International Islamic University,

Islamabad
Power Distribution and Utilization

EXPERIMENT # 3:

Introduction to power utilization and trainer

Name of Student: Muhammad Afaq

Roll No.: 265-FET-BSEE-F17b
Date of Experiment: ………………………………..
EXPERIMENT # 3:
Introduction to power utilization and trainer

Utilization is the "end result" of the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power.
Everything in this world runs on power. Power is the rate at which work is done. This work has increased
exponentially in the last century. The energy carried by the transmission and distribution system is turned
into useful work, light, heat, or a combination of these items at the utilization point. Understanding and
characterizing the utilization of electric power is critical for proper planning and operation of power
systems. Improper characterization of utilization can result of over or under building of power system
facilities and stressing of system equipment beyond design capabilities. This lab describes some of the
basics of power utilization in electric power systems.

1 Domestic Power Utilization

The domestic utilization is defined as the total energy consumed by the electrical appliances in the
household work. It depends on the living standard, weather and type of residence. The domestic loads
mainly consist of lights, fan, refrigerator, air conditioners, mixer, grinder, heater, ovens, small pumping,
motor, etc. The domestic load consumes very little power and also independent from frequency. This load
largely consists of lighting, cooling or heating. Most of the residential load occurs only for some hours
during the day (i.e., 24 hours) e.g., lighting load occurs during nighttime and domestic appliance load
occurs for only a few hours. For this reason, the load factor is low (10% to 12%).

2 Industrial Power Utilization

Industrial load consists of small-scale industries, medium scale industries, large scale industries, heavy
industries and cottage industries. The induction motor forms a high proportion of the composite load. The
magnitude of industrial load depends upon the type of industry. Thus small scale industry requires load
upto 25 kW, medium scale industry between 25kW and 100 kW and large-scale industry requires load
above 500 kW. Industrial loads are generally not weather dependent.

3 Commercial Power utilization

Commercial load consists of lighting for shops, fans and electric appliances used in restaurants etc. This
class of load occurs for more hours during the day as compared to the domestic load. The commercial
load has seasonal variations due to the extensive use of air conditioners and space heaters. Fans, Heating,
Air conditioning and many other electrical appliances used in establishments such as market restaurants,
etc. are considered as a commercial load.

4 Municipal Power utilization

Municipal load consists of street lighting, power required for water supply and drainage purposes. Street
lighting load is practically constant throughout the hours of the night. For water supply, water is pumped
to overhead tanks by pumps driven by electric motors. Pumping is carried out during the off-peak period,
usually occurring during the night. This helps to improve the load factor of the power system.
5 Agricultural Power utilization
This type of load is the electric power needed for pumps driven by motors to supply water to fields.
Generally this type of load is supplied for 12 hours during night

6 Traction Power utilization

This type of load includes tram cars, trolley buses, railways etc. This class of load has wide variation.
During the morning hour, it reaches peak value because people have to go to their work place. After
morning hours, the load starts decreasing and again rises during evening since the people start coming to
their homes.

7 Load Classifications
The term load refers to a device or collection of devices that draw energy from the power system.
Individual loads (devices) range from small light bulbs to large induction motors to arc furnaces. The
term load is often somewhat arbitrarily applied, at times being used to describe a specific device, and
other times referring to an entire facility and even being used to describe the lumped power requirements
of power system components and connected utilization devices downstream of a specific point in large-
scale system studies. Electrical loads may be categorized as DC Loads and AC Loads.

a. DC Loads
DC loads are the electrical devices or appliances which receive a direct current (DC) from a source. DC
loads are commonly found in many extra-low voltage applications and some low-voltage applications,
especially where these are powered by batteries or solar power systems (since both can produce only DC).
Some common examples are laptop batteries; cell phone batteries and DC powered LED lights. But the
higher voltage DC Loads are also available for industrial utilization such as dc motors.

b. AC Loads
An AC load is any device which receives alternating-current (AC) electrical power from a source in an
electrical system. Some common examples of AC loads are microwave oven, hair dryer, common
lighting, etc.

i. Single Phase Loads

Single phase loads are powered by single phase AC supply. Single-phase loads are mostly lighting and
heating, with few large electric motors. A single-phase load may be powered from a three-phase
distribution transformer in two ways: by connection between one phase and neutral or by connection
between two phases.

ii. Three Phase Loads

Three phase supply used to power large motors and other heavy loads that are commonly known as three
phase loads. Supplying power to the loads in three phase is more economical than single phase.

iii. Multi-Phase Loads

The multiphase machines find applicability in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Aircraft Application, Electric
Ship Propulsion, and High Power Industrial Applications. Polyphase systems have three or more
energized electrical conductors carrying alternating currents with a defined phase angle between the
voltage waves in each conductor; Multi-phase power generation designs with 5, 7, 9, 12, and 15 phases.

8 Power Utilization Trainer and Loads

The figure 1 is the power distribution and utilization trainer available for demonstration and expriments at
power system laboratory. The trainer has the simulation models for Distribution Lines, feeders, couplers,
metering, utility and protection. The trainers take 3-phase main from the electricity available in
laboratory. A circuit braker is used safety and protection at the top of left corner.

The energy analyzer can also be connected with computers to extract the data for analysis. There are some
other additional components and accessaries available in the laboratory which will be provided time to
time as per need. The Intructor will explain the components of the trainers.

There are different loads which will be connected with the trainers to find its effect on power system. The
specific part of the trainer used for this purpose is highlight in figure 1.

Fig. 1 Power Distribution and Utilization Trainer

Exercise:
1. Prepare a list of twenty different DC loads used in industry and domestic applications.

2. Prepare a list of twenty different AC loads used in industry and domestic applications.

3. Write a note how DC loads effect power factor of AC power system. ( The note must be restricted
to one page )