Therefore
∠QXR = 360 − (180 − ∠A + 180 − ∠B) = ∠A + ∠B = 180 − ∠C. Thus quadrilateral QXRC is also cyclic.
Q.E.D.
43. First, find that ∠R = 45◦ . Draw ABCDEF √ . Now draw △P QR around ABCDEF √ such that Q is adjacent to
C and D. The height of ABCDEF is 3,√so the length√of base QR is √ 2 + 3.√ Let the equation of RP be
y = x. Then, the equation of P Q is y = − 3(x − (2 + 3)) → y = −x 3 + 2 √ 3 + 3. Solving the two
√ √ √
equations gives y = x = 3+3 2 . The area of △P QR is 1
2 ∗ (2 + 3) ∗ 3+3
2 = 5 43+9 .
a + b + c + d = 9 + 5 + 3 + 4 = 21
44. It suffices to show that M B = M I = M C. First of all, since M is the midpoint of arc BC, it obviously lies on
the perpendicular bisector of BC so M B = M C. Now note that ∠IM B = ∠C and ∠BIM = 12 ∠A + 21 ∠B
and since
1 1 1 1
∠M BI = 180◦ − (∠C + ∠A + ∠B) = ∠A + ∠B = ∠BIM
2 2 2 2
so M B = M I = M C as desired. Q.E.D.
45. Let D be the point on AB such√that T D ⊥ AB. Then △AT D √ is 30 − 60 − 90 and △T DB is 45 − 45 − 90, so
we have T D = 12 and AD = 12 3, so BD = 12 and AB = 12( 3 + 1). △ACT √ is isosceles so AC = AT√= 24.
Using the area of a triangle with sine we have the area of ABC is 21 · 24 · 12( 3 + 1) · sin 60 = 216 + 72 3, so
a + b + c = 291 .
10
46. As always, we start with a diagram:
B M C
D
Note that OBEM and ABED are both cyclic quadrilaterals (with diameters BO and BA respectively).
Furthermore, since O is the circumcenter, △AOB is isosceles =⇒ ∠OAB = ∠OBA. Therefore
∠M ED = ∠AED − ∠OEM
= ∠ABD − ∠OBM
= ∠ABO = ∠BAE = ∠BDE,
so △M ED is M -isosceles and M E = M D as desired. Q.E.D.
47. Let O be the circumcenter of △ABC. Note that ADOF and ADF N are both cyclic quadrilaterals, so N D
and AO are both diameters of the circumcircle of △ADF . Q.E.D.
48. Let N be the intersection of the perpendicular bisector of AC and AC and O be the intersection of N M and
BP . We have M N//AB and BO//AN so AN OB is a parallelgram, therefore BO = AN = N C and
BO//N C imply that BN CO is also a parallelogram. M is the middle of ON and since N P O = 90◦ then M
is the circumcenter of N P O and M P = M O. Finally, since QB//M O then
∠QBP = ∠M OP = ∠M P O = ∠BQP so QB = QP . Q.E.D.
49. The if case (where ABC is equilateral) is easy; all one needs to do is to observe the many symmetries an
equilateral triangle possesses. It suffices to show the converse: that if △U V W = △XY Z then ABC is
equilateral. And to do this, we angle chase. Note that since the two triangles have the same circumradius
(since all six points U, V, W, X, Y, Z are concyclic), the problem is reduced to the case where the two triangles
are similar. Next, note that
1 1
∠U W V = ∠U IV = (180◦ − ∠ZAI − ∠ZBI)
2 2
and that
∠XZY = ∠XIC = 90◦ − ∠ICX.
If the two angles ∠U W V and ∠XZY are congruent, then we must have
1 ◦
2 (180 − ∠ZAI − ∠ZBI) = 90◦ − ∠ICX
2∠ICX = ∠ZAI + ∠ZBI
2∠C = ∠A + ∠B = 180◦ − ∠C
∠C = 60◦ .
Applying this cyclically, we see that △ABC is equilateral. Q.E.D.
11
50. Note that DB = DI and EC = EI so the perimeter of △ADE is 43. Thus the ratio of similitude between
△ADE and △ABC is 43 : 63. Hence
43 860
DE = · 20 = =⇒ m + n = 923
63 63
51. ∠BP Q = ∠BP A = ∠BCA so AP is the angle bisector √

of ∠BP C Let QD and QE be the perpendiculars
from Q to P B and P C respectively. QD = QE = 23 P Q. Area of
√ √
△P CB = QD(P B+P
2
C)
= 4
3
P Q(P B + P C) Also, Area of △P CB = P B·P C·sin 120
2 = 3
4 P B · P C. Equating
the two equations for the area we get the desired result. Q.E.D.
52. The diagram:
A
A2
A1 M
C2
B C1 C
Notice that triangles ABM and BM C are isosceles, so M A1 k BC and M C1 k AB. Also, A1 C1 k AC
because A1 and C1 are midpoints. Triangles AA1 A2 and CC1 C2 are isosceles because of equal tangents, so
A1 A2 is an external angle bisector of ∠BA1 C1 and similarly C1 C2 is an external angle bisector of ∠BC1 A1 .
So P is the B-excenter of △BA1 C1 , and therefore it lies on the angle bisector of ∠ABC. Q.E.D.
53. Suppose that X is near to B than C. ∠KBO = ∠KXO = 90◦ thus KBXO is cyclic quadrilateral and
∠OXL = ∠OCL = 90◦ thus OCLC is cyclic. From the previous result
∠XKO = ∠XBO = ∠OCX = ∠OLX because OB = OC so OK = OL and since X is the projection of O
into KL then X is the middle of KL. Q.E.D.
54. Denote by B1 , B2 the orthogonal projections of B on the lines IA, and IC, respectively, and similarly, let D1 ,
D2 be the projections of D on the same lines IA, and IC, respectively. We consider the following preliminary
result:
Lemma. Let ABC be a triangle, and denote by M the midpoint of segment BC. If X, Y are the orthogonal
projections of the vertices B, C on the internal angle bisector of angle BAC, then M X = M Y = |b − c|/2.
Proof. We shall resume to proving that M X = |b − c|/2. For this, let B ′ be the intersection of the line BX
with the sideline CA. Since the triangle ABB ′ is isosceles, the length of segment CB ′ is |b − c|. On other
hand, X, M are the midpoints of segments BB ′ , and BC, respectively. Thus XM = CB ′ /2 = |b − c|/2. This
proves our Lemma.
Returning to the problem, let T be the midpoint of the diagonal BD. According to the Lemma, applied for
the triangle BAD, we have that T B1 = T D1 = |AB − AD|/2. Similarly, according to the same Lemma, this
time applied in triangle BCD, we have that T B2 = T D2 = |BC − CD|/2. On the other hand, the
quadrilateral ABCD beeing circumscribed, AB + CD = AD + BC (Pithot’s theorem), and hereby, we
conclude that T B1 = T B2 = T D1 = T D2 , i.e. the projections of B, and D on the lines IA, and IC lie on a
single circle (with center T , the midpoint of diagonal BD). Q.E.D.
12
55. Let P be an arbitrary point in the set of points such that [AP B] = [AP D], and let PB and PD be the feet of
the perpendiculars from P to AB and AD respectively. It’s not hard to prove that P PB : P PD = 3 : 2.
Furthermore ∠PD P PB is constant (and equal to 180◦ − ∠DAB), so all such triangles △PD P PB are
homothetic to each other. In particular, this proves that the locus of points P is a line ℓ passing through
point A. Our goal is to find CE, where E is the projection of C onto ℓ. (This definition of E clearly
minimizes said distance.)
Let X = ℓ ∩ CD, and define XB and XD as before. Furthermore, let H be the foot of the altitude from A to
CD. Standard trapezoid computations (i.e. dropping the altitude from A and doing Pythagorean Theorem)
yield AH = XXB = 12, so XXD = 8. Now since △AHD ∼ △XXD D we obtain
XD AD 5 5
= = =⇒ XD = · 8 = 10.
XXD AH 4 4
√ √
This implies AXB = HX = XD − HD = 1, so AX = 122 + 12 = 145.
Finally, since XXB ⊥ CD angles AXXB and CXE are supplementary, so △AXB X ∼ △XEC. Since
XC = CD − XD = 18, by similar triangle ratios
CE XXB 12 12 · 18 216
= =√ =⇒ EC = √ = √ .
CX XA 145 145 145
56. Denote the intersection of M N and BC as X. Notice that proving that the projections of D and C onto M N
implies that DX = XC. This is also equivalent to showing that triangles DM N and CM N have the same
area (same base same altitude).
Now for an ugly area bash: Let the area of the quadrilateral be 1, to make the calculations simpler. Then
[BCM ] = [ABN ] = 21 . Notice that [BM N] [BM N ] BM BN
[ABN ] = [BCM ] . This simplifies to AB = BC . Let this ratio equal k.
Now we can compute [BM N ] to be [BM C] ∗ k = k2 .
By complimentary counting, we have that
[DM N ] = [ABCD] − [ADM ] − [CDN ] − [BM N ] = 1 − (1 − k) ∗ 12 − (1 − k) ∗ 1
2 − k
2 = k2 . Thus, we have
[BM N ] = [DM N ], which implies that X is the midpoint of BC. QED
57. Denote the intersection of HM with the circumcircle to be H ′ . Then ∆M HC is similar to ∆BM H ′ (i.e. H ′
is the reflection of H across M ), so ∠HCB = 90 − B = ∠CBH ′ , and ∠HCB = 90 − C = ∠BCH ′ . Hence A
is antipodal to H ′ , and the result follows. Q.E.D.
58. Obviously I = BN ∩ CM is the incenter, and let X = M N ∩ AB. Since M N CB is cyclic, ∠M N B = c/2,
and since ∠XBN = b/2, ∠N XB = 180 − b/2 − c/2. But, since I is the incenter, ∠BIC = 180 − b/2 − c/2
and so ∠M IB = b/2 + c/2, so M XBI is cyclic and ∠IXB = 90, implying that X is the incircle tangency
point to AB. We can replicate the argument for AC. Q.E.D.
59. Let C be the reflection of B wrt AN . Then AC = AB and AC = AM from the properties of reflection. So
AB = AM , from there we let AM = y and drop a perpendicular from A meeting M N at D. DB = DM = 2.
Using pythagoras in △AN D, △AM D and △AN M , we get: x2 + y 2 = 100 x2 − 64 = y 2 − 4 so x2 = 80
60. Let M = Y C ∩ AH and N = XA ∩ HC. Notice that ∠AHI = 90◦ − ∠HAI = 90◦ − ∠ZCM = ∠CY J, so
△Y JC ∼ △HIA ∼ △Y M H. Similarly, △HJC ∼ △XIA ∼ △XN H.
XN ·AI AI·JH Y M ·JC HI·JC
Notice that IX = HN = JC and JY = HM = AI . Therefore, we have:
IX JH
IX · JY = JH · HI = ZI · JZ ⇒ =
IH JY
and we therefore see that Y JZ ∼ ZIX, so ∠Y ZJ + ∠IZX = 90◦ , so X, Y, Z are indeed collinear. Q.E.D.
61. Notice that ∠O2 O1 A is half of arc AD with respect to circle (ABD). Hence, ∠AO1 O2 = ∠ABD = ∠ABC
and similarly we arrive at ∠AO2 O1 = ∠ACB, so from AA similarity, we are done. Q.E.D.
13
62. First, we draw a diagram:
M
B D C
Let M be the midpoint of BC. As ABEC is a cyclic quad, ∠EBC = ∠EAC = ∠EAB = ∠ECB, so △EBC
is isosceles. (This is well-known.)
Now let DE = x. By Angle Bisector Theorem, we can easily compute BD = 18 and DC = 22. Since
∠EBC = ∠EAB, △DBE ∼ △BAE, so
BD AB BE AB 36
= =⇒ = = = 2.
DE BE DE BD 18
Therefore CE = BE = 2x. Now by Pythagorean Theorem,
DE 2 = DM 2 + M E 2 = DM 2 + EC 2 − M C 2
=⇒ x2 = 22 + (2x)2 − 202 .
Solving this gives x2 = 132 .
63. Note that since ∠BHC = ∠BIC = 120, quadrilateral BICH is cyclic. This implies that
∠CHI = ∠CBI = C2 . We then have that ∠AHI + ∠CHI + ∠BIC + ∠AHB = 360, so
∠AHI = 60 + B − C2 = 3B
2 . Q.E.D.
64. Let r and s meet the line CD at E and F , respectively. Angle chasing easily shows that AÊD = B F̂ C. Note
that triangles ABC and ADE are similar, and also are the triangles ABD and CBF . This yields
DE AD AD.BC
BC = AB =⇒ DE = AB
CF BC AD.BC
AD = AB =⇒ CF = AB
That is, DE = CF , so r and s are symmetrical relative to the perpendicular bisector of CD. The conclusion
follows. Q.E.D.
65. Draw triangle ABC such that AB=425, AC=450, and BC=510. Let the line through P parallel to AB have
endpoints D and E, where D is on AC and E is on BC. Let the line through P parallel to AC have endpoints
F and G, where F is on AB and G is on BC. Let the line through P parallel to BC have endpoints H and J,
where H is on AB and J is on AC.
Note that AF P D, HP EB, and P JCG are all parallelograms (you can angle-chase to see this). Therefore
d = DP + P E = AF + HB, so HF = AB − (AF + HB) = 425 − d. Analogously, DJ = 450 − d. Let
HP = x, so P J = d − x. We can see that F AP and DP J are similar to ABC (more angle-chasing can prove
FA
this), so AP = 425−d
x
AB
= BC 425
= 450 and DJ 450−d AC 450
P J = d−x = BC = 510 . Cross-multiplying gives the equations
425 ∗ 510 = 510d + 425x
450 ∗ 510 = 960d − 450x
14
Dividing both sides of the first equation by 425 and both sides of the second equation by 450 gives
510
510 = 425 d −x
960
510 = 450 d +x
You can now add these two equations together to get
510∗450+960∗425
1020 = 425∗450 ∗ d.
Now before you start multiplying stuff, you can see that a bunch of 5s cancel out from the numerator and the
denominator. Then you see that a couple 2s and 3s cancel out as well. After canceling stuff out, you get the
equation
18+32 10
1020 = 15 d = 3 d.
Solving this is simple, and yields d = 306 .

66. Using mid-segments, we can find that P1 P2 and P4 P3 are parallel to AC and that P1 P4 and P2 P3 are parallel
to BD, so P1 P2 P3 P4 is a parallelogram. Therefore P1 P3 and P2 P4 intersect at the midpoint of P1 P3 . Again
using midsegments, P1 P6 and P5 P3 are parallel to AD and P1 P5 and P6 P3 are parallel to BC so P1 P5 P6 P3 is
a parallelogram, And we get P1 P3 and P5 P6 also intersect at the midpoint of P1 P3 , so the three lines are
concurrent. Q.E.D.
67. In equilateral △ABC, WLOG let P , the point on the incircle, be closest to A, and suppose d(P, AB) = 1,
d(P, AC) = 4. Denote by D and E the tangency points of the incircle of the triangle with AB and AC
respectively. Furthermore, let the line parallel to BC passing through P meet AB and AC at M and N
respectively. Then
√ it is easy to√see that △AM N and △ADE are both equilateral, so it is easy to compute
2 3 8 3
that P M = and P N = . Now the fact that P lies on the incircle implies that ∠DP E = 120◦ by
3 3
some simple angle chasing. Furthermore, it is obvious that ∠DM N = ∠M N E = 120◦ and that
∠M P D = ∠P DE, ∠N P E = ∠P ED, hence △DM P ∼ △DP E ∼ △P N E. Let DM = EN = x. Then by
similarity ratios √ √
x 8 3/3 4 3
√ = =⇒ x = ,
2 3/3 x 3
√ √ √ √
10 3 4 3 14 3 28 3
so AD = N M + M D = + = . The side length of the triangle is twice this, or , and the
3 3 3 3
requested answer is 28 + 3 + 3 = 34 .
68. Let X = CQ ∩ P B. X is the A-excenter of △ABC. Hence, A, I, X are collinear. Through some angle
chasing, we can prove that IC ⊥ CX and that IB ⊥ BX. Hence I, B, X, C are cyclic, so
∠IXQ = ∠IXC = ∠IBC = ∠ABC 2 . Also R, P, X, Q are cyclic, and again through some angle chasing we can
find that ∠RXQ = ∠RP Q = ∠ABC 2 . Therefore, R, I, X are collinear, and so A, R, I, X are collinear. Chasing
some more angles, we get that AC = AQ. Now draw a perpendicular from A to D on QC. Since AC = AQ,
D is the midpoint of QC, and since AD k IC k RQ, A must be the midpoint of IR (known property of
trapezoids) and therefore AR = AI. Q.E.D.
PS OP
69. Since △OP R is a right triangle with hypotense OQ, r2 = 21 OQ, so it suffices to show that
= 1 . Let
SR 2 OQ
X denote the projection of O to the segment P S. Remark that since OP = OS and △OP S ∼ △RQS, we
have ∠OSP = ∠RSQ = ∠RQS. Furthermore, since P R is tangent to C1 and since P QRO is cyclic, we have
∠ROQ = ∠SP R = 12 ∠SOP = ∠SOX.
Therefore △SXO ∼ △QRO and

1
QR SX PS OP PS PS
= = 2 =⇒ 1 = = ,
QO SO PO 2 OQ QR SR
as desired. Q.E.D.
15
70. Let ∠P AD = x, then ∠DAB = 2x, ∠ADC = 180 − 2x, and ∠ADP = 90 − x. Hence ∠AP D = 90. Now let
M and N be the midpoints of BC and DA, respectively. It follows that M is the circumcenter of △AP D.
Then ∠P M D = 2 · ∠M AP = 2x. So M P//BC//AB. But that means that M P is the mid line of ABCD.
But by symmetry N Q is the mid line as well. So M , P , Q, and D form a line.
AD
Notice that M P is equal to the circumradius of △AP D, but since it is a right triangle, that value is 2 .
Now it follows that
1 1
[AP D] · · AD · d(AB, CD) AD
= 2 2 =
[ABCD] M N · d(AB, CD) 2AB + 2CD
We have a symmetrical result for △BCQ. We can subtract those areas from the total area of the trapezoid to
get the desired area. Hence
[AP DCQB] 2AB + 2CD − BC − AD 2 · 11 + 2 · 19 − 5 − 7 4
= = =
[ABCD] 2AB + 2CD 2 · 11 + 2 · 19 5
Now construct B ′ on segment CD such that AB = B ′ C. Since AB//B ′ C as well, ABCB√′ is a parallelogram.
Hence AB ′ = 5 and DB ′ = 19 − 11 = 8. We can use heron’s formula to get [AB ′ D] = 10 3. Now
[ABCD] AB + DC 11 + 19 15
= = =
[AB ′ D] A′ D 8 4
We can finish the problem by multiplying those ratios:
√ 4 15 √
[AP DCQB] = 10 3 · · = 30 3
5 4
71. Consider the homothety that takes w to w1 . This homothety takes X to A and Y to D, so AD||XY by
homothety. Similarly, we have BC||XY . Now consider a reflection of A and B over the line that goes through
the centers of the two circles. Since this line is perpendicular to the radical axis of w1 and w2 , or XY , it is
also perpendicular to AD and BC. Thus, it takes A to a point on AD, but since this point is also on w1 , it
must be D. Similarly, this reflection takes B to C. Finally, since reflection preserves, lengths, we have
AD = BC. Q.E.D.
72. Note that showing < BKC =< CDB is the same as showing KBCD cyclic. Extend AC and let a point D′
be on AC with CD = CD′ . Now the metric condition given becomes M A(M C + CD′ ) = M B(M D) so
M A(M D′ ) = M B(M D). This implies that quadrilateral ABD′ D is cyclic. Now let
< CDD′ =< CD′ D =< AD′ D =< ABD =< 1 (by cyclic quads). Since < DCA is an exterior angle, it is the
sum of < CDD′ and < CD′ D, so < DCA = 2 < 1. Since CK is the angle bisector of
< DCA, < DCK =< KCA =< 1. Now let X be the intersection of CK and BD. Since < XCA =< XBA,
quadrilateral BAXC is cyclic as well. Now this question is just a simple angle chase. Let
< CAB =< CXB =< 2. Then < CKA =< CAB− < KCA =< 2− < 1 (by exterior angles).
< CDM =< CXM − < DCX =< 2− < 1 (by exterior angles again). Thus, < CKA =< CDM , so
quadrilateral KBCD is cyclic. Finally, this implies that < BKC =< CDB. Q.E.D.
B′ Y
C′
X
B A′ C
16
By simple angle chasing, ∠AB ′ C ′ = ∠AA′ C ′ = ∠ABC. Using traditional chords-intercepting-arcs formulae
d = 1 (AX
we can thus write 12 AC d +Y dC) =⇒ AX d = AY
d . Thus △AXY is isosceles and DA bisects ∠XDY .
2
It is well known that △AB ′ A′ ∼ △AA′ C, so A′ A2 = AB ′ · AC. In addition, ∠AY X = ∠AXY = ∠ACY , so
△AY B ′ ∼ △ACY and AY 2 = AB ′ · AC. Hence AY = AA′ = AX, so A is the circumcenter of △XA′ Y and
by Fact 5 we win. Q.E.D.
74. Let O1 , O2 , O3 be the circumcenters of triangles AQR, BRP, CP Q respectively. Now from Miquel’s theorem,
the three circumcircles concur at some point M .
∠O3 O1 O2 = ∠O3 O1 M + ∠M O1 O2 = 90 − ∠O1 M Q + 90 − ∠O1 M P = 180 − ∠P M Q = ∠CAB. From
symmetry, we can determine the other angles are equal as well, so the triangles are similar. Q.E.D.
X
B C
A′ H′
Let X be the foot of the altitude from A to BC, and denote by H ′ the second intersection point of AX with
the circumcircle of △ABC. By Problem 25, ∠BAA′ = ∠CAH ′ , so BA d′ = CHd′ and A′ H ′ k BC. This means
that the distances to BC from A and H are equal; in other words, [BA C] = [BH ′ C]. The area of △BH ′ C
′ ′ ′
is much easier to compute. By Law of Cosines, we have

√
AC 2 + BC 2 − AB 2 52 + 82 − ( 41)2 3
cos ∠ACB = = = ,
2 · AC · BC 2·5·8 5
so XC = 3. Thus BX = 5 and by Pythagorean Theorem AX = 4. Finally, Power of a Point gives
BX · CX 15
BX · CX = AX · XH ′ =⇒ XH ′ = = ,
AX 4
so the area of △BH ′ C is 21 (BC)(XH ′ ) = 15 .

76. Note that the center of P lies on the ray BI where I is the incenter of △ABC, and similarly, the center of Q
lies on the ray CI. Now note that r = [ABC]s = 24·7·16
128 = 21. Now since the inradius is larger than the radius
of P , point P lies on the interior of segment BI. Now let R, S, T denote the projections from P, I, Q
respectively onto BC. Then note that △BP R ∼ △BIS ∼ △CQT . Thus from the first similarity, we have
PR IS 16 21 64
= =⇒ = =⇒ RB =
RB SB RB 28 3
This means that SR = 28 − RB = 20 3 . Denoting the radius of circle Q as r, from the second similarity we
receive that T C = 4r
3 so T S = 28 − T C =
84−4r ′
3 . Now consider trapezoid T QP R. Let Q denote the
17
projection from Q onto P R, and then consider right triangle QQ′ P . We have QP = 16 + r and P Q′ = 16 − r
as well as QQ′ = T R = 104−4r
3 . Then pythagorean theorem yields
2
2 104 − 4r √
(16 − r) + = (16 + r)2 =⇒ r = 44 − 6 35
3
so our final answer is 254 .
77. From problem 26, △P AC ∼ △P BD. P M and P N are corresponding medians in these similar triangles so
they follow the same ratio: PP M PA
N = P B . Also because they are corresponding medians, ∠M P A = ∠N P B. So
∠N P M = ∠DP A − ∠M P A − ∠DP N = ∠DP A − ∠DP B = ∠BP A. Therefore △P AB ∼ △P M N ∼ △P CD
as desired. Q.E.D.
78. Let BC = 2a and let AC = 2b. Then, we can establish the following: 2(4b2 + 4aq
2
) − 576 = 4(729)
√ √ √
2(24 + 4b ) − 4a = 4(324) Solving this system gives us a = 279 = 3 31 b = 315
2 2 2 3
2 = 2 35
Also, notice that [AF B] = 2[F EB] = 2[AF E]. Because [F EB] = 6F E sin ∠F EB = 6F E sin ∠BEC, we need
to find F E and sin ∠BEC. The former is quite easy; indeed, with power of a point, we obtain 27F E = 144
F E = 163
Now, we are looking
√ for 32 sin ∠BEC. Finding sin ∠BEC is slightly more tedious; however, since we know
BC = 2a = 6 31, using the law of cosines to find cos ∠BEC will directly allow us to find our desired value.
√
We then proceed as follows: 144 + 729 − 648 cos ∠BEC = 1116 cos ∠BEC = 648 243
= 38 Thus, sin ∠BEC = 855 ,
√
and then we plug it into 32 sin BEC. Our final area is thus 4 55, and our final answer is 55 + 4 = 59 .
79. Let the incircle of △ADC touch DC at H, and let F ′ be the A-excenter of △ADC. Since △ADC = △BCD,
E and H are reflections over the midpoint M of DC, hence E is the point of contact of the A-excircle of
△ADC with DC =⇒ EF ′ ⊥ CD. Since both F and F ′ lie on AX, we have F ′ ≡ F . Now letting X be any
point on the extension of BC past C, we have
∠AGF = ∠F CX = ∠F CG = ∠F AG,
so △AF G is isosceles as desired. Q.E.D.
80. Extend N M such that it intersects AB at M ′ . This is simply an extension of the radical axis. Notice that the
power of point M ′ with respect to G2 is M ′ B 2 , and similarly, the power of M ′ with respect to G1 is M ′ A2 .
Because every point on the radical axis has the same power with respect to both circles, we can state that
M ′ B 2 = M ′ A2 M ′ B = M ′ A.
Notice that there exists a homothety centered at N which takes P to A, Q to B, and M to M ′ . Since M ′ is
the midpoint of AB, M must be the midpoint of P Q. Now draw EE ′ such that E ′ lies on CD and EE ′ is
perpendicular to CD. Then, △EE ′ C is similar to △AF C, and △EE ′ D is similar to △BGD. Let CF = x,
and let F E ′ = xk. Also, let F A = h, and by similarity, HE = hk. Additionally, let GD = y, and therefore,
EH EE ′
AB = x + y. Since AH = F E ′ = xk, HB = x(1 − k) + y. Then, by more similarity, we have HB =E ′D
hk h(k+1) 2
x(1−k)+y = 2y 2ky = (k + 1)(x − xk + y) xk + yk − (x + y) = 0,
Which is a quadratic in k. Solving for k via the quadratic formula gives us k = −1 − xy and k = 1. However,
it is fairly obvious that k must be positive, and hence, we take k = 1. Hence, F E ′ = F M = x, and M = E ′ .
Because EE ′ was perpendicular to CD, EM must be perpendicular to CD. Now, because ∠EM C = 90 and
M is the midpoint of P Q, it immediately follows that EP = EQ, which is what we wanted to prove. Q.E.D.
18
Here’s a diagram:
T
P
B C
A
81. Let O be the center of ω. Let ∠T OC = θ. Then note that we have T C = 9 tan θ and
TC 9
AC = − AO = −9
sin θ cos θ
Then since △ACP ∼ △OCT , we have
9
cos θ − 9 AP
9 = =⇒ AP = 9 − 9 cos θ
cos θ
9
Now from the Law of Cosines on △P AB, we have
BP 2 = 182 + (9 − 9 cos θ)2 + 2(18)(9 − 9 cos θ) cos θ

= −243 cos2 θ + 162 cos θ + 405
−162 1
This quantity is maximized when cos θ = 2(−243) = 3 and plugging this value in we get that
2
m = −27 + 54 + 405 = 432 .
82. The diagram:
OB
B
A
OA
P
M
Let O be the midpoint of AB, the center of the semicircle (O) with the points C, D forming a convex
quadrilateral ABDC. OM = OA cos AOM \ and ON = OB cos BON \ . ON k AD is a midline of the triangle
△ABD and OM k BC is a midline of the triangle △ABC. Let E, F be the midpoints of PC, PD. Denote
19
α = ∠(OOA , P E) = ∠(OM, P C) and β = ∠(OOB , P F ) = ∠(ON, P D). From the trapezoid OOA EP ,
PE PF AB
OOA = cos α and from the trapezoid OOB F P , OOB = cos β . Since OA = OB = 2 and
P E = P2C = CD PD
4 = 2 = P F , we get
\ cos β
OM
ON = cos AOM
\
OOA
, OO = cos α But from the circle (O) and form AD k ON, BC k OM ,
cos BON B
α = ∠(OM, P C) = ∠(BC, DC) = ∠BCD = ∠BAD = ∠BON
OOA
β = ∠(ON, P D) = ∠(AD, CD) = ∠ADC = ∠ABC = ∠AOM Consequently, OM ON = OOB , which means
OA OB k M N . Q.E.D.
83. This will probably help:
IC
D P
IB
A B
Notice that ∠BP C = ∠BP D + ∠CP D. Also, we have ∠BP D = 180 − ∠DIB B, and ∠CP D = 180 − ∠CIC D.
Then, ∠BP C = 360 − (∠DIB B + ∠CIC D). Also, we have ∠DIB B = 180 − ( ∠ADB+∠DBA 2 ) and
∠ACD+∠ADC ∠ADB+∠ADC+∠ACD+∠DBA
∠CIC D = 180 − ( 2 ). Adding, we obtain ∠DIB B + ∠CIC D = 360 − ( 2 )
180−(∠DCB+∠DCB)−∠CAB 360−∠CDB
Notice that ∠ACD+∠DBA
2 = 2 = ∠CDB−∠CAB
2 , and ∠ADB+∠ADC
2 = 2 .
Then, we add, and get ∠DIB B + ∠CIC D = 360 − 360−∠CAB 2 . Now, it remains to find ∠CAB. Luckily, we
are given side lengths, and the law of cosines will do the trick for us:
1
162 + 102 − 2(10)(16) cos ∠CAB = 142 cos ∠CAB = 2 ∠CAB = 60
360−60
Then, ∠DIB B + ∠CIC D = 360 − 2 = 210 and ∠BP C = 360 − (∠DIB B + ∠CIC D) = 150. Now, we
have to find the maximum area of △BP C with a side length 14 and its opposite angle 150. The area is
maximized when △BP C is isosceles, and we can use the law of cosines to find the length of the legs:
√ √
2r2 − 2r2 cos 150 = 196 2r2 (1 + 23 ) = r2 (2 + 3) = 196 Notice that to find the area, it suffices to find
2 √
r2 sin 150 12 = r4 . Then, A = 2+49√3 = 98 − 49 3 and our answer is 98 + 49 + 3 = 150 .
84. Let X = BM ∩ CN , and define B ′ = AB ∩ M N , C ′ = AC ∩ M N . First note that the condition

∠P AB = ∠BCA implies △P AB ∼ △ACB, and likewise ∠QAC = ∠CBA implies △CAQ ∼ △CBA.
Therefore ∠P QA = ∠BAC = ∠AP Q and △AP Q is isosceles.
Next note that a homothety centered at A with scale factor 2 send △ABC to △AB ′ C ′ (due to the fact that
it sends △AP Q to △AM N ), so additionally △ACQ ∼ △AC ′ N , etc. Length ”bashing” gives
AB AB CA C ′A C ′C
= = = = ′ ,
AM 2AP 2CQ 2C N′ CN
which coupled with ∠P AB = ∠AC ′ N gives △BAM ∼ △CC ′ N =⇒ ∠XM A = ∠XN M . Similarly,
∠XM N = ∠XN A. Therefore
1
∠BXC = π − (∠XN M + ∠XM N ) = π − (∠AN M + ∠AM N )
2
1
= π − (∠BAC + ∠BAC) = π − ∠BAC,
2
establishing the desired cyclicity. Q.E.D.
20
85. WLOG AB < AC. Say the incircle meets BC at E, AB at F. Then DE 2 = x(2x) by power of a point.
Similarily DF 2 = 2x2 . It’s well known we can write CE, AF = s − c, s − a, where s is the semiperimeter.
Then DE = |s − c − 10|, and AF = s − a. So we have (s − a)2 = (s − c − 10)2 . Solving, b = 10 or
a = c + 10 ⇒ c = 10. We chose c = AB < AC = b, so c = 10. Then s = a+b+c 2 = 15 + 2b . From Stewart’s
2 2 2 2
theorem, we can easily derive 2x2 = b +c 9−200 . Finally, (s − a)2 = b +c 9−200 . Putting all variables in terms of
b, we get the quadratic b2 − p36b + 260. Solving, b √
= 10 or b = 26. Obviously, b = 26 is what we want. Moving
to Heron’s formula, Area = (28)(8)(18)(2) = 24 14. The answer is 38 .
86. We will show that < I2 I1 I4 = 90 degrees. First, we claim that A1 A2 I1 I4 is cyclic. Since
< A1 I4 A2 = 90 + 1/2 < A1 A4 A2 and < A1 I1 A2 = 90 + 1/2 < A1 A3 A2 (angle bisector angle formulas), and
< A1 A4 A2 =< A1 A3 A2 (cyclic quad A1 A2 A3 A4 ), we have < A1 I4 A2 =< A1 I1 A2 , which makes A1 A2 I1 I4
cyclic. By similar arguments, we show that A2 A3 I2 I1 is cyclic. Now all that remains is a basic angle chase.
We have < I2 I1 I4 = 360− < A2 I1 I4 − < A2 I1 I2 = 360 − (180− < I4 A1 A2 ) − (180− < I2 A3 A2 ) = 1/2(<
A4 A1 A2 + < A2 A3 A4 ) = 1/2(180) = 90. Similarly, we can show that the other three angles are 90 degrees,
which makes I1 I2 I3 I4 a rectangle. Q.E.D.
87. Let the line through the centers of circles C and D be vertical. WLOG, let A be to left of that line. We want
to show that the ratio M E/N F = P E/P F . Since AM = AN , we have M E/N F = (AM ∗ M E)/(N F ∗ AN ),
which is the power of M wrt (with respect to) circle C divided by the power of N wrt circle C.
Now, extend M P and N P to intersect circle C again at points M ′ and N ′ , respectively. Draw the horizontal
line through P (which is also the tangent line to both circles) and let X be a point on that line to the left of
P and Y be a point on that line to the right of P . Now we have < P M N =< Y P N =< XP N ′ =< M ′ N ′ P
(the first and last equality follow by cyclic quads). Similarly, we get < P N M =< P N ′ M ′ . Therefore,
triangles M N P and M ′ N ′ P are similar by AA similarity, so M ′ P/N ′ P = M P/N P . This also means that
M M ′ /N N ′ = M P/N P .
Now we can further simplify the original ratio. Since the power of M wrt circle C is also equal to
M P ∗ M M ′ , and the power of N wrt circle C is equal to N P ∗ N N ′ , we can rewrite the ratio as (M P/N P )2 .
By Law of Sines in triangle M N P , M P/N P = sin(P N M )/ sin(P N M ) = sin(AM P )/ sin(AN P ). Thus, we
can write the ratio (M P/N P )2 as (M P/N P )(sin(AM P )/ sin(AN P ). By using Law of Sines once more on
triangles EMP and FPN, we can rewrite this ratio as (EP/F P )(sin(AEP )/ sin(P F N )).
Finally, we notice that < AEP =< AF P = 180− < P F N , so sin(AEP ) = sin(P F N ). Thus, we can simplify
the ratio to EP/F P , so the proof is complete. Q.E.D.
88. WLOG, let BC > AC. Then < CLB >< CLA. Let the projection of A onto CL be A′ . Since L is the
midpoint of AA2 and A′ is the midpoint of AA1 , A′ L is the midline of triangle AA1 A2 , so A′ L||A1 A2 . Thus,
we have that triangles BCL and BA1 A2 are similar. Similarly, we get that triangles ACL and AB1 B2 are
similar. Note that O1 is inside triangle AB1 B2 and O2 is outside triangle BA1 A2 , so O1 and O2 are outside of
lines AC and BC, respectively.
In order to have < O1 CB1 =< O2 CA1 , we would like to show that triangles O1 CA and O2 CA1 are similar
(more precisely, we would like to show that these triangles are congruent, but that is not actually necessary)
(Note: this is also the importance of having a good, precise, diagram, because it helps you realize things like
this). Notice that we have AB2 = BA2 by reflection, and < AB1 B2 =< ACL =< BCL =< BA1 A2 , so the
circumradii of triangles AB1 B2 and BA1 A2 are equal. Thus, O1 A = O2 A1 . By reflection, we have CA = CA1 .
Now, all we need to show is that < CAO1 =< CA1 O2 , as then we would be done by SAS congruency.
< O1 AC = 180− < O1 AB1 = 180 − (90− < B1 B2 A) = 90+ < ALC, where the equality
< O1 AB1 = 90− < B1 B2 A follows since O1 is inside triangle AB1 B2 . Similarly, we get < O2 CA1 = 180− <
O2 A1 B = 180 − (< A1 A2 B − 90) = 90 + (180− < A1 A2 B) = 90 + (180− < CLB) = 90+ < CLA. Thus,
< O1 AC =< O2 CA1 , which means triangles O1 CA and O2 CA1 are congruent by SAS, which means that
< O1 CA =< O2 CA1 =< O2 CB. Q.E.D.
21
89. Since F G is a tangent to the circumcircle of EDM , < EM D =< DEG =< CEF . Also, since
< BCD =< BAD, triangles M AD and ECF are similar by AA. Since EF is part of the ratio that we desire,
and EF is part of triangle ECF , we want EF to be part of our ratio from this similarity. Thus, we have
EF/EC = M D/AM . Cross-multiplying, we get EF ∗ AM = EC ∗ M D.
Also, we have < AGF = 180− < GCF − < GF C =< ADB− < GF C =< M DB, where the last equality
followed from similar triangles M AD and ECF . Now we want to find a way to express GE, since we already
have a way to express EF. Thus, we look for similar triangles involving GE. Fortunately, since
< CGE =< M DB and < GCE =< DBM , we have that triangles GCE and DBM are similar. Thus, we can
write the ratio GE/CE = DM/BM . Cross-multiplying, we get GE ∗ BM = CE ∗ DM . Fortunately, this
equals EF ∗ AM , so we have GE ∗ BM = EF ∗ AM . Rearranging, we get GE/EF = AM/BM .
Finally, all we have to do is find AM/BM in terms of t. Taking the reciprocal, of AM/AB, we get
AB/AM = 1/t. Subtracting 1 from both sides, we get M B/AM = (1 − t)/t. Finally, taking the reciprocal
once more, we get GE/EF = AM/BM = t/(t − 1). Q.E.D.
90. All of the ck s will be some constant. Consider the homothety H that sends w1 to w2 centered at N. It is well
known that A, K, and M are collinear. Now, since arcs MB and AM are equal,
< BAM =< ABM =< BN M =< AN M . Thus, triangles BN M and KBM are similar by AA. We can now
write the ratio BM/KM = N M/BM , so BM 2 = N M ∗ KM . Since H takes N K to N M , N K/N M is a
constant, which means that N M/KM is also a constant. Thus, we can write BM 2 = KM 2 ∗ c1 . Taking the
square root, we get BM = KM ∗ c2 .
Now we divide both sides by sin(AN M ). Since BM/ sin(AN M ) = 2R = constant, we have
(KM/ sin(AN M )) ∗ c2 = c3 , so (KM/ sin(AN M )) = c4 . Finally, dividing by 2, we get
(KM/2 sin(AN M )) = c5 , and since (KM/2 sin(AN M )) is the circumradius of triangle KBM , and it is
constant, we are done. Q.E.D.
91. Extend P C past the circle and intersect it with the tangent to the circle at E. Call this point P ′ . Now draw
the other tangent from P ′ to the circle and label the tangency point as B ′ . Let the intersection of BE and
B ′ D be X.
By Pascal’s Theorem with the configuration DDB’BBE, P , X, and the intersection of DE and BB ′ are
collinear. Similarly, with the configuration EEBB’B’D, P ′ , X, and the intersection of DE and BB ′ are
collinear.
Since both pairs of collinearities have two common points, they are indeed the same line. Also, since P and
P ′ are both points on the line, the line is indeed P P ′ . Thus, the intersection of BE and B ′ D lies on AC.
Finally, we know that the entire figure is symmetric with respect to the perpendicular bisector of DE and
AC, so CX = AX, and thus BE bisects AC. Q.E.D.
92. First, draw the diagram. As, lines AQ and M N look parallel in the diagram, we will try to prove this. Since
OM = ON , O lies on the perpendicular bisector of M N . Now let OA be the circumcenter of triangle AM N .
Clearly, OA also lies on the perpendicular bisector of M N . Now, we want to prove that the perpendicular
bisector of AQ passes through O and OA , as this would mean that AQ and M N are perpendicular to the
same line, which would make them parallel. Fortunately, as AQ is the radical axis of the two circles, the
perpendicular bisector of AQ must pass through O and OA , which means that AQ||M N . Also, since they are
parallel, and AQM N is cyclic, AQM N is an isosceles trapezoid.
If AQ is tangent to circle w, then triangles AQB and ACQ are similar (prove by PoP and SAS). Thus, we
would like to prove that these triangles are similar. This is equivalent to proving that < P QB =< P CQ, as
the result would follow by AA similarity.
Now we do a little angle chase on < P CQ. We have < P CQ =< BCQ =< BAQ =< AM N =< P M B,
where the last equality follows from parallel lines AQ and M N . Thus, we would like to prove that
< BQP =< BM P , or that quadrilateral BM QP is cyclic.
Since cyclic quadrilaterals have a lot of nice angle properties, we will aim to prove that < BP M =< BQM ,
as we can manipulate these angles the best.
First we compute < BP M . < BP M =< CP N = 180− < C− < P N C = 180− < QAN − < C =< QBC− <
C =< QBA+ < ABC− < C, where the equality < P N C =< QAN comes from parallel lines AQ and M N .
Finally, we have < QBA+ < ABC− < C =< QBA+ < ABC− < QCA− < QCB =< QBA+ < ABC− <
QBA− < QCB =< ABC− < QCB.
22
Now we compute < BQM . < BQM =< OQB− < OQM . Since triangle OQB is isosceles with vertex O, and
< QOB = 2 < QCB, < OQB = (180 − 2 < QCB)/2 = 90− < QCB. By symmetry, triangles OQM and
OAN are similar, so < OQM =< OAC = 90− < ABC. Now we can substitute these values to get
< BQM = (90− < QCB) − (90− < ABC) =< ABC− < QCB.
Since < BP M =< BQM , quadrilateral BM QP is cyclic, which implies that < P QB =< AQN =< P CQ,
which implies that triangles P QB and P CQ are similar, which implies that P Q is tangent to circle w.
Q.E.D.
93. Let the midpoint of T B be E. Then, since < XET =< XM T = 90, quadrilateral XM ET is cyclic. Thus, we
have < BT M =< ET M =< EXM =< EXB+ < BXM . Now we want to find a value for < CT M .
Notice that, since E and M are the midpoints of BT and BC, respectively, EM ||CT . Therefore,
< CT M =< EM T . By cyclic quadrilateral XM ET , < EM T =< EXT =< EXB.
Now we have that
< BT M − < CT M = (< EXB+ < BXM ) − (< EXB) =< BXM =< BAM = 1/2 < BAC, which is
constant. Q.E.D.
94. First, draw the diagram, as always. Extend AB to intersect line l at a point B ′ .
We want to show that F, C, H collinear, or < ACH+ < ACF = 180. First of all, since H is a reflection of G
over the diameter AB, we have that HG is perpendicular to AB, so it is parallel to line l. With nothing else
in mind, we angle chase a little on < HCA. < HCA =< HGA =< B ′ F A =< DF A. Thus, we want to prove
that < DF A+ < ACF = 180. Since < ACF = 180− < DCF , we want to prove that
< DF A + (180− < DCF ) = 180, or < DF A =< DCF . Since triangles AF D and F CD have a shared angle
at < ADF , it suffices to prove that triangles AF D and F CD are similar.
After a (hopefully short) attempt to prove that < DAF =< DCF , as this leads nowhere, we move on to try
and prove that the triangles are similar by SAS. Thus, we want to show that AD/DF = F D/DC.
Cross-multiplying, we get that we want to show that AD ∗ DC = DF 2 . Now notice that
AD ∗ DC = DC ∗ DA, which is the power of point D with respect to the circle. However, since DE is tangent
to the circle, it is also equal to DE 2 . Thus, we want to show that DE 2 = DF 2 , or DE = DF .
Finally, we can angle chase on triangle DEF . Let < DF E =< 1. Then, since AB ′ is perpendicular to B ′ F ,
< F BB ′ = 90− < 1 =< EBA. Thus, since AB is a diameter, < EBA+ < EAB = 90, so
< EAB = 90− < EBA = 90 − (90− < 1) =< 1. Finally, since DE is tangent to the circle,
< DEF =< EAB =< 1. Since < DEF =< DF E =< 1, triangle DEF is isosceles and DE = DF , so we may
conclude. Q.E.D.
95. Let M and N be the midpoints of BE and CD respectively. Note that since △BEO and △CDO are both
isosceles, AM ⊥ M O and AN ⊥ N O =⇒ AM ON is cyclic. In addition, note that angle chasing gives
∠P DE = ∠P AE ≡ ∠P AB = ∠P CB. Similarly, ∠P ED = ∠P BC, so △P ED ∼ △P BC. Therefore by
Problem 77 △P ED ∼ △P M N and by Problem 26 △P EM ∼ △P DN . This implies ∠P M A = ∠P N A and
so (AP M N ) is also cyclic. Hence A, P, M, O, N all lie one circle, implying that ∠AP O = ∠AM O = 90◦ as
desired. Q.E.D.
96. It is easy to see that ABOP C is concyclic. Because BQP M is cyclic (by definition), we have
∠M BQ = ∠QP O = 90◦ . Furthermore, we have ∠BQM = ∠BP M = ∠BP O = ∠BAO, so M BQ ∼ OBA.
Therefore, there is a spiral similarity about B mapping M Q to AO. Thus, M BO ∼ QBA. We therefore have
OB · AQ
OM =
AB
OC·AQ
Similarly, we can arrive at ON = AC which is clearly equal to OM because OB = OC and AB = AC.
Q.E.D.
23
97. Note that ∠LY A = ∠Y ZA = ∠Y AZ = ∠LY A by the conditions in the problem statement. This means that
△ALY is isosceles, so AL = AY . Draw in Y B. Then since
∠LAB = ∠LAY + ∠Y AZ + ∠ZAB = ∠LY A + ∠KY Z + ∠ZY B = 180◦ − ∠AY B = 90◦ ,
we have AL ⊥ AB. (I’m pretty sure simply the fact that the triangle was isosceles implies that the leg is
tangent, but whatever.) Furthermore, since OY ⊥ AZ ⊥ BZ, where O is the center of the circle, we have
KY ⊥ KB, so ALKB is cyclic.
Next, I claim that AK AY 2 2
AX = ( AX ) . To prove this, note that △ALY ∼ △AY Z, so AY = AL · AZ. In addition,
since ∠ALB = ∠AKB by cyclicity, △ALX ∼ △AKZ, so
2
AK AL AK AZ · AL AY
= =⇒ = = ,
AZ AX AX AX 2 AX
as desired.
Let AL = ℓ and WLOG let AB = 2. From standard altitude-to-hypotenuse calculations, it may be deduced
2ℓ
that AX = √4+ℓ 2
. In addition, since ∠LY O = ∠LAO = 90◦ , ALY O is cyclic, so by Ptolemy
p 2ℓ
AL · OY + AO · LY = AY · OL =⇒ 2ℓ = AY 1 + ℓ2 =⇒ AY = √ .
1 + ℓ2
Therefore
2 2 2 √ !2
AK AL AY AL 2ℓ/ 1 + ℓ2 ℓ2 4 + ℓ2 ℓ2 3 ℓ2
+ = + = √ + = 2
+ =1+ 2
+ .
AX AB AX AB 2ℓ/ 4 + ℓ 2 4 1+ℓ 4 1+ℓ 4
Let S denote this sum. It suffices to find the maximum value of S. A way to do this without calculus is as
follows: subtracting 1 and adding 14 to both sides gives
s
3 3 1 + ℓ2 3 1 + ℓ2 √
S− = 2
+ ≥ 2 2
· = 3.
4 1+ℓ 4 1+ℓ 4
3
√
Therefore S ≥ 4 + 3. The requested answer is 3 + 10 · 4 + 100 · 3 = 343 .
98. Very large diagram:
P
E
C
Clearly, we have ABC ∼ ADE (they practically give that to you) so we have AB AD
AC = AE , which rearranges to
AB AC
AD = AE and because ∠DAB = ∠EAC we have ABD ∼ ACE. (Alternatively, note that there is a spiral
24
similarity about A mapping BD to CE). Now we see that ∠ABD = ∠ACE so ABCP is cyclic. Similarly,
AEDP is cyclic. Furthermore, notice that
∠P DC = ∠BDC = ∠ADC − ∠ADB = ∠AED − ∠AEC = ∠P ED
Which means that CD is tangent to circle (AP DE). Similarly, CD is tangent to (ABCP ). Therefore, since
AP is the radical axis between (AP DE) and (ABCP ), we see that AP bisects CD, as desired. Q.E.D.
99. Throughout the proof, we use directed segments. For each i, define Xi to be the second intersection point of
Ai Ai+2 with ⊙Oi+2 , taking A5 = A1 , etc. Furthermore, let P be the intersection of the diagonals A1 A3 and
A2 A4 . The key observation is to note that A1 A3 is the radical axis of ⊙O2 and ⊙O4 , and that A2 A4 is the
radical axis of ⊙O1 and ⊙O3 . This implies that P has equal power with respect to all four circles.
One consequence of this is that P A1 · P X1 = P A4 · P A2 . Expansion gives
P A1 · (P A3 + A3 X1 ) = (P X2 + X2 A4 ) · P A2
P A1 · P A3 + P A1 · A3 X1 = P X2 · P A2 + X2 A4 · P A2 .
By PoP we see that P A1 · P A3 = P A2 · P X2 , so

1 1
P A2 · A4 X2 + A3 X1 · P A1 = 0 =⇒ + = 0.
A3 X1 · P A1 P A2 · A4 X2
Next, clever manipulation gives
1 A1 A3 P A3 − P A1
= =
A3 X1 · P A1 A1 A3 · A3 X1 · P A1 A1 A3 · A3 X1 · P A1

1 P A3 1
= − .
A1 A3 A3 X1 · P A1 A3 X1
Through the fact that P has equal power with respect to all four circles, we obtain that
P X1 · P A1 = P X3 · P A3
(P A3 + A3 X1 ) · P A1 = (P A1 + A1 X3 ) · P A3
A3 X1 · P A1 = A1 X3 · P A3 .
Thus

1 P A3 1 1 1 1
− = −
A1 A3 A3 X1 · P A1 A3 X 1 A1 A3 A1 X3 A3 X1
1 1
= + .
A1 A3 · A1 X3 A3 A1 · A3 X1
1 1 1
Similarly, we get + = . Finally, note that A1 A3 · A1 X3 is equal to the
A2 A4 · A2 X4 A4 A2 · A4 X2 A4 X2 · P A2
power of the point A1 with respect to ⊙O1 , which in turn is known to be equal to O1 A21 − r12 . Thus,
substituting our new expressions into one of our earlier equations and replacing all of the denominators with
corresponding (cyclic) Power of a Point expressions gives
1 1 1 1
+ + + = 0,
O1 A21 − r12 O2 A22 − r22 O3 A23 − r32 O4 A24 − r42
as desired. Q.E.D.
100. Let O denote the circumcenter of △ABC, and WLOG let AB < AC. By simple angle-chasing,
∠BF C = ∠BDM + ∠AEF

= 2∠BAD + 2∠EAC
= 2∠BAC = ∠BOC,
25
so BF OC is a cyclic quadrilateral. In addition, note that the circumcircle of △AP N passes through O since
∠AP O = ∠AN O = 90◦ . Therefore, if F is to lie on (AP N ), OF must be the radical axis of the circumcircles
of △AP N and △BOC. Now let X denote the point at which the tangent to the circumcircle of △ABC at A
meets BC. As △AP N and △ABC are homothetic, their circumcircles are tangent, and as such AX is the
radical axis of the two circles. Combining this with the fact that BC is the radical axis of (BF OC) and
(ABC) gives that X is the radical center of all three circles. Thus what we want to prove is simplified to
proving that X, F, and O are collinear.
Note that by some more angle-chasing we see that
∠F OC = ∠XBF = ∠XBA + ∠ABD

= ∠XAC + ∠BAD = ∠XAM + ∠A.
In addition, note that ∠OM C = 21 ∠BOC = ∠A, so ∠XAM = ∠F OM . However, since

∠XAO = ∠XM O = 90◦ , quadrilateral XAOM is cyclic, so ∠XAM = ∠XOM . Therefore
∠XOM = ∠F OM , implying that X, F, O are collinear as desired. Q.E.D.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to everyone who posted solutions to these problems, and one big THANK YOU to David Altizio,
for making this compilation.
26

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100 Geometry Problems: Bridging the Gap from AIME to USAMO

D2 = XP12 + XP22 + XP32 + XP42 .

(a) Prove that ∠HAB = ∠OAC.2

40. [AIME Unused] In the figure, ABC is a triangle

prove that ∠BKC = ∠CDB.

April 26th, 2015

Solving yields rb = 4, rc = 5, and AX = ra = 10 .

30◦ = ∠CAB − ∠ABC = α − (α − 2φ) = 2φ ⇔ φ = 15◦ .

It is given that ∠AM D ∼

6. First, we draw the diagram:

We arrive at −9 + 133 + 2 = 126 .

29. The diagram:

With some simple calculations we see that

34. First we’re going to have to visualize this.

37. From simple similarity we find AE = 48 27 36

(16y 2 − 4x2 ) + x2 = 900

∠A′ P ′ D′ + ∠AP ′ D = 180◦

∠BCP = ∠BP ′′ P = ∠AP P ′

the last equality following from congruence. Thus, we have that

∠DAP + ∠BCP = ∠DAP + ∠AP P ′ = 180◦ − 90◦ = 90◦

so △M ED is M -isosceles and M E = M D as desired. Q.E.D.

Applying this cyclically, we see that △ABC is equilateral. Q.E.D.

51. ∠BP Q = ∠BP A = ∠BCA so AP is the angle bisector √

52. The diagram:

Solving this gives x2 = 132 .

Solving this is simple, and yields d = 306 .

∠ROQ = ∠SP R = 12 ∠SOP = ∠SOX.

Therefore △SXO ∼ △QRO and

73. First, a diagram:

75. First, a diagram:

is much easier to compute. By Law of Cosines, we have

so the area of △BH ′ C is 21 (BC)(XH ′ ) = 15 .

so our final answer is 254 .

so △AF G is isosceles as desired. Q.E.D.

Now from the Law of Cosines on △P AB, we have

BP 2 = 182 + (9 − 9 cos θ)2 + 2(18)(9 − 9 cos θ) cos θ

84. Let X = BM ∩ CN , and define B ′ = AB ∩ M N , C ′ = AC ∩ M N . First note that the condition

∠LAB = ∠LAY + ∠Y AZ + ∠ZAB = ∠LY A + ∠KY Z + ∠ZY B = 180◦ − ∠AY B = 90◦ ,

∠P DC = ∠BDC = ∠ADC − ∠ADB = ∠AED − ∠AEC = ∠P ED

By PoP we see that P A1 · P A3 = P A2 · P X2 , so

∠BF C = ∠BDM + ∠AEF

∠F OC = ∠XBF = ∠XBA + ∠ABD

In addition, note that ∠OM C = 21 ∠BOC = ∠A, so ∠XAM = ∠F OM . However, since

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