托福听力核心词汇

第一部分：托福听力对话词汇
List 1：图书馆场景对话单词—————————————————————————— 2-6
List 2：校园工作场景对话单词————————————————————————— 6-8
List 3：社团活动场景对话单词————————————————————————— 9-12
List 4：选课场景对话单词——————————————————————————— 12-16
List 5：论文类场景对话单词—————————————————————————— 16-20
List 6：行政事务对话单词——————————————————————————— 20-25
List7：校园生活类高频单词——————————————————————————- 25-28

第二部分：托福听力讲座词汇
艺术类听力单词
List 1：表演类———————————————————————————————— 29-35
List 2：美术类———————————————————————————————— 35-42
List 3：音乐类———————————————————————————————— 42-44
List 4：建筑类———————————————————————————————— 44-50
List 5：文学类———————————————————————————————— 50-55

生物类听力单词
List 6：动物类———————————————————————————————— 55-62
List 7：植物类———————————————————————————————— 62-67
List 8：生态类———————————————————————————————— 67-74

社会科学类听力单词
List 9：商业类———————————————————————————————— 74-83
List 10：心理学———————————————————————————————- 83-86
List 11：考古学———————————————————————————————- 86-90

自然科学类听力单词
List 12：天文学———————————————————————————————- 90-98
List 13：地质学———————————————————————————————- 99-107
List 14：科学类———————————————————————————————- 107-114

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第一部分：托福听力对话词汇

List 1：图书馆类

librarían [laɪ'brɛrɪən]
n. 图书馆员；图书管理员
释义：someone who works in a library
例句：Listen to a conversation between a student and the librarian employee.

due [du]
adj. 到期的；预期的；应付的；应得的
n. 应付款；应得之物
释义：expected to happen or arrive at a particular time
例句：Actually, the due day is tomorrow. After that, there’ll be a two dollar per day fine.

overdue [ovɚ'du]
adj. 过期的；迟到的；未兑的
释义：not done, paid, returned etc by the time expected
例句：The library books are overdue.

fine [faɪn]
n. 罚款
释义：money that you have to pay as a punishment
例句：After that, there’ll be a two dollar per day fine.

journal ['dʒɝnl]
n. 日报，杂志；日记；分类账
释义：a serious magazine produced for professional people or those with a particular interest
例句：Find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them.

renew [rɪ'nʊ]
vt. 使更新；续借；续费；复兴；重申
vi. 更新；重新开始
释义：to arrange for an agreement or official document to continue for a further period of time
例句：What if the person renews it? And I really need it right now.

reference section [ˈrɛfərəns ˈsɛkʃən]

参考书目

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例句：And also be sure you include a good reference section where all your published and
unpublished data came from.

abstract ['æbstrækt]
n. 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念
adj. 抽象的；深奥的
vt. 摘要；提取；使……抽象化；转移(注意力、兴趣等)；使心不在焉
vi. 做摘要；写梗概
释义：based on general ideas or principles rather than specific examples or real events
例句：It’s a bit abstract but he’s very into…uh… into each person believing his or her own
thought, believing in yourself, the thought or conviction that’s true for you.

electronic sources [ɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪk] [sɔːrsis]

电子资源
释义：material that is on an electronic device rather than printed
例句：All of the library's databases and electronic sources can be accessed through any computer
connected to the university network.

reserve [rɪ'zɝv]
n. 储备，储存；自然保护区；预备队；缄默；[金融] 储备金
vt. 储备；保留；预约
释义：to keep something so that it can be used by a particular person or for a particular purpose
例句：Let me check in the computer. Um… doesn’t seem to be checked out and it’s not on
reserve.

loan counter [lon] ['kaʊntɚ]

借书柜台
释义：the place you borrow books at
例句：Why can be inferred about the man at the loan counter?

check out [tʃɛkaʊt]

借（书）
释义：to borrow (books)
例句：These are the books that I want to check out.

loan period [lon] ['pɪrɪəd]

借书期限
释义：the time that you can keep the book
例句：Student: So how long can I borrow books for? Professor: Our loan period is a month.

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photocopier ['fotokɑpɪɚ]
n. 影印机；复印机
释义：a machine that makes photographic copies of documents
例句：I am sure you'll need photocopiers too. They are down the hall to your left.

charge [tʃɑrdʒ]
n. 费用；电荷；掌管；控告；命令；负载
vt. 使充电；使承担；指责；装载；对…索费；向…冲去
vi. 充电；控告；索价；向前冲；记在账上
释义：the amount of money you have to pay for goods or services
例句：How much do you guys get charge?

index ['ɪndɛks]
n. 指标；指数；索引；指针
vi. 做索引
vt. 指出；编入索引中
释义：an alphabetical list of names, subjects etc at the back of a book, with the numbers of the
pages where they can be found
例句：And one more thing, do you have a copy of the department’s document on the correct
format for index, citations and references?

shelf [ʃɛlf]
n. 架子；搁板；搁板状物；暗礁
释义：a long flat narrow board attached to a wall or in a frame or cupboard, used for putting
things on
例句：It’s an old book, and there were two copies on the shelf just now.

refund [ˈrifʌnd]
vi. 退还；偿还，归还
vt. 退还；偿还；付还
n. 退款；偿还，偿还额
释义：an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not satisfied with the goods or
services that you have paid for
例句：Well, for a full refund, store policy is that you have to return merchandise 2 weeks from
the time it was purchased.

interlibrary loan service

馆际借书服务

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例句：Well, we should also mention that we have an interlibrary loan service.

introduction [,ɪntrə’dʌkʃən]
（论文的）引言部分
释义：the act of bringing something into use for the first time
例句：And of course, you’ll have to revise the introduction too, to accurately describe what you
do in the body of the paper.

rare book
珍本、珍藏书
释义：very old and valuable books
例句：Where is the collection of rare books?

literature review [lɪtərəˌtʃʊr][ri'vju:]

文学评论
释义：A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current
knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions
to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new
or original experimental work.
例句：I’m supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but um… having a hard
time finding articles. I don’t even know where to start looking.

return [rɪ'tɝn]
vt. 返回；报答
vi. 返回；报答
n. 返回；归还；回球
adj. 报答的；回程的；返回的
释义：to give or send something back, or to put something back in its place
例句：I received a letter in my mailbox saying that I'm supposed to return a book that I checked
out back in January.

orientation session[orɪɛn’teʃən]['sɛʃən]
n. 新生说明会
释义：the meeting to give instructions to the new students
例句：Hi, I am new here. I, um, couldn't come to the student orientation and I'm wondering if you
can give me a few quick pointers about the library?

database [‘detəbes]
n. 数据库，资料库
释义：a large amount of data stored in a computer system so that you can find and use it easily

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例句：All of the library's databases and electronic sources can be accessed through any computer
connected to the university network.

glove[ɡlʌv]
n. 手套
vt. 给…戴手套
释义：a piece of clothing that you wear on your hand in order to protect it or keep it warm
例句：You need to get special permission to access them, and then you have to wear gloves to
handle them .

truck[trʌk]
n. 卡车；交易；手推车
释义：a large road vehicle used to carry goods
例句：If you need to get hold a book that’s not in our library, there is a truck that runs between
our library and a few other public and university libraries in this area.

collection[kə’lɛkʃən]
n. 采集，聚集；[税收] 征收；收藏品；募捐
释义：a set of similar things that are kept or brought together because they are attractive or
interesting
例句：Um, where is the collection of rare books?

annual book sale['ænjuəl]

（图书馆的）年度图书销售
例句：He is probably talking about our annual book sale. We have one every spring.

permission[pɚ’mɪʃən]
n. 允许，许可
释义：If someone who has authority over you gives you permission to do something, they say
that they will allow you to do it.
例句：You need to get special permission to access them.

plug in [plʌɡ]
插入；插上电源
释义：If you plug a piece of electrical equipment into an electricity supply or if you plug it in, you
push its plug into an electric outlet so that it can work.
例句：There is a whole area here on the main floor where you can bring a laptop and plug it in for
power

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List 2：校园工作

competitive [kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv]
adj. 竞争的，比赛的; （价格等） 有竞争力的; （指人） 好竞争的
释义：To describe situations or activities in which people or firms compete with each other.
例句：But our textbook said that the competitive…the competition was good for women. It
helped them see where they needed to improve.

financial aid [faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l eid

释义：Money to support a worthy person or cause.
例句：They said their remaining positions were for work-study students getting financial aid.

scholarship [ˈskɑ:lərʃɪp]
n. 奖学金;学术;学识
释义：Financial aid provided to a student on the basis of academic merit.
例句：Let me show you our catalogue of various programs as well as scholarships offered here.

grant [grænt]
n. 拨款;补助金
释义：A sum of money that is given by the government or by another organization to be used for
a particular purpose.
例句：Good, first a panel of professors reviews the applications for the grant.

loan [loʊn]
n. 贷款;借款;借用
vt. 借，借给
vi. 借出
释义：If someone gives you a loan of something, you borrow it from them.
例句：Our loan period is a month.

recruit [rɪˈkrut]
n. 新兵;（机构中的）新成员; 新学生
vt. 招聘，征募;吸收某人为新成员
释义：Any new member or supporter (as in the armed forces); register formally as a participant
or member.
例句：Well, as you know, the career fair is generally an opportunity for local businesses to recruit
new employees.

hire [haɪr]

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vi. 受雇;得到工作
n. 租金;酬金，工钱
释义：The act of hiring something or someone；engage for service under a term of contract.
例句：I think you know that the department is looking to hire a new professor.

interview [ˈɪntərvju:]
n. 采访; 面试; 接见; 会谈
vt.& vi. 面试
释义：Discuss formally with (somebody) for the purpose of an evaluation.
例句：But I have one major concern about the last assignment: you know—the one where we
have to interview a local business owner, uh, I mean entrepreneur?

paycheck ['peɪtʃek]
n. 付薪水的支票，薪水
释义：A check issued in payment of wages or salary.
例句：However, instead of getting a paycheck, the money goes directly to your bill for your
courses, but almost all work-study jobs pay minimum wage, which is usually pretty low.

bank account [bæŋk əˈkaʊnt]

银行存款; 银行往来账
释义：A fund that a customer has entrusted to a bank and from which the customer can make
withdrawals
例句：Well, it’s already been several weeks at the end of the semester and my check was
supposed to go directly into my bank account but there haven’t been any deposits.

help desk [‘hɛlp ˌdɛsk]

帮助台; 服务台; 咨询台; 技术支持中心; 服务热线
释义：A service that provides information and assistance to the users of a computer network
例句：OK, The technology support department needs people to work its help desk. It’s basically a
customer service job, answering questions, helping people solve their computer problems, give
you a chance to develop your people skills.

shift [ʃɪft]
v. 改变；换挡；去掉
n. 移动，转移，替换，更换（换班）
释义：The act of changing one thing or position for another；a crew of workers who work for a
specific period of time.
例句：Oh, I love Fox’s. I eat there every week. Maybe you could switch shifts with someone.

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tutoring center [ˈtjuːtərɪŋˈsɛntər ]
家教中心;补习班;辅导中心
例句：You see, I have been working at the campus tutoring center as a math tutor.

teaching assistant [ˈtitʃɪŋ əˈsɪstənt]

n. 助教
释义：A person who is not a qualified teacher who helps a teacher in a school
例句：I thought graduate teaching assistant will automatically put on the payroll at the beginning
of the semester.

internship [ˈɪntɜ:rnʃɪp]
n. 实习
（intern 实习生）
释义：An internship is the position held by an intern, or the period of time when someone is an
intern.
例句：I am doing a special research internship with the center. We’ll be collecting data on
changes to the seafloor out in the open ocean.

volunteer [ˌvɑ:lənˈtɪr]
n. 志愿者，志愿兵
adj. 自愿的，志愿的
vt.&vi. 自愿去做
释义：A volunteer is someone who does work without being paid for it, because they want to do
it.
例句：We usually need about twenty volunteers for the sale. And well, if you volunteer, you get
first shot at everything in advance.

List 3：社团活动

audition /ɔ'dɪʃən/
n. 听力，听觉；试听
vi. 试听；试音
vt. 对…进行面试；让…试唱
释义：

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[noun] a short performance given by an actor, a singer, etc., so that somebody can decide whether
they are suitable to act in a play, sing in a concert, etc.
[intransitive verb] audition (for something) to take part in an audition
[transitive verb] audition somebody (for something) to watch, listen to and judge somebody at an
audition
例句：it is so hard to get into this group, I must have auditioned like ten times since I have been
at the school.

rehearsal /rɪ'hɝsl/
n. 排演；预演；练习；训练；叙述
释义：time that is spent practicing a play or piece of music in preparation for a public
performance
例句：Like I explained on the phone we’ve always had our rehearsals in the Lincoln Auditorium
every day at 3 o’clock.

maintenance /'mentənəns/
n. 维护，维修；保持；生活费用
释义：the act of keeping something in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly
例句：Sorry, that room scheduled for repainting in maintenance over the summer, so I can’t give
it to you.

membership /'mɛmbɚʃɪp/
n. 资格；成员资格；会员身份
释义：the state of being a member of a group, a club, an organization, etc.
例句：Nowadays in spite of all that, and expensive membership fees, health club are hugely
popular.

orchestra /'ɔrkɪstrə/
n. 管弦乐队
释义：a large group of people who play various musical instruments together, led by a conductor
例句：each major movie company pretty much had only one orchestra for all their productions, a
set number of regular musicians.

ensemble /ɑn'sɑmbl/
n. 全体；合奏组
释义：a small group of musicians, dancers or actors who perform together
例句：You know, originally we were booked in one of the rehearsal rooms in the music building,
but then we switched with the jazz ensemble.

auditorium /,ɔdɪ'tɔrɪəm/
n. 礼堂，会堂
释义：a large building or room in which public meetings, concerts, etc. are held
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例句：Of course some of the other auditoriums have pianos, but that’s not going to be easy.

hall /hɔl/
n. 过道，门厅，走廊；
释义：a space or passage inside the entrance or front door of a building
例句：Here we go, there’s a room open in Murphy just down the hall from your new one.

gym /dʒɪm/
n. 健身房；体育；体育馆
释义：a room or hall with equipment for doing physical exercise, for example in a school
例句：But people who play sports in the gym… they don’t have to pay anything.

fee /fi/
n. 费用；酬金；小费
释义：an amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services
例句：Uh … what the other outline I sent in, about the proposed increase in tuition fees?

faculty /ˈfækəlti/
n. 全体教员
释义：all the teachers in a faculty of a college or university
例句：One new faculty member has been hired. She will be teaching International Banking as a
matter of fact.

journalism /'dʒɝnl'ɪzəm/
n. 新闻业，新闻工作；报章杂志
释义：the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or
television
例句：She is journalism major. She would be happy to publish another point of view.

submit /səb'mɪt/
vt. 使服从；主张；呈递
释义：to give a document, proposal, etc. to somebody in authority so that they can study or
consider it
例句：I can get it from my dorm room, bring it back with me and submit it with those forms you
need from me.

construction /kən'strʌkʃən/
n. 建设；建筑物
释义：the process or method of building or making something, especially roads, buildings,
bridges, etc.

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例句：The equipment is all set up you know, the scaffolding is up on that side of the building and,
it just wouldn’t be practical to have the construction workers move everything to another side and
leave a whole side of the library all torn up like that.

editorial /,ɛdɪ'tɔrɪəl/
n. 社论
释义：an important article in a newspaper, that expresses the editor’s opinion about an item of
news or an issue; in the US also a comment on radio or television that expresses the opinion of the
station or network
例句：Since I’m gonna look at newspapers from two cities, I could read the editorials, the opinion
pieces, to find out what each community thought about the national assembly.

editor /'ɛdɪtɚ/
n. 编者，编辑
释义：a person who is in charge of a newspaper, magazine, etc., or part of one, and who decides
what should be included
例句：In fact I barely recognized a couple of paragraphs. But the editor explained why the
changes were made. I learned a lot and my second article didn't meet nearly many changes.

department /dɪ'pɑrtmənt/
n. 部；部门；系；科
释义：a section of a large organization such as a government, business, university, etc.
例句：But maybe you could ask the French department to post the announcement on its website.
And maybe you could approach some other departments as well, you know, relevant ones.

schedule /ˈskedʒʊl/
n. 时间表；计划表；一览表
释义：a plan that lists all the work that you have to do and when you must do each thing
例句：I don't think that would do you much good since we are already working on next week's
schedule.

post /pəʊst/
vt. 张贴；公布
释义：to send a letter, etc. to somebody by post/mail
例句：We don't post things automatically. We get so many requests that we couldn't possibly
post them all.

finalize /'faɪnəlaɪz/
vt. 完成；使结束
释义：to complete the last part of a plan, trip, project, etc.
例句：I thought everything was finalized last week.

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club /klʌb/
n. 俱乐部，社团
释义：a group of people who meet together regularly, for a particular activity, sport, etc.
例句：I am stopping by to reserve a place for my school club that meet and work, pretty much on
a regular basis.

poll /pəʊl/
n. 投票；民意测验
释义：the process of questioning people who are representative of a larger group in order to get
information about the general opinion
例句：This is where I get confused because of the article in last month’s campus newspaper about
the poll.

authentic /ɔ'θɛntɪk/
adj. 真正的，真实的；可信的
释义：known to be real and genuine and not a copy
例句：Well, our idea is to reproduce the conditions of an Elizabethan playhouse; make it as
authentic as possible and of course they didn’t have electric lights 500 years ago.

intermission /'ɪntɚ'mɪʃən/
n. 幕间休息；暂停；中断
释义：a short period of time between the parts of a play, film/movie, etc.
例句：When the candles burn down, they stopped the play so they could bring out new ones and
that’s when they sold snacks. That’s how the custom of having an intermission started.

scenery /'sinəri/
n. 风景；景色
释义：the natural features of an area, such as mountains, valleys, rivers and forests, when you
are thinking about them being attractive to look at
例句：I always thought intermissions began as a way to change the scenery.

organization /,ɔrɡənə'zeʃən/
n. 组织；机构
释义：a group of people who form a business, club, etc. together in order to achieve a particular
aim
例句：I’d say the article is bringing attention to the student government organization, which is
pretty invisible.

advisor /əd'vaɪzɚ/
n. 顾问；指导教师

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释义：a person who gives advice, especially somebody who knows a lot about a particular subject
例句：Hmm…that’s not pulling up anything on my screen. Um…let me try something else. Uh,
how about your faculty advisor’s name?

List 4：选课

introductory /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/ course

n. 基础性课程；导论课程；入门课程
<口> intro course
<同> basic course; foundational course
释义：a course that introduces students to a subject and prepares them for studying it at a higher
level
例句：I’m taking mostly introductory courses and some are taught in these huge lecture halls.

intermediate /ˌɪntərˈmiːdiət/ course

n. 中级课程
释义：a course that has more than a basic knowledge of something but not yet advanced
例句：My classmates, um, some of my classmates, did this for an easy way to meet their
intermediate course requirement, but I did it to get the kind of depth in those topics I was going
for.

elective (course) / ɪˈlektɪv/

n. & a. 选修(课程)
<同> optional course
释义：a course that a student can choose
例句：My issue is, I have got two required courses and two electives. I am trying to figure out
which elective course is to take.

required (course) / rɪˈkwaɪərd/

必修(课程)
<同> compulsory course
释义：a course within your academic program that you must pass in order to meet the
graduation requirements
例句：I get a lot of students from the engineering department because I teach the required
applied mathematics courses.

prerequisite /ˌpriːˈrekwəzɪt/
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n. （在下阶段较难课程前的）必须先修课程
释义：a specific course or subject that you must complete before you can take another course at
the next grade level. To be accepted into some courses, you will have to prove that you have
completed a similar course in the same or a related subject, at a lower grade level.
例句：In fact, usually the system blocks anyone trying to sign up for a class they shouldn’t be
taking, who hasn’t taken the courses you are required to do first as prerequisites.

field trip/research [fild trɪp/ ˈriˌsərtʃ]

n. 实地考察/实地研究
释义：a visit (as to a factory, farm, or museum) made (as by students and a teacher) for purposes
of firsthand observation.
例句：My chair person told me that if I did independent field research in addition to the assigned
work in each course, they would count as intermediate level courses.

seminar / ˈsemɪnɑːr/
n. 研讨会；研讨课
释义：a class at a university or college when a small group of students and a teacher discuss or
study a particular topic
例句：The classroom component consists of seminars on that country's culture, politics and
economy.

sign up (for a course) [saɪn əp]

phr. v. 注册；报名（课程）
<同> register (for a course)
释义：to arrange to do a course of study by adding your name to the list of people doing it
例句：Do you have any courses you’re going to take next semester? If you do, you might want to
take them now and sign up for physics 403 next semester.

enroll / ɪnˈroʊl/
v. 注册；报名
释义：to arrange for yourself or for sb else to officially join a course, school, etc.
例句：Do you know how many people have to be enrolled in order to keep a class from being
cancelled?

drop (a course)
v. 放弃；退出
释义：to stop doing or discussing sth; to not continue with sth
例句：But I’ve already been in this class for 4 weeks. I’d hate to just drop it now especially since I
find it so different, so interesting.

15
withdraw (from a course) / wɪðˈdrɔː/
v. 放弃；退出
释义：to stop taking part in an activity or being a member of an organization
例句：I get it, so it’s mainly for people who decide to withdraw from… to change to new courses
early on.

curriculum / kəˈrɪkjələm/
n. (整个专业项目)课程大纲；培养计划 <pl.> curricula
释义：the subjects that are included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc.
例句：Well, when the business department changed the curriculum to include more courses in
international business, to ...well, because of the increasing globalization of business.

syllabus / ˈsɪləbəs/
n. (单门课程) 课程大纲；课程计划
释义：a list of the topics, books, etc. that students should study in a particular subject at school or
college
例句：I thought I’d stop in and find out if you happen to have any additional copies of the class
syllabus. The one I received in class the other day is missing a page.

diploma / dɪˈploʊmə/
n. 文凭；学位证书
释义：a document showing that you have completed a course of study or part of your education
例句：I’d like to drop off my graduation form. I understand you need this in order to process my
diploma.

undergraduate / ˌʌndərˈɡrædʒuət/
n. 本科生
释义：a university or college student who is studying for their first degree
例句： Since my undergraduate degree will be in public relations, I’ve already decided to get a
master’s degree in marketing.

graduate school / ˈɡrædʒuət/

n. 研究生院
释义：a part of a college or university where you can study for a second or further degree
例句：Graduate School tuition is expensive, and these courses will give you a good overview of
the field before committing yourself.

discipline / ˈdɪsəplɪn/
n. 学科
<同> subject

16
释义：an area of knowledge; a subject that people study or are taught, especially in a university
例句：It has applications in a lot of different disciplines. And your assignment will be to choose a
discipline that interests you, and devise an experiment.

major / ˈmeɪdʒər/
n. 主修；专业
释义：the main subject or course of a student at college or university
例句：Prof: What's your major area of study? Stu: Latin American Literature.

minor / ˈmaɪnər/
n. 辅修
释义：a subject that you study at university in addition to your major
例句：A major in aerospace engineering with a minor in math, you’ll go far with that degree.
More of our students should do that.

transcript / ˈtrænskrɪpt/
n. 成绩单
释义：an official record of a student's work that shows the courses they have taken and the
marks/ grades they have achieved
例句： For admissions requirement, you will need two copies of official transcripts issued from
your school’s Registrar’s Office.

registrar’s office / ˈredʒɪstrɑːr/

n. （相当于）教务处
释义：An administrative office responsible for keeping all student records and ensuring the
accuracy and integrity of such records, arranging class and examination timetable
例句：I’m sorry, but it says here that the course was cancelled. You should have got note letter
from the registrar’s office about this.

academic advisor
n. 学术指导老师（选课建议、课程安排）
释义：A position responsible for providing educational guidance and assistance for students by
planning schedules, recommending courses and determining appropriate education solutions for
different types of students.
例句：As your academic advisor, it's my job to look out for your academic interests, and based on
your grades, and some very positive feedback I've heard from your professors, I wanted to
formally invite you to consider doing an honors project…

course instructor /ɪnˈstrʌktər/

n. 任课教师
释义：a teacher or professor who teaches a specific course

17
例句：If we don’t have enough students signed up for the course, the college can’t offer it. You
know, it’s a practical issue, like we can’t have an instructor when there’re only a few students in
the class.

credit / ˈkredɪt/
n. 学分
释义：a unit of study at a college or university (in the US, also at a school); the fact of having
successfully completed a unit of study
例句： Actually I’ve been considering offering extra credit for class because I’ve been having a
tough time getting volunteers. Extra credit is always a good incentive for students.

List 5：论文

paper [ˈpeɪpər]
n. 论文
释义：an essay or thesis, especially one read at an academic lecture or seminar or
published in an academic journal.
例句：So I definitely want to write my term paper on American journalism in the
eighteenth century

draft [drɑːft]
n. 草稿
释义：a preliminary version of a piece of writing
例句：I’d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in the final copy, if you
wish.

version [ˈvəːʃ(ə)n]
n. 版本，说法
释义：a particular form of something differing in certain respects from an earlier form
or other forms of the same type of thing
例句：We have printed versions of twenty or so psychology journals in the Reference
Section.

topic [tɒpɪk]
n. 话题，题目
释义：that part of a sentence about which something is said, typically the first major
constituent.
例句：But you might consider talking to your group about your topic choice.

scope [skəʊp]
n. 范围，领域
18
释义：the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it
is relevant
例句：it’s just too ambitious for the scope of the assignment.

title [ˈtʌɪt(ə)l,]
n. 题目，名称，标题，头衔
释义：the name of a book, composition, or other artistic work
例句：If we have more than one copy of a title and it hasn’t been checked out in a few
years, in that case it might end up at the sale.

revise [rɪˈvʌɪz]
v. 修改
释义：re-examine and make alterations to (written or printed matter)
例句： After you cut out those sections, you’ll have to go back and revise the rest, to
see how it all fits together.

rewrite [riːˈrʌɪt]
v. 重写
释义：write (something) again so as to alter or improve it
例句：You’ll have to rewrite most of your paper.

literature review [ˈlɪt(ə)rətʃə，rɪˈvjuː]

n. 文献综述
释义：a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge
including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to
a particular topic
例句：I’m supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but um… having
a hard time finding articles.

reference [ˈrɛf(ə)r(ə)ns]
n. 提及，涉及，参考文献
释义：the action of mentioning or alluding to something；the use of a source of
information in order to ascertain something
例句：And also be sure you include a good reference section where all your published
and unpublished data came from, ‘cause you have a lot of unpublished climate data.

journal [ˈdʒəːn(ə)l]
n. 期刊，日报，周报
释义：a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or professional
activity

19
例句：Find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and
discuss them.

comment [ˈkɒmɛnt]
n. 评论
释义：a verbal or written remark expressing an opinion or reaction
例句：Sally made this simple comment that was in really bad condition and should be
replaced.

swamped [swɒmp-d]
adj. 使人应接不暇，被淹没的
释义：overwhelm or flood with water；overwhelm with an excessive amount of
something
例句：You mean, rewrite the whole thing? I’m really swamped.

overwhelmed [əʊvəˈwɛlm]
n. 被淹没的，被压垮的
释义：bury or drown beneath a huge mass；give too much of a thing to (someone)；
(usually be overwhelmed) have a strong emotional effect on
例句： I’m a little overwhelmed by the size of this place. I come from a small town.

abstract [ˈabstrakt]
adj. 抽象的
n. 摘要，抽象派作品
释义：a summary of the contents of a book, article, or formal speech
例句： And you probably notice that there’s an abstract or summary at the top of the
first page of the article you copied.

outline [ˈaʊtˌlaɪn]
n. 轮廓，提纲
释义：a general description or plan giving the essential features of something but not
the detail
例句：I think I told you that we ask prospective reporters to turn in some outlines for
possible articles?

deadline [ˈdɛdˌlaɪn]
n. 截止日期，最终期限
释义：the latest time or date by which something should be completed
例句：Professors have to tell us what books they’ll definitely need again next semester,
and the deadline for them to let us know isn’t for a couple of days.

20
due [djuː]
adj. 到期的，应有的
释义：expected at or planned for at a certain time
例句：As the due day of your stories approaches, I am hearing from a lot of students
that they are worried because they don’t have anything exciting enough to write about.

extension [ˌɪkˈstɛn(t)ʃ(ə)n]
n. 延长，延期，宽限期
释义：a part that is added to something to enlarge or prolong it; a continuation；an
increase in the length of time given to someone to hold office, complete a project, or
fulfill an obligation
例句： The thing is, I have this idea that might make it better and I was wondering if
there's any way I could get an extension.

thesis [ˈθiːsɪs]
n. 论文
释义：a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved
例句：But because I'm writing my senior thesis, I'm supposed to be able to keep the book
all semester.

assignment [əˈsʌɪnm(ə)nt]
n. 任务，作业
释义：a task or piece of work assigned to someone as part of a job or course of study
例句：I was hoping to get it sooner because like we already have assignments and you
know, I mean, I guess I can get it from the library.

hand in [hænd in]

v. 递交，呈交
释义：give something to a person in authority for their attention.
例句：I’d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in the final copy, if you
wish.

spring break [spriŋ breik]

n. 春假
释义：a week's vacation for students in the spring, typically at Easter.
例句： It is a busy time, with spring break coming up next week. 首字母没大写

approval [əˈpruːv(ə)l]
n. 赞同，允许，批准
释义：the action of officially agreeing to something or accepting something as
satisfactory

21
例句：I am just filling out this approval for graduation form for the dean's office.

narrow down [ˈnærəu daun]

n. 缩小
释义：define clearly；become more specific
例句：But you already narrow your search down to articles on Dream Interpretation, so
it shouldn’t be too bad.

tangential [tanˈdʒɛnʃ(ə)l]
adj. 离题的，不相干的
释义：diverging from a previous course or line；hardly touching a matter
例句：Anything unrelated to the use of nature image has no place in the paper, all that
tangential material just distract from the main argument.

context [ˈkɒntɛkst]
n. 环境，背景，上下文
释义：the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in
terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed
例句：Digging into the historical context tells us a lot.

ambitious [amˈbɪʃəs]
n. 有雄心的
释义：having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed；(of a plan or
piece of work) intended to satisfy high aspirations and therefore difficult to achieve
例句：it’s just too ambitious for the scope of the assignment.

submit [səbˈmɪt]
v. 提交
释义：present (a proposal, application, or other document) to a person or body for
consideration or judgment
例句：But the deadline for submitting papers is just two hours away.

essay [ˈɛseɪ]
n. 论文，散文
释义：a short piece of writing on a particular subject.
例句：So I figured I could also get started on that essay, study a few while I am there.

focus on [ˈfəʊkəs ɒn]

v. 把注意力集中于

22
释义：(of a person or their eyes) adapt to the prevailing level of light and become able
to see clearly；pay particular attention to
例句：I’d focus on the meaning of the objects that some of the children are holding,
some are holding flowers, one child has a rattle, another a toy violin…

List 6：行政事务

counselor [‘kaʊnslɚ]
n. 顾问
释义：someone who gives advice about problems
例句：Listen to a conversation between a student and a counselor at the University
Counseling Center.

overwhelmed [,ovɚ’wɛlmd]
adj. 淹没的，不知所措
释义：If you are overwhelmed by a feeling or event, it affects you very strongly, and you
do not know how to deal with it.
例句：
Pro:Maybe you should do some preliminary research on that.
Stu: I have! That's the problem. I'm overwhelmed.

hall[hɔl]
n. 大厅
释义：A building or large room for public events such as meetings or dances.
例句：We are excavating near the lecture hall to see what types of artifacts we find.

keep pace with

与……保持一致步伐
释义：maintain the same pace
例句：And you are having trouble in keeping pace with the material?

stop by
顺便拜访
释义：If you stop by somewhere, you make a short visit to a person or place.
例句：I’ll stop by the Education Department Office this afternoon.

office hour

23
上班时间
释义：business hours
例句：Why not stop by his office during office hours?

feedback [‘fidbæk]
n. 反馈
释义：advice, criticism etc about how successful or useful something is.
例句：It’s my job to look out for your academic interests, and based on your grades, and
some very positive feedback I've heard from your professors, I wanted to formally invite
you to consider doing an honors project.

cello [’tʃɛlo]
n. 大提琴
释义：a musical instrument like a large violin that you hold between your knees and play
by pulling a bow (= special stick ) across the strings.
例句：Everyone’s into sports and I’m more artsy, you know, into music. I play the cello.

orchestra [‘ɔrkɪstrə]
n. 管弦乐队
释义：a large group of musicians playing many different kinds of instruments and led by
a conductor.
例句：It’s a big part of my life. At home I was the youngest member of our community
orchestra.

on campus [‘kæmpəs]
在校内
例句：Think about an important building on campus here, something everyone uses, a
major source of information.

career fair [kə’rɪr] [fɛr]

n. 招聘会
释义：an event at which people looking for a job can meet possible employers.
例句：I have a couple of questions about the career fair next week.

senior/ˈsiː.njɚ/
adj. 高级的；年长的；地位较高的；年资较深的; 资格较老的
n. 上司；较年长者；毕业班学生
释义：older and more experienced than the other members of a team.
例句：Are seniors the only ones who can go? I mean, you know, they are finishing school
this year and getting their degrees and everything.

24
poster /ˈpoʊ.stɚ/
n. 海报
释义：a large printed picture, photograph, or notice that you stick or pin to a wall or
board, usually for decoration or to advertise something.
例句：You’ve seen the flyers and posters around campus, I assume.

check out [tʃek aut]

检验；结账离开；通过考核
释义：to take the items you have bought, esp. in a large food store, to an area where
you pay for them.
例句：The career fair is opened to all our students and we encourage anyone who’s
interested to go check it out.

recommend [rek.əˈmend]
v. 建议
释义：to suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a particular
job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done:
例句：I was wondering if there is anything you recommend that I do to prepare.

resume [ˈrɛzjʊmeɪ]
n. 摘要；[管理] 履历，简历
释义：a short written description of your education, qualifications, previous jobs, and
sometimes also your personal interests, that you send to an employer when you are
trying to get a job.
例句：
Professor：It still wouldn’t hurt for you to prepare much like you would if you were
looking for a job.
Student：You mean, like get my resume together and wear a suit?

tailor /ˈteɪ.lɚ/
vt. 剪裁；使合适；
n. 裁缝
释义：to make or prepare something following particular instructions.
例句：After you do some research, you’ll be able to tailor your questions to the
particular company you are talking to.

workshop [ˈwɝkʃɑp]
n. 车间；研讨会；工场；讲习班
释义：a meeting at which people try to improve their skills by discussing their
experiences and doing practical exercises.

25
例句：So in 1975, a major advertising trade group held its first workshop on ecological
marketing.

applicant [ˈæplɪkənt]
n. 申请人，申请者；请求者
释义：a person who formally requests something, especially a job, or to study at a
college or university.
例句：We have several qualified applicants we’re serious about and as a part of the
interview process we have to meet with the committee of the professors and students in
our department.

committee [kəˈmɪti]
n. 委员会
释义：a small group of people chosen to represent a larger organization and either make
decisions or collect information for it.
例句：So I’d like to know if you be willing to join us as a student representative on the
interview committee.

representative [ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv]
n.代表
释义：someone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group of
people
例句：The flyers and posters list all the businesses that are sending representatives to
the career fair.

secretary [ˈsekrətri]
n. 秘书
释义：someone who works in an office, writing letters, making phone calls, and
arranging meetings for a person or for an organization
例句：The department's secretary will give you a schedule of the applicants’ visits.

candidate [ˈkændɪdət]
n. 候选人
释义：a person who is competing to get a job or elected position
例句：Now you should know that this job candidate is interested in the life cycles in the
forest.

perspective [pəˈspektɪv]
n. 观点；远景；透视图
adj. 透视的
释义：a particular way of considering something

26
例句：We want you to tell us what you think about the teaching of all these applicants –
your perspective is as a student; how the applicant teaches in the classroom.

rehearsal [rɪˈhɜ:sl]
n.排练
释义：a time when all the people involved in a play, dance, etc. practise in order to
prepare for a performance
例句：We’ve always had our rehearsals in the Lincoln Auditorium.

commitment [kəˈmɪtmənt]
n. 承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身
释义：something that you must do or deal with that takes your time
例句： I wish I could say another time would be OK, but, you know how it is –
everybody’s already got commitments for the whole semester.

privacy [ˈprɪvəsi]
n. 隐私；秘密；隐居；隐居处
释义：someone's right to keep their personal matters and relationships secret
例句：There will be a couple of dividers, so there’s some privacy.

faculty [ˈfæklti]
n. 科，系；能力；全体教员
释义：a group of departments in a college that specialize in a particular subject or
group of subjects
例句：That’s not pulling up anything on my screen. Um…let me try something else. Uh,
how about your faculty advisor’s name?

proceed [proʊˈsi:d]
vi. 开始；继续进行；发生；行进
n. 收入，获利
释义：to continue as planned
例句：For my purposes, a club definitely has to be registered before I can proceed
further.

registration [ˌrɛdʒɪˈstreʃən]
n. 登记；注册；挂号
释义：the act of recording a name or information on an official list
例句：Usually there’s a 24-hour turnaround in our computer database. So then do you
have the registration approval letter from the review committee?

verification [ˌvɛrəfɪˈkeʃən]

27
n. 确认，查证；核实
释义：the act of verifying something (= proving or checking that it exists, or is true or
correct)
例句：So then do you have the registration approval letter from the review committee?
That would give me the verification I need.

permission [pərˈmɪʃn]
n. 允许，许可
释义：If someone is given permission to do something, they are allowed to do it
例句：I think the university will give us permission to set up a website, right? I want to
get students sharing their ideas on the website, you know, establish a photography blog.

eligible [ˈɛlɪdʒəbəl]
adj. 合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的
n. 合格者；适任者；有资格者
释义：having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions
例句：You’ll be allowed to post your flyers and posters around the campus for publicity.
And you could be eligible for funding for club events.

List 7：校园生活类

dorm [dɔːrm]
n. 集体宿舍
释义：a college or university building containing living quarters for students.
例句：The dorms can sometimes get pretty noisy.

heater ['hiːtər]
n. 加热器；火炉
释义：device that heats water or supplies warmth to a room.
例句：Yeah, but at least that’ll put your heater problem in a work order for the
maintenance crew and they’ll get to you as soon as possible.

cafeteria [ˌkæfəˈtɪriə]
n. 自助食堂
释义：a restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier.
例句：It actually occurred to me a couple nights ago while I was eating dinner in the
cafeteria.

28
committee [kəˈmɪti]
n. 委员会
释义：a special group delegated to consider some matter.
例句：So I'd like to know if you be willing to join us as a student representative on the
interview committee.

spare [sper]
adj. 备用的；额外的
释义：not taken up by scheduled activities.
例句：Oh, I'm not so sure if I have enough spare time to get that involved.

maintenance [ˈmeɪntənəns]
n. 维护，维修；保持
释义：activity involved in maintaining something in good working order.
例句：So if you can get the form back to me this afternoon, I’ll try to get a maintenance
crew to look at your problem by tomorrow.

staff [stæf]
n．职员
释义：personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task.
例句： He says it'd be wonderful if you could join our staff.

stuff [stʌf]
n. 东西
释义：the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object.
例句：But aren't the shops that were… you know, just buy stuff from me outright?

apartment [əˈpɑrtmənt]
n. 公寓房间
释义：a suite of rooms usually on one floor of an apartment house.
例句： Also since I am moving, I will be able to receive my mail at my new apartment,
so I don't really need my campus mailbox.

issue [ˈɪʃu]
n. 问题
释义：an important question that is in dispute and must be settled.
例句：You seem to be very involved in local issues．

bulletin [ˈbʊlətɪn]
n. 公告；布告

29
释义：a brief report (especially an official statement issued for immediate publication
or broadcast).
例句：Plus there's a bulletin board outside the dining hall.

reserve [rɪˈzɜrv]
v. 预订，保留，预约
释义：hold back or set aside, especially for future use or contingency.
例句：I can reserve rehearsal and performance spaces on campus for you, but off
campus...

studio [ˈstudiˌoʊ]
n.摄影室，工作室
释义：workplace consisting of a room or building where movies or television shows or
radio programs are produced and recorded.
例句：Hmm, well, the hours are definitely better, but I really do want to find out about
that job at the studio first.

assistance [əˈsɪstəns]
n.协助；帮助
释义：the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort
or purpose.
例句：City clubs, foundations, organizations from all over the country offer scholarships
or other financial assistance to college students and all kinds of companies have
programs to help their employees' children go to college.

bill [bɪl]
n. 账单
释义：an itemized statement of money owed for goods shipped or services rendered.
例句：However, instead of getting a paycheck, the money goes directly to your bill for
your courses, but almost all work-study jobs pay minimum wage, which is usually pretty
low.

schedule [ˈskɛdʒʊl]
n.工作计划，日程安排
v. 排定，安排;将…列表;为…作目录
释义：plan for an activity or event.
例句：But my schedule is so jammed.

crew [kruː]
释义：an organized group of workmen.

30
例句：Yeah, but at least that’ll put your heater problem in a work order for the
maintenance crew and they’ll get to you as soon as possible.

payroll ['peɪroʊl]
n. 工资单；工薪总额
释义：a list of employees and their salaries.
例句：Sorry, but you will need to fill out those forms again and then I will fax them over
the payroll office.

appointment n. 约定；约会 缺少音标

释义：a meeting arranged in advance.
例句： Once you've written it, you can make an appointment to bring it in to us at the
career services center and have someone look at it with you.

enroll [ɛnˈrol]
v. 报名，登记
释义：register formally as a participant or member.
例句：I am enrolled in a pre-med program for dentistry.

supplement ['sʌplɪmənt]
vt. 增补，补编
释义：serve as a supplement to.
例句：Student: Well, I will do the best I can with that, but supplement it with a
performance.

verify [ˈvɛrəˌfaɪ]
v. 核准，核实，查对
释义：confirm the truth of sth.
例句：Tell him to call me as soon as possible so that we can verify your field work
arrangement and certify those credits right away.

reliable [rɪˈlaɪəbəl]
adj. 可靠的；可信赖的
释义：worthy of reliance or trust.
例句： Unfortunately, the computer is usually pretty reliable.

faculty [ˈfækəlti]
n. 全体教职工
释义：the body of teachers and administrators at a school.
例句：But two of our faculty accompany each group and also give seminars.

31
counseling [ˈkaʊnsəlɪŋ]
n. 咨询服务
释义：something that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action.
例句：So let's shift now to the service sector, which markets not goods but services,
intangibles like transportation, food service, career counseling...

sponsor ['spɑːnsər]
v. 发起；赞助；倡议
释义：assume responsibility for or leadership of.
例句： Well, I think you're talking about the government sponsored work-study program.

policy ['pɑːləsi]
n. 政策；方针
释义：a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group.
例句： That is if you want to check out those books today. That's our policy.

announcement [ə'naʊnsmənt]
n. 通告；宣布；声明
释义：a formal public statement.
例句：I set an announcement for an event.

第二部分：托福听力讲座词汇

List 1：表演艺术类

acoustic [əˈkustɪk]
adj. 声的；声学的；声频的
释义：Of or relating to the science of acoustics.
例句：You see, everything must be planned down to the last detail in order to predict the
acoustic performance of a room.

aural [ˈɔrəl]
adj. 听觉的；耳的
释义：Of or pertaining to hearing or the ear.

32
例句：In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate
aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting
multi-voiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size
orchestras in Europe and the United States.

ballet [bæˈleɪ]
n. 芭蕾舞剧；芭蕾舞乐曲;
释义：A theatrical representation of a story that is performed to music by trained dancers.
例句：Think of it, like, um, a ballet, you know.

bass [bes]
adj. 低音的
n. 男低音歌手；低音乐器；低音部；
释义：The lowest part of the musical range.
例句：Well, I have taken some music courses and I do play the double bass.

blues [bluz]
n. （美国黑人创作的）布鲁斯音乐
释义：A type of folksong that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th
century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes.
例句：It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres, rock ‘n’
roll most notably, but also jazz and blues.

calligraphy [kəˈlɪgrəfi]
n. 书法；笔迹
释义：Beautiful handwriting
例句：The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during
A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art
produced in this period.

cellist [ˈtʃɛlɪst]
n. 大提琴手；大提琴演奏者
释义：Someone who plays a violoncello.
例句：And it so happened that the cellist graduated last year.

chant [tʃænt]
n. （赞美诗等的）吟诵曲调；赞美诗；圣诗；圣歌
释义：A repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone.
例句：The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.

choreographer [kɔ:ri'ɔgrəfə]
33
n. 编舞者
释义：Someone who creates new dances.
例句：Facial expressions aren't as important in live performances generally, because the
choreographer knows that someone in the back row of a theater may not be able to see a dancer's
face clearly.

chorus ['kɔrəs]
n. 合唱队
释义：A group of people assembled to sing together.
例句：Um, in ancient Greek, the word orchestra actually meant the dancing place, because this is
where the chorus danced and sang.

acrobatics [ˌækrəˈbætɪks]
n. 杂技
释义：The gymnastic moves of an acrobat.
例句：After seeing this, Duncan publicly denounced ballet as a form of acrobatics, uh,
complicated and excruciating mechanism she called it.

artsy [ˈɑrtsi]
n. 艺术家气派的；装艺术的
释义：Seeming or wanting to be very artistic or interested in the arts.
例句：Everyone is into sports and I am more artsy, you know, into music.

fiddler [ˈfɪdlər]
n. 拉小提琴者; 爱玩乐者
释义：A musician who plays the violin.
例句：That when the fiddler plays all their voices can be heard.

flute [flut]
n. 长笛
vt. 用长笛吹奏; vi. 吹长笛
释义：A high-pitched woodwind instrument.
例句：You remember the transverse flute, the clarinet and so on.

harp [hɑrp]
n. 竖琴
释义：A chordophone that has a triangular frame consisting of a sounding board and a pillar and
a curved neck.
例句：Previously it was, uh, quite rare for a woman to perform on anything but, maybe, a harp or
maybe she sang.
34
improvise [ˈɪmprəˌvaɪz]
v. 即兴创作；即兴表演
释义：Perform without preparation.
例句：Well, he'd lay out the general outline, the theme and then give each of these star
performers, one by one, the creative freedom to really show what they could do with it on their
own instrument, to improvise and add something new, but always within the same general theme.

instrument [ˈɪnstrəmənt]
n. 乐器
释义：Any of various devices or contrivances that can be used to produce musical tones or
sounds.
例句：Then somebody else playing an instrument, followed by a display of paintings, followed by
somebody else chanting, followed by somebody else banging on a big drum, and someone dressed
in a robot costume jumping up and down.

ironic [aɪˈrɑnɪk]
adj. 有讽刺意味的；令人啼笑皆非的；（因反差而）好笑的
释义：Humorously sarcastic or mocking.
例句：And it’s ironic because there’s even a film about the making of the production, but none of
the production itself.

jazz [dʒæz]
n. 爵士乐，爵士舞
释义：A genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed
through increasingly complex styles.
例句：But good jazz is more than just outstanding individual performances, isn't it?

lengthy ['lɛŋθi]
adj. 漫长的
释义：Relatively long in duration; tediously protracted.
例句：Between ages three and four, children begin to give fairly lengthy and cohesive
descriptions of events in their past.

melodramatic [,mɛlədrə'mætɪk]
adj. 夸张的；情节剧的；戏剧似的
释义：Having the excitement and emotional appeal of melodrama.
例句：It is the melodious drama of ancient Greek theater, the term melodious drama being
shortened eventually to melodrama because operas frequently are melodramatic, not to say
unrealistic.

melody [ˈmɛlədi]
35
n. 旋律
释义：A succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence.
例句：So, melody repetition, rhythm, how the piece is structured, as well as your reasons for
liking or disliking it.

minstrel [ˈmɪnstrəl]
n. （中世纪的）吟游诗人，游方艺人
释义：A singer of folk songs.
例句：The poems were sung, uh, performed by a minstrel, a singer who traveled from castle to
castle, uh, singing to the local lord and his knights.

opera [ˈɑpərə]
n. 歌剧；歌剧作品
释义：A drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an orchestral
overture and interludes.
例句：Because opera does, after all, begin with a man and a woman and an emotion.

orchestra [ˈɔrkɪstrə]
n. 管弦乐队
释义：A musical organization consisting of a group of instrumentalists including string players.
例句：Don't forget that instead of recorded sound, there was often live music that accompanied
movies in those days, like a piano player or a larger orchestra in the movie theater.

ovation [o'veʃən]
n. 热烈欢迎
释义：Enthusiastic recognition (especially one accompanied by loud applause).
例句：Standing ovation (长时间起立鼓掌)

percussion [pərˈkʌʃən]
n. 敲击乐器；打击乐器
释义：The act of playing a percussion instrument.
例句：Now, unlike the harpsichord, which came before it, the piano is a percussion instrument.

phonograph ['fəunəgrɑ:f]
n. 留声机
释义：Machine in which rotating records cause a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified
acoustically or electronically.
例句：In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes,
moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music.

36
recital [rɪˈsaɪtəl]
n. 独唱会；独奏会
释义：Performance of music or dance especially by soloists.
例句：Because for a single instrument, say something like a piano recital, a room with a short
reverberation time is better.

rehearsal [rɪˈhɜrsəl]
n. 排练
释义：A practice session in preparation for a public performance (as of a play or speech or
concert).
例句：The rehearsal rooms, the game room, the computer center.

31、reverberant [rɪˈvɜrbərənt]
adj. 回响的；回荡的；有共鸣的
英英释义：
例句：The time it takes for the reverberant sound to die down is important for the acoustic
quality of a room. (TPO29-L2)

rhythm [ˈrɪðəm]
n. 节奏；韵律
释义：The basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music.
例句：Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's
circadian rhythm.

saxophone [ˈsæksəˌfoʊn]
n. 萨克斯管
释义：A single-reed woodwind with a conical bore.
例句：Doesn't bother me. And I'd love to have a place to practice my saxophone without
worrying about disturbing people.

solo [ˈsoʊloʊ]
n. 独奏；独唱
释义：A piece of music that is played or sung by one person.
例句：In fact, we are performing next week, and I have a solo.

syllable [ˈsɪləbəl]
n. 音节
释义：A unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme.
例句：A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single
syllable.
37
symphony [ˈsɪmfəni]
n. 交响曲
释义：A long and complex sonata for orchestra.
例句：I read that concert halls designed for symphony orchestras have too much echo for jazz
music.

trumpet [ˈtrʌmpɪt]
n. 喇叭
释义：A brass musical instrument with a brilliant tone.
例句：For instance, how many of you play a brass instrument, like a trumpet or a trombone?

tune [tun]
n. 曲调
释义：A succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence.
例句：So the music is generally based on folk ballads and instrumental dance tunes.

versatile [ˈvɜrsətəl]
adj. 有多种技能的；多才多艺的
释义：Having great diversity or variety.
例句：Well, she is really versatile.

virtuoso [ˌvɜrtʃuˈoʊsoʊ]
n. 演奏大师
释义：Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field.
例句：Clara grew up to become a well-known and respected piano virtuoso, a performer with
extraordinary skill, who not only gave concerts across Europe but also was one of the first
important female composers for the instrument.

theatrical [θiˈætrɪkəl]
adj. 戏剧性的；剧场的，戏剧的；夸张的；做作的
释义：Of or relating to the theater.
例句：Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of
the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come
close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed.

auditorium [ˌˌɔdɪˈtɔriəm]
n. 会堂；礼堂
释义：The area of a theater or concert hall where the audience sits.

38
例句：So having us move to a bigger space, like the Lincoln Auditorium, seems like a reasonable
idea.

composer [kəm'pozɚ]
n. 作曲家
释义：Someone who composes music as a profession.
例句：He was a wonderful and ground-breaking composer.

List 2：美术类

genre [ˈʒɑnrə]
n. 类型，种类; 体裁，样式
释义：A class of art (or artistic endeavor) having a characteristic form or technique; a kind of
literary or artistic work; an expressive style of music.
例句：Because there's a strong connection between these two genres, these two types of stories.

impressionism [ɪm’preʃənɪzəm]
n. 印象主义，印象派（19 世纪下半叶兴起于法国的绘画风格，主要表现光与色的效果，不
着眼于准确的细节）
释义：A school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of
unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light.
例句：Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very
different from earlier styles.

realism [ˈriəˌlɪzəm]
n. 实在论;（文艺的）现实主义; 现实主义的态度和行为; <哲>唯实论
释义：The attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth; an
artistic movement in 19th century France.
例句：Realism is like painting something exactly how it is, so an artist would try to make it as
accurate, um... and objective as possible.

expressionism [ɪkˈsprɛʃəˌnɪzəm]
n. 表现主义、表现派
释义：A style of art, literature, and music which uses symbols and exaggeration to represent
emotions, rather than representing physical reality.

39
例句：Expressionism is into emotion, like artists are trying to, well, express themselves through
the painting.

abstract [ˈæbˌstrækt]
adj. 抽象的，理论上的
n. 摘要; 抽象概念; 抽象派艺术作品
vt. 提取; 转移（注意等）; <婉辞>剽窃
释义：A concept or idea not associated with any specific instance; a sketchy summary of the main
points of an argument or theory.
例句：When you go into the databases and electronic sources, you have the option to display the
abstracts on the computer screen.

gallery ['gæləri]
n. 画廊；走廊；
释义：A large building where people can see famous pieces of art.
例句：It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month.

exhibit [ɪɡ'zɪbɪt]
vt. 展览；显示；提出（证据等）
n. 展览品；证据；展示会
vi. 展出；开展览会
释义：To show something in a public place so that people can go to see it.
例句：The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen.

landscape [ˈlændskep]
n. 风景；风景画；景色；山水画；
释义：An area of countryside or land of a particular type, used especially when talking about its
appearance.
例句：A lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in
cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.

illustrate ['ɪləstret]
vt. 阐明，举例说明；图解
vi. 举例
释义：To make the meaning of something clearer by giving examples.
例句：Today we will be discussing the sauropods. I think our discussion of sauropods will
illustrate what we can learn by comparing the fossil record to modern animals.

pigment ['pɪgmənt]
n. [物][生化] 色素；颜料
40
vt. 给…着色
释义：A natural substance that makes skin, hair, plants etc a particular color.
例句：To get a nice violet, you’ll have to add white. Combining yellow and blue, you will almost
never get a satisfactory green. You are better off using a pure green pigment.

illustrator ['ɪləstretɚ]
n. 插图画家；说明者；图解者
释义：Someone who draws pictures, especially for books.
例句：And there is one other early Romantic, who was an illustrator as well.

perspective [pɚ'spɛktɪv]
n. 观点；远景；透视图
adj. 透视的
释义：A way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of
person you are or by your experiences.
例句：Like the Different-Cultures Model, this model presents a wide cultural perspective.

sketch [skɛtʃ]
n. 素描；略图；梗概
vt. 画素描或速写
释义：A simple, quickly made drawing that does not show much detail.
例句：Keeping this kind of character sketch can help you solidify your character’s personality, so
that it remains consistent throughout your story.

figure ['fɪɡjɚ]
n. 数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像
vi. 计算；出现；扮演角色
释义：Someone who is important or famous in some way.
例句：And you need to figure out: Which media you should advertise through?

15. subject [ˈsʌbdʒɪkt](for adj.) (for v.)[səbˈdʒɛkt]

n. 主题；科目；[语] 主语；国民
adj. 服从的；易患…的；受制于…的
vt. 使…隶属；使屈从于…
释义：The thing you are talking about or considering in a conversation, discussion, book, film etc.
例句：It refers to people being unaware of a bias that may affect their judgment about the
subject.

dimension [dəˈmɛnʃən, daɪ-]

41
n. 方面;[数] 维；尺寸；次元；容积 vt. 标出尺寸
adj. 规格的
释义：a part of a situation or a quality involved in it
例句：So if your green marketing strategy’s gonna work, your message should be valid on all
dimensions．

close-up ['kləuzʌp]
n. [电影] 特写镜头，特写；小传
释义：A photograph or part of a film in which the camera seems to have been very close to the
picture it took.
例句：And you could film close-up shots of their faces.

renaissance [ˈrenəsɑ:ns]
n. 文艺复兴;文艺复兴时期
释义：The period in Europe during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries when people became
interested in the ideas and culture of ancient Greece and Rome and used these influences in their
own art, literature, etc.
例句：Now, the ideal of plain white sculpture goes back to 15th century Europe when
Renaissance artists rediscovered ancient Greek and Roman culture.

medieval [ˌmɪdɪ'ivəl]
adj. 中世纪的；原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的
释义：Connected with the Middle Ages (= the period between about 1100 and 1500 AD ).
例句：So the two poems we are looking at today fall into the category of medieval times.

portrait ['pɔrtrɪt]
n. 肖像；描写；半身雕塑像
释义：A painting, drawing, or photograph of a person.
例句：So Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money
to buy paint for her more serious art work.

collage [kə'lɑʒ]
n. 抽象拚贴画（用报纸、布、压平的花等碎片拼合而成的）
vt. 把…创作成拼贴画，拼贴
释义：A picture made by sticking other pictures, photographs, cloth etc onto a surface.
例句：I’ve since taken down the collage and have found I actually like the clean, uncluttered look
better.

depict [dɪ'pɪkt]
vt. 描述；描画
42
释义：To describe something or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting,
picture etc.
例句：Most Paleolithic cave art depicts large herbivores. Horses are most common overall with
deer and bison pretty common too.

canvas ['kænvəs]
n. 帆布
vt. 用帆布覆盖，用帆布装备
adj. 帆布制的
释义：Strong cloth used to make bags, tents, shoes etc.
例句：Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the
texture of the canvas was rough.

picturesque [,pɪktʃə'rɛsk]
adj. 独特的；生动的；别致的；图画般的
释义：A picturesque place is pretty and interesting in an old-fashioned way.
例句：Most people who visit the White House, take photos from the picturesque South Lawn.

vivid ['vɪvɪd]
adj. 生动的；鲜明的；鲜艳的
释义：Vivid memories, dreams, descriptions etc are so clear that they seem real.
例句：The readings you've given us were incredibly vivid.

sculpture ['skʌlptʃɚ]
n. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀
vt. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀
vi. 从事雕刻
释义：An object made out of stone, wood, clay etc by an artist.
例句：You can have a painting or sculpture in the salon and go back to your home country saying
you've been a success in Paris.

statue ['stætʃu]
n. 雕像，塑像
vt. 以雕像装饰
释义：An image of a person or animal that is made in solid material such as stone or metal and is
usually large.
例句：It’s probably fair to say that the Romans were impressed be Greek art and culture and they
began making copies of the Greek statues.

draw [drɔ]
43
vt. 画；拉；吸引
vi. 拉；拖
n. 平局；抽签
释义：To produce a picture of something using a pencil, pen etc.
例句：So tell me what’s the first thing that draws you to this painting?

portray [pɔr'tre]
vt. 描绘；扮演
释义：To describe or represent something or someone.
例句：She had interesting ways of portraying people.

mold [mold]
vt. 塑造；使发霉；用模子制作
vi. 发霉
n. 霉菌；模子
释义：The distinctive form in which a thing is made.
例句：Bronze was used to made money back then，or mold the bronze into anything else of
value for that matter.

embroider [ɪm'brɔɪdɚ]
vt. 刺绣；装饰；镶边
vi. 绣花；刺绣
释义：To decorate cloth by sewing a pattern, picture, or words on it with colored threads.
例句：But it is not recorded that, in a single instance, her skill was called in aid to embroider the
white veil which was to cover the pure blushes of a bride.

design [dɪ'zaɪn]
vt. 设计；计划；构思
n. 设计；图案
vi. 设计
释义：The art or process of making a drawing of something to show how you will make it or what
it will look like.
例句：She said she designed them at the computer right there at the print shop.

profile ['profaɪl]
n. 侧面；轮廓；外形；剖面；简况
vt. 描…的轮廓；扼要描述
vi. 给出轮廓

44
释义：A side view of someone’s head.
例句：The first article I wrote it was profile of the chemistry professor.

romantic [ro'mæntɪk]
adj. 浪漫的；多情的；空想的
n. 浪漫的人
vt. 使…浪漫化
释义：Showing strong feelings of love.
例句：This capacity for increased expressiveness, in fact, was essential to the Romantic style that
dominated 19th century music.

Da Vinci
达芬奇

Michelangelo [ˌmaɪkəlˈændʒəˌlo]
米开朗琪罗

Raphael ['ræfeiəl; ,rɑ:fai'el]

拉斐尔

rough [rʌf]
adj. 粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的；艰苦的；未经加工的
vt. 使粗糙；粗暴对待；草拟
n. 艰苦；高低不平的地面；未经加工的材料；粗糙的部分
vi. 举止粗野
adv. 粗糙地；粗略地；粗暴地
释义：Having an uneven surface.
例句：If the octopus wants to have a rough texture, it raises the papillae.

smooth [smʊð]
adj. 顺利的；光滑的；平稳的
vt. 使光滑；消除（障碍等）；使优雅；缓和
n. 平滑部分；一块平地
vi. 变平静；变平滑
adv. 光滑地；平稳地；流畅地
释义：A smooth surface has no rough parts, lumps, or holes, especially in a way that is pleasant
and attractive to touch.
例句：If it wants to have a smooth texture, it flattens out the papillae

45
texture ['tɛkstʃɚ]
n. 质地；纹理；结构；本质，实质
释义：The way a surface or material feels when you touch it, especially how smooth or rough it is.
例句：But they don’t just mimic the colors in their environment; they can also mimic the texture
of objects in their environment.

brushstroke
n. 一笔；笔的一划；绘画技巧
释义：Brushstrokes are the marks made on a surface by a painter's brush.
例句：Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes.

technique [tɛk'nik]
n. 技巧，技术；手法
释义：A special way of doing something.
例句：I’m going to talk about a particular dating technique.

brush [brʌʃ]
n. 刷子；画笔；毛笔；争吵；与某人有效冲突；灌木丛地带；矮树丛；狐狸尾巴
释义：An object that you use for cleaning, painting, making your hair tidy etc, made with a lot of
hairs, bristle s , or thin pieces of plastic, fastened to a handle.
例句：Something brushed her shoulders.

Dadaism ['dɑ:dɑ:izəm]
n. 达达派，达达主义（崇尚虚无的艺术派别）
释义：Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th
century.
例句：Dadaism asked “what is art?” and used humor and shock value as communicative
elements.

Cubism ['kjubɪzəm]
n. 立体派；立体主义
释义：A 20th-century style of art, in which objects and people are represented by geometric
shapes.
例句：They are works of quasi-Cubism or Expressionism, mostly not much more than a foot high,
several newly cleaned but still scarred, inspiring the obvious human analogy.

contemporary [kən'tɛmpərɛri]
n. 同时代的人；同时期的东西
adj. 当代的；同时代的；属于同一时期的

46
释义：Belonging to the present time.
例句：But Loutherbourg, like other contemporary painters, wanted to add the dimension of time
to his paintings.

modern ['mɑdɚn]
adj. 现代的，近代的；时髦的
n. 现代人；有思想的人
释义：Belonging to the present time or most recent time.
例句：Modern dance evolved in the late nineteenth, early twentieth century.

classicism ['klæsɪsɪzəm]
n. 古典主义；古典风格
释义：A style of art, literature etc that is simple, regular, and does not show strong emotions.
例句：The great thing about classicism for Gadamer, or what he calls "tradition," is that it's
something we can share.

character ['kærɪktɚ]
n. 性格，品质；特性；角色；[计] 字符
vt. 印，刻；使具有特征
释义：The particular combination of qualities that makes someone a particular type of person.
句子：You're looking at the piece for any universal symbols, characters, or themes it might
contain.

photography [fə'tɑɡrəfi]
n. 摄影；摄影术
释义：The art, profession, or method of producing photographs or the scenes in films.
句子：Remember last week, you told us that it's really important to get our photography into a
show.

prestigious [prɛ'stɪdʒəs]
adj. 有名望的；享有声望的
释义：Admired as one of the best and most important.
句子：After photography became regarded as an art form, portrait painting became less
prestigious, less respected as an art form.

esthetic [ɛs'θɛtɪk]
adj. 审美的（等于 aesthetic）；感觉的
n. 美学；审美家；唯美主义者
释义：Concerning or characterized by an appreciation of beauty or good taste.

47
句子：However, the popularity and esthetic value of drawings still remain high, especially among
the fans of traditional art.

List 3：音乐类

register [ˈrɛdʒɪstɚ]
n. (嗓音或乐器的) 音域
释义：A certain range and manner of production of the human voice or of different pipe organ
stops or of different musical instruments.
例句：Not only because it’s sung in a deep register, but also because it’s a song about deeper or
serious matters, certainly not lighthearted.

accompaniment [əˈkʌmpənimənt]
n. 伴奏;伴随物
释义：Music that is played to support singing or another instrument.
例句：And smaller groups of musicians were needed in theaters as accompaniment to visual
entertainment.

classical music [ˈklæsɪkəl ˈmjuzɪk]

n. 古典乐;严肃音乐
释义：Traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical
interest and developed musical taste.
例句：As pianos became more available, they brought classical music, the music which previously
had been composed only for the upper classes, into the lives of middle class people as well.

rock and roll [rɑk ənd rol]

摇滚乐
释义：A type of music popular in the 1950s with a strong beat and simple tunes.
例句：I think it’s fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock and roll genre.

ballad [ˈbæləd]
n. 民歌; 民谣, 尤指叙事歌谣
释义：A long song or poem which tells a story in simple language.
例句：So the music is generally based on folk ballads and instrumental dance tunes.

folk music [fok ˈmjuzɪk]

民间音乐;民族音乐;民谣
释义：The traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in
a community.
48
例句：When Bartok had his new pieces performed, their folk music roots made them instantly
popular.

score [skɔr]
n. [音]总谱；得分
释义：A written or printed version of a piece of music showing what each instrument is to play or
what each voice is to sing.
例句：Original scores（原创音乐） weren’t common then. Rarely a filmmaker might send along
an original score composed especially for a film, but usually a compilation of music that already
existed would be used.

note [noʊt]
n. 笔记;音符
释义：A single sound of a particular length and pitch (= how high or low a sound is), made by the
voice or a musical instrument; the written or printed sign for a musical note.
例句：A long reverberation time may cause musical notes to drown one another out.

lyrics ['lɪrɪks]
n. 歌词
释义：The lyrics of a song are its words.
例句：In their new land, some of the lyrics were updated, you know, to refer the new locations
and the occupations that settlers had in America.

violin [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn]
n. 小提琴
释义：A musical instrument with strings, that you hold under your chin and play with a bow.
例句：There’s a particularly interesting case with an extraordinary generation of violins made in
Northern Italy, in the city of Cremona, back in the late 1600s - early 1700s.

cello [ˈtʃeloʊ]
n. 大提琴
释义：A musical instrument with strings, shaped like a large violin . The player sits down and
holds the cello between his or her knees.
例句：Everyone’s into sports and I’m more artsy, you know, into music. I play the cello.

guitar [ɡɪˈtɑr]
n. 吉他; 六弦琴
释义：A musical instrument that usually has six strings, that you play with your fingers or with a
plectrum.
例句：And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way, at first at least with the
electric guitar, to make it louder.
49
harpsichord [ˈhɑ:rpsɪkɔ:rd]
n. 有键竖琴，羽管键琴，大键琴
释义：An early type of musical instrument similar to a piano, but with strings that are plucked (=
pulled), not hit.
例句：The lyrics were spoken, frequently to the accompaniment of a harpsichord.

List 4：建筑

layout /ˈleɪ.aʊt/
n./v.布局
释义：The way something is designed or arranged.
例句：Based on excavations, we can know the layout of the houses and the location of the
graves, but we’re only guessing when we tried to say why they did it that way.

decoration /ˌdek.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/
n.装饰
释义：The activity of covering the walls or other surfaces of rooms or buildings with paint or
paper.
例句：Now see how the house has very little exterior decoration, that’s also typical of early Cape
Cod houses.

Three-dimensional /ˌθriː.daɪˈmen.ʃən.əl/
adj.三维的
释义：Having or appearing to have three dimensions (= length, width, and height) and therefore
looking real.
例句：Renaissance artists essentially needed to create a three- dimensional scene on a two-
dimensional surface.

symmetry /ˈsɪm.ə.tri/
n. 对称
释义：The quality of having parts that match each other, especially in a way that is attractive, or
similarity of shape or contents.
例句：Two of the characteristics crucial to his classification were richness and symmetry.

symmetrical /sɪˈmet.rɪ.kəl/

50
adj.对称的
释义：Having two parts that match exactly, either when one half is like an image of the other half
in a mirror, or when one part can take the place of another if it is turned 90° or 180°.
例句：A regular cluster is sphere shaped, symmetrical, and most dense in the middle.

void /vɔɪd/
adj. 空的；无效的；无人的
n. 空虚；空间；空隙
释义：A large hole or empty space.
例句：Microgravimetry is a technique that’s used to detect voids inside a structure.

interior /ɪnˈtɪr.i.ɚ／
n. 内部；本质
adj. 内部的；国内的；本质的
释义：The inside part of something.
例句：You can then take the data and generate an image that shows any empty spaces in the
interior.

exterior /ɪkˈstɪr.i.ɚ/
adj. 外部的；表面的；外在的
n. 外部；表面；外型；外貌
释义：On or from the outside.
例句：And what Houdin believes is that an exterior straight ramp was used to construct the
bottom third of the Pyramid.

infrastructure /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃɚ/
n. 基础设施；公共建设；下部构造
释义：The basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or
organization uses in order to work effectively.
例句：States often have trouble paying their bills and they can use money they get from selling or
leasing a piece of infrastructure to balance their budgets.

baroque /bəˈrɑːk/
n.巴洛克风格；巴洛克艺术
释义：Relating to the heavily decorated style in buildings, art, and music that was popular in
Europe in the 17th century and the early part of the 18th century.
例句：Up until now in our discussions and readings about the Baroque early classic periods, we’ve
been talking about the development of music styles and genres within the relatively narrow social
contexts of its patronage by the upper classes.

51
architectural /ˌɑːr.kəˈtek.tʃɚ.əl/
adj. 建筑学的；建筑上的；符合建筑法的
释义：Relating to architecture
例句：But it was not until the beginning of the twentieth century that architectural acoustics
became a scientific field.

archway /ˈɑːrtʃ.weɪ/
n. 拱门；拱道
释义：An entrance or passage formed by an arch.
例句：In architecture, a keystone in an archway or doorway is the stone that holds the whole
thing together and keeps it from collapsing.

beam /biːm/
n. 横梁；光线
释义：
(1) A long, thick piece of wood, metal, or concrete, especially used to support weight in a building
or other structure.
(2) A line of light that shines from a bright object.
例句：You all know how when you take a crystal prism and pass a beam of sunlight through it,
you get a spectrum, which looks like a continuous band of rainbow colors.

brick /brɪk/
n. 砖块
释义：A rectangular block of hard material used for building walls and houses.
例句：So everything they accomplished, like building this town, they did with just stone, plus
wood, bricks, that sort of thing.

storey /'stɔ:rɪ/
n. [建] 楼层；叠架的一层
释义：A level of a building.
例句：The houses are all rectangular, one storey made of sun dried bricks.

block /blɑːk/
n. 块；街区；大厦；障碍物
vt. 阻止；阻塞；限制；封盖
adj. 成批的，大块的；交通堵塞的
释义：A solid, straight-sided piece of hard material.
例句：OK, well, beavers live near streams and rivers and they block up the streams and rivers
with, like, logs and sticks and mud.

52
crane /kreɪn/
n. 起重机
释义：A tall metal structure with a long horizontal part, used for lifting and moving heavy objects.
例句：His theory was that cranes were used, much like we use cranes today to construct tall
buildings. And Herodotus may have seen Egyptians using cranes made of wood.

mechanics/məˈkæn.ɪks/
n. 力学（用作单数）；结构；技术；机械学（用作单数）
释义：The study of the effect of physical forces on objects and their movement.
例句：But the problem with this theory has to do with simple mechanics.

doorway /ˈdɔːr.weɪ/
n. 门口；途径
释义：The space in a wall where a door opens, or a covered area just outside a door
例句：In architecture, a keystone in an archway or doorway is the stone that holds the whole
thing together and keeps it from collapsing.

hearth /hɑːrθ/
n. 灶台；炉边；炉床；壁炉地面
释义：The area around a fireplace or the area of floor in front of it.
例句：The main room had the hearths, for cooking and for heat.

magnificent /mæɡˈnɪf.ə.sənt/
adj. 高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的
释义：Very good, beautiful, or deserving to be admired.
例句：Last class, we had a look at some of the magnificent palaces and villas built during this time
period.

sturdy /ˈstɝː.di/
adj. 坚定的；强健的；健全的
释义：Physically strong and solid or thick, and therefore unlikely to break or be hurt.
例句：A crane needs a wide and sturdy base to stand on or it will fall over.

engineer /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪr/
n. 工程师
释义：A person whose job is to design or build machines, engines, or electrical equipment, or
things such as roads, railways, or bridges, using scientific principles.
例句：That’s how engineers keep the road from having to be too steep.

dimension ／ˌdɪˈmen.ʃən/
53
n. 方面;[数] 维；尺寸；次元；容积
vt. 标出尺寸
释义：A measurement of something in a particular direction, especially its height, length, or
width.
例句：The dimensions are almost perfect.

construction /kənˈstrʌk.ʃən/
n. 建设；建筑物
释义：The work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges.
例句：Well, if you got a ramp spiraling up from the base of the Pyramid, those corners would be
buried by that ramp during construction.

palace /ˈpæl.ɪs/
n. 宫殿；宅邸；豪华住宅
释义：A large house that is the official home of a king, queen, or other person of high social rank.
例句：And just as class was ending, someone asked about the gardens associated with these
palaces and villas.

plaster /ˈplæs.tɚ/
n. 石膏；灰泥；膏药
vt. 减轻；粘贴；涂以灰泥；敷以膏药；使平服
释义：A substance that becomes hard as it dries and is used especially for spreading on walls and
ceilings in order to give a smooth surface.
例句：You can still see the diagonal marks of the ladders in the plaster on the inside walls.

plasterwork ['plæstɚwɝk]
n. 抹灰泥工作；灰泥天花板
释义：A surface of hardened plaster (as on a wall or ceiling).
例句：But they all have a lot of decorations on the walls inside, lots of ornamental plasterwork
like statues.

ornamental /ˌɔːr.nəˈmen.t̬əl/
adj. 装饰的，装饰性的
n. 观赏植物；装饰品
释义：Designed to make something look attractive rather than to be used for a particular
purpose.
例句：These were lavishly constructed, finely detailed gardens that covered hundreds of acres,
with exotic plants and ornamental statues.

pyramid ['pɪrəmɪd]

54
n. 金字塔
释义：A solid object with a square base and four triangular sides that form a point at the top.
例句：He visited Egypt around 450 B.C.E., when the Pyramid was already 2000 years old.

accommodate /əˈkɑː.mə.deɪt/
vt. 容纳；使适应；供应；调解
vi. 适应；调解
释义：To provide with a place to live or to be stored in.
例句：Well, the Pyramid is built on a flat area called the Giza Plateau. The Plateau is simply not
big enough to accommodate a two-kilometer-long ramp.

proportion /prəˈpɔːr.ʃən/
n. 比例，占比；部分；面积；均衡
vt. 使成比例；使均衡；分摊
释义：The number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to the whole.
例句：One of the most remarkable things about the Great Pyramid is how accurate the
proportions are.

ramp /ræmp/
n. 斜坡，坡道
释义：A raised strip built into a road to make vehicles drive more slowly.
例句：If the ramp were on the inside of the Pyramid, the corners at the base would be exposed,
so the engineers could do their measurements while they were building.

Microgravimetric （microgravimetric analysis 微重量分析）

例句：Well, in 1986, French scientists completed a microgravimetric survey of the Pyramid.

residential /ˌrez.əˈden.ʃəl/
adj. 住宅的；与居住有关的
释义：Relating to where you live or have lived.
例句：In general, downtown areas just don’t have that many residential areas, uh, not that many
people live there.

dwelling /ˈdwel.ɪŋ/
n. 住处；寓所
释义：A house or place to live in.
例句：That is evidence of species that show the transition between land-dwelling mammals and
today’s whales.

aesthetic /esˈθet̬.ɪk/
55
adj.审美的
释义：Relating to the enjoyment or study of beauty.
例句：In fact it’s precisely that as aesthetic appeal, the…the purity, the nearly perfect proportions
of the house.

List 5：文学

genre /ˈʒɑːnrə/
n.文体；体裁
释义：A particular type or style of literature, art, film or music that you can recognize because of
its special features.
例句：Now we can't really talk about fairy tales without first talking about folktales because
there's a strong connection between these two genres, these two types of stories.

fairy tale / ˈferi teɪl/

n.童话
释义：A children's story about magical and imaginary beings and land.
例句：Folk tales are imaginative stories that ...um ...like folk legends, they have been passed
down orally, from storyteller to storyteller for ...since ancient times. But with folk tales you don’t
ever really get the sense that the story might have been true.

folk tale / foʊk teɪl/

n.民间故事
释义：A story originating in popular culture, typically passed on by word of mouth.
例句：Folk tales are imaginative stories that ...um ...like folk legends, they have been passed
down orally, from storyteller to storyteller for ...since ancient times. But with folk tales you don’t
ever really get the sense that the story might have been true.

mythology / mɪˈθɑːlədʒi/
n.神话
释义：Ancient myths in general; the ancient myths of a particular culture, society, etc.
例句：He introduced Greek and Roman mythology as a way of explaining. Like, you know, how
like Jupiter’s the biggest planet, right, and how Jupiter was the name of the king of the gods in
Roman mythology, right?

allegory / ˈæləɡɔːri/

56
n.寓言
释义：A story, play, picture, etc. in which each character or event is a symbol representing an
idea or a quality, such as truth, evil, death, etc.
例句：The book 1984 is a world-famous political allegory written by George Orwell.

legend /ˈledʒənd/
n.传说
<同> myth
释义：A story from ancient times about people and events, that may or may not be true.
<同> myth
例句：Folk tales are imaginative stories that ...um ...like folk legends, they have been passed
down orally, from storyteller to storyteller for ...since ancient times.

novel / ˈnɑːvl/
n.小说
释义：A story long enough to fill a complete book, in which the characters and events are usually
imaginary.
例句：Some of you have probably read the novel The Grapes of Wrath. And maybe you
remember that the story took place in the 1930s, during the time of what was called the Dust
Bowl.

science fiction / ˈsaɪəns ˈfɪkʃn/

n.科幻小说
释义：A type of book, film/ movie, etc. that is based on imagined scientific discoveries of the
future, and often deals with space travel and life on other planets.
例句：Student: So you really think this is a possibility? Like, how soon could it happen?
Professor: Well, the science fiction writer Arthur C.Clarke talked about building a space elevator
back in the 1970s.

narrative / ˈnærətɪv/
n. 故事；叙述
<同>story
释义：A description of events, especially in a novel.
例句：The exact narrative didn't really matter, so long as it was one that captivated the audience,
that held the viewers' attention.

poem / ˈpoʊəm/
n. （一首）诗
释义：A piece of writing in which the words are chosen for their sound and the images they
suggest, not just for their obvious meanings. The words are arranged in separate lines, usually with
a repeated rhythm, and often the lines rhyme at the end.
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例句：The poems were sung, uh, performed by a minstrel, a singer who traveled from castle to
castle, uh, singing to the local lord and his knights.

poetry / ˈpoʊətri/
n.[不可数] 诗歌（总称，泛指）
释义：A collection of poems; poems in general.
例句：Remember how we, uh, we define poetry? In the very broadest sense, um, we said, it’s
written to evoke, uh, that to make you, the audience, have some kind of emotional experience
through the use of imagery.

imagery /ˈɪmɪdʒəri/
n. [不可数] 意象；比喻
释义：The ability to form mental images of things or events.
例句：Remember how we, uh, we define poetry? In the very broadest sense, um, we said, it’s
written to evoke, uh, that to make you, the audience, have some kind of emotional experience
through the use of imagery.

epic [ˈɛpɪk]
n. 史诗
释义：A long poem about the actions of great men and women or about a nation's history.
例句：The French said you really cannot talk about real people who lived in opera and they relied
on mythology to give them their characters and their plots, mythology, the past old traditions, the
novels of chivalry or the epics of chivalry out of the middle Ages.

prose / proʊz/
n. [不可数]诗歌以外的文体；文章
释义：Writing that is not poetry.
例句：The book is famous for the author's clear elegant prose(style of writing).

autobiography / ˌɔːtəbaɪˈɑːɡrəfi/
n. 自传
释义：The story of a person's life, written by that person; this type of writing.
例句：Welty said in the interview we listened to and in her autobiography that her worst stories
were the ones where she tried to write about people or places that were unfamiliar to her.

biography / baɪˈɑːɡrəfi/
n. 传记
a. biographical
释义：The story of a person's life written by sb else; this type of writing.
例句：We know a lot more about the troubadours than we do about the chanson authors
because they often had small biographical sketches added to their poems.
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ballad /ˈbæləd/
n. 民谣
释义：A song or poem that tells a story.
例句：At the same time, lots of ballads were still about castles and royalty, lords and ladies, stuff
like that.

criticism /krɪtɪsɪzəm/
n. 评论
释义：The work or activity of making fair, careful judgements about the good and bad qualities of
sb/ sth, especially books, music, etc.
例句：Master Writer is an advanced seminar. So students need to get a strong foundation in
literary theory and criticism before I let them in the room.

literary / lɪtəreri/
文学的
释义：Concerned with or connected with the writing, study, or appreciation of literature.
例句：Master Writer is an advanced seminar. So students need to get a strong foundation in
literary theory and criticism before I let them in the room.

character / ˈkærəktər/
n. 人物；角色
释义：A person or an animal in a book, play or film/ movie.
< TPO 例句>The chorus's most important role was commenting on what the characters on stage
were doing and thinking.

protagonist / prəˈtæɡənɪst/
n. 主角
释义：The main character in a play, film/ movie or book.

hero / ˈhiːroʊ/
n. 男主角
释义：The main male character in a story, novel, film/ movie, etc.
例句：Generally, things turn out well for the hero and others we care about, a happy ending of
some sort.

heroine / ˈheroʊɪn/
n. 女主角
释义：The main female character in a story, novel, film/ movie, etc.
例句：The prince lives in the castle that’s east of the Sun and west of the Moon, which the
heroine in the story has to try to find.
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narrator [ˈnærətɚ]
n. 讲述者
释义：A person who tells a story, especially in a book, play or film/ movie.
例句： Though all the stories in the collection are written in stream of consciousness, which as
you know, means they are told through the narrator's thought, through an inner monologue, as
opposed to dialogue or an objective description of events.

plot / plɑːt/
n. 情节
释义：The series of events that form the story of a novel, play, film/ movie, etc.
例句：In folktales, characters might be identified by a name, but you wouldn't know anything
more about them. But in fairy tales, people no longer have to remember plots. They're written
down, right? So more energy can be put into other elements of the story like character and
setting.

setting / ˈsetɪŋ/
n.场景；背景
释义：The place and time at which the action of a play, novel, etc. takes place.
例句：In folktales, characters might be identified by a name, but you wouldn't know anything
more about them. But in fairy tales, people no longer have to remember plots. They're written
down, right? So more energy can be put into other elements of the story like character and
setting.

playwright / ˈpleɪraɪt/
n. 剧作家
<同>dramatist
释义：A person who writes plays for the theatre, television or radio.
例句：In fact, some of these playwrights would start by writing the end of a play and work
backward toward the beginning, just to make sure each event led logically from what had gone
before.

drama / ˈdrɑːmə/
n.戏剧
<同> play
释义：a play for the theatre, television or radio.
例句：A room intended for music needs to be designed differently from a room intended for
drama.

opera / ˈɑːprə/
n.歌剧

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释义：A dramatic work in which all or most of the words are sung to music.
例句：Opera was commonplace in Italy for almost a thousand years before it became commercial
as a venture.

comedy / ˈkɑːmədi/
n.喜剧
释义：A play or film/ movie that is intended to be funny, usually with a happy ending.
例句：What’s strange to me though, is that at first film music didn’t necessarily correspond to
what was on the screen. You know, eh, a fast number for a chase, deep bass notes for danger,
something light and humorous for comedy.

tragedy / ˈtrædʒədi/
n. 悲剧
释义：A serious play with a sad ending, especially one in which the main character dies.

portray / pɔːrˈtreɪ/
v. 描绘
<同>depict
释义：To show sb/ sth in a picture; to describe sb/ sth in a piece of writing.
例句：He confused his audience in the way he portrayed the animals he filmed, mixing up on
notions of the categories of humans and animals.

rhyme / raɪm/
n. & v. 韵脚；押韵
释义：
(1) n. A word that has the same sound or ends with the same sound as another word.
(2) v. ~ (with sth) If two words, syllables, etc. rhyme, or if one rhymes with the other, they have or
end with the same sound.
例句：Geisel’s rhyme schemes are very simple. And often, to make things rhyme, he used silly
names for his imaginary creatures, like the Grinch and Sneetches.

List 6：动物类

herbivore [’hɜːbɪvɔː]
n. [动] 食草动物

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释义：An animal that only eats plants.
例句：In the distant past, large herbivores like mastodons dispersed maclura seeds, each the size
of an orange in their droppings.

organism ['ɔrɡənɪzəm]
n. 有机体；生物体；微生物
释义：An animal, plant, human, or any other living thing.
例句：We started talking about trace metals, metals found in living organisms in very small
quantities that serve an important biological, important nutritive function in those organisms．

megafauna [mɛɡəˌfɔːnə]
n. [动] 巨型动物
释义：The component of the fauna of a region or period that comprises the larger terrestrial
animals.
例句：Megafauna include elephants, wild horses, big cats, camels, large animals.

flora ['flɔrə]
n. 植物区系；植物群
释义：All the plants that grow in a particular place or country.
例句：Another example is the interaction of megafauna with local flora, in particular, plants that
rely on animals to disperse their seeds.

rodent ['rodnt]
adj. 啮齿类的；咬的，嚼的；侵蚀性的
n. [脊椎] 啮齿动物
释义：Any small animal of the type that has long sharp front teeth, such as a rat or a rabbit.
例句：Marmots are rodents. They are large ground squirrels, about the size of an average house
cat.

primate ['praɪmet]
n. 大主教；灵长类的动物；首领
adj. 灵长目动物的；首要的
释义：A member of the group of animals that includes humans and monkeys.
例句：Today, I'd like to look at some communication systems found in mammals, particularly in
primates, such as orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas

vertebrate [ˋvɝtə͵brət]
adj. 脊椎动物的；有脊椎的
n. 脊椎动物

62
释义：A living creature that has a backbone.
例句：A group of conservation biologists has proposed an ambitious, or some might say, a radical
plan, involving large vertebrates, or , megafauna.

mammal ['mæml]
n. [脊椎] 哺乳动物
释义：A type of animal that drinks milk from its mother’s body when it is young. Humans, dogs,
and whales are mammals.
例句：Hatchlings are really vulnerable, especially to birds and small mammals when they are
born.

reptile ['rɛptaɪl]
adj. 爬虫类的；卑鄙的
n. 爬行动物；卑鄙的人
释义：A type of animal, such as a snake or lizard , whose body temperature changes according to
the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs to have babies.
例句：I mean, crocodiles' brains are the most developed of any reptile.

amphibian [æm'fɪbɪən]
n. [脊椎] 两栖动物；水陆两用飞机；具有双重性格的人
adj. 两栖类的；[车辆] 水陆两用的；具有双重性格的
释义：An animal such as a frog that can live both on land and in water.
例句：At first this amphibian deals with the cooler days by burying itself in the soil.

predator [ˈpredətər;predˈətər]
n. [动] 捕食者；[动] 食肉动物；掠夺者
释义：An animal that kills and eats other animals.
例句：But jellyfish usually use it as a defense against predators．

prey [pre]
vi. 捕食；掠夺；折磨
n. 捕食；牺牲者；被捕食的动物
释义：An animal, bird etc that is hunted and eaten by another animal.
例句：Avoiding other predators, and locating prey, typically insects that fly around at night.

aquatic [ə'kwætɪk]
adj. 水生的；水栖的；在水中或水面进行的
n. 水上运动；水生植物或动物
释义：Living or growing in water.

63
例句：The ear area of the skull had characteristics seen only in aquatic mammals, specifically
whales.

marine [mə'rin]
adj. 船舶的；海生的；海产的；航海的，海运的
n. 海运业；舰队；水兵；（海军）士兵或军官
释义：Relating to the sea and the creatures that live there.
例句：In each of the others up to half of all land animals and up to 95 percent of marine species
disappeared.

hibernate ['haɪbɚnet]
vi. 过冬；（动物）冬眠；（人等）避寒
释义：If an animal hibernates, it sleeps for the whole winter.
例句：Many animals either limit their activity during the winter or hibernate.

migrate ['maɪɡret]
vi. 移动；随季节而移居；移往
vt. 使移居；使移植
释义：If birds or animals migrate, they travel regularly from one part of the world to another.
例句：There are a few quarters left for species to migrate through without help.

camouflage['kæmə'flɑʒ]
n. 伪装，掩饰
vt. 伪装，掩饰 vi. 伪装起来
释义：A way of hiding something, especially soldiers and military equipment, by using paint,
leaves etc to make it look like the things around it.
例句：It blends in with the sand, so it’s well- camouflaged from predator birds above.

chromosome ['kroməsom]
n. [遗][细胞][染料] 染色体
释义：A part of every living cell that is shaped like a thread and contains the gene s that control
the size, shape etc that a plant or animal has.
例句：Now if you look at this rough drawing of one of them, one Chromosome is about to divide
into two.

chimpanzee [,tʃɪmpæn'zi]
n. [脊椎] 黑猩猩
释义：An intelligent African animal that is like a large monkey without a tail
例句：So what does the test tell us about corvids or chimpanzees?

64
larva['lɑrvə]
n. [水产] 幼体，[昆] 幼虫
释义：A young insect with a soft tube-shaped body, which will later become an insect with wings.
例句：A larva metamorphoses into a chrysalis and then into a butterfly.

caterpillar ['kætɚpɪlɚ]
n. [无脊椎] 毛虫；履带车
adj. 有履带装置的
释义：A small creature like a worm with many legs that eats leaves and that develops into
a butterfly or other flying insect
例句：The caterpillar might well give you nightmares though!

moth [mɔθ]
n. 蛾；蛀虫
释义：An insect related to the butterfly that flies mainly at night and is attracted to lights. Some
moths eat holes in cloth.
例句：Authorities say the mob of 'roos is endangering a species of local lizard and the threatened
gold sun moth through overgrazing.

octopus ['ɑktəpəs]
n. 章鱼; 章鱼肉
释义：A sea creature with eight tentacles (= arms )
例句：The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its
predators?

lobster ['lɑbstɚ]
n. 龙虾; 龙虾肉
释义：A sea animal with eight legs, a shell, and two large claws.
例句：So depleting the number of lobsters, for example, means that we are adding to the threat
of coral decline.

crocodile ['krɑkə'daɪl]
n. 鳄鱼
释义：A large reptile with a long mouth and many sharp teeth that lives in lakes and rivers in hot
wet parts of the world.
例句：Some reptiles incubate their eggs, crocodiles do.

alligator ['æləˌɡetɚ]
n. 短吻鳄（产于美国及中国）；短吻鳄皮革；鳄口式工具
vi. 皱裂；裂开

65
adj. 鳄鱼般的；鳄鱼皮革的；鳄鱼皮纹的
释义：A large animal with a long mouth and tail and sharp teeth that lives in the hot wet parts of
the US and China.
例句：But the alligators would escape and find their way into the New York sewer system where
they started reproducing

coral reef
n. 珊瑚礁
释义：A line of hard rocks formed by coral, found in warm sea water that is not very deep.
例句：We’ve gone over where coral reefs are usually formed – along the edges of shallow ocean
banks in tropical or subtropical regions.

plankton ['plæŋktən]
n. 浮游生物（总称）
释义：The very small forms of plant and animal life that live in water, especially the sea, and are
eaten by fish.
例句：What this means, uh, is that tropical water doesn't have much of the plankton that most
whales feed on.

insect ['ɪnsɛkt]
n. 昆虫；卑鄙的人
释义：A small creature such as a fly or ant, that has six legs, and sometimes wings.
例句：Avoiding other predators, and locating prey, typically insects that fly around at night.

cell [sɛl]
n. 细胞；电池；蜂房的巢室；单人小室
vi. 住在牢房或小室中
释义：The smallest part of a living thing that can exist independently.
例句：Some cells, like nerve cells, only divide seven to nine times in their total life.

breed [brid]
vi. 繁殖；饲养；产生
vt. 繁殖；饲养；养育，教育；引起
n. [生物] 品种；种类，类型
释义：If animals breed, they mate in order to have babies.
例句：If you were to go to a swamp during the breeding season, you'd hear a chorus of sounds.

offspring ['ɔfsprɪŋ]
n. 后代，子孙；产物

66
释义：Someone’s child or children – often used humorously.
例句：Large animals like elephants, say, they require much more food and energy and have fewer
offspring than smaller animals.

hatch [hætʃ]
n. 孵化；舱口
vt. 孵；策划 vi. 孵化
释义：If an egg hatches, or if it is hatched, it breaks, letting the young bird, insect etc come out.
例句：Dinosaur fossils have been found in postures that we now believe to indicate brooding
behavior, that is, sitting on the eggs until they hatch.

hatchling [ˈhætʃlɪŋ]
n. 刚孵化的小动物
释义：A young animal that has newly emerged from an egg.
例句：Hatchlings are really vulnerable, especially to birds and small mammals when they are
born.

territorial[,tɛrə'tɔrɪəl]
adj. 领土的；区域的；土地的；地方的
n. 地方自卫队士兵
释义：Related to land that is owned or controlled by a particular country.
例句：They are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots.

aggressive [ə'ɡrɛsɪv]
adj. 侵略性的；好斗的；有进取心的；有闯劲的
释义：Behaving in an angry threatening way, as if you want to fight or attack someone.
例句：They are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots.

limb [lɪm]
n. 肢，臂；分支；枝干
vt. 切断…的手足；从…上截下树枝
释义：An arm or leg.
例句：It clearly had four limbs that couldn't have been used for walking.

metabolism [mɛ'tæbəlɪzəm]
n. [生理] 新陈代谢
释义：The chemical processes by which food is changed into energy in your body.
例句：All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism.

67
wood-frog
n. 树蛙
例句：North American wood frogs live over a very broad territory or range.

omnivore ['ɑmnɪvɔr]
n. [动] 杂食动物；不偏食的人
释义：An animal that eats both meat and plants.
例句：I knew then that my days as an omnivore were numbered.

mechanism ['mɛkənɪzəm]
n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧
释义：Part of a machine or a set of parts that does a particular job.
例句：Although the Spartinas have adapted several chemical and physical mechanisms that allow
them to thrive in salt water and to feed oxygen to their roots.

sibling ['sɪblɪŋ]
n. 兄弟姊妹；民族成员
释义：A brother or sister.
例句：It will make a loud distress call, which its siblings answer.

fossil ['fɑsl]
n. 化石；僵化的事物；顽固不化的人
adj. 化石的；陈腐的，守旧的
释义：An animal or plant that lived many thousands of years ago and that has been preserved, or
the shape of one of these animals or plants that has been preserved in rock.
例句：The concentrations of carbon dioxide that are now being put into the atmosphere as a
result of industrialization and the use of fossil fuels.

skeleton ['skɛlɪtn]
n. 骨架，骨骼；纲要；骨瘦如柴的人
adj. 骨骼的；骨瘦如柴的；概略的
释义：The structure consisting of all the bones in a human or animal body.
例句：We looked at various easily observed physical characteristics of animals, their skeleton, the
size of their brain

skull [skʌl]
n. 头盖骨，脑壳
释义：The bones of a person’s or animal’s head.
例句：The ear area of the skull had characteristics seen only in aquatic mammals, specifically
whales.
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Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n]
n. 更新世；更新世岩
释义：Belonging to the period in the Earth’s history that started about two million years ago and
ended about 10,000 years ago, when much of the Earth was covered with ice.
例句：The Pleistocene epic was an ice age.

bacteria [bæk'tɪrɪə]
n. [微] 细菌
释义：Very small living things, some of which cause illness or disease.
例句：Unlike green plants which are photosynthetic and their energy from sunlight, these
bacteria that they found at the ocean floor, these are chemosynthetic.

vocalize ['vokə'laɪz]
vi. 发声；喊叫
vt. 使发成元音；使发声
释义：To make a sound or sounds with your voice.
例句：And we know that mammals, dogs for example, dogs vocalize many different sounds.

mate[met]
n. 助手，大副；配偶；同事；配对物
vt. 使配对；使一致；结伴
vi. 交配；成配偶；紧密配合
释义：Someone you work with, do an activity with, or share something with.
句子：If the bird is afraid of its mate, it’s conflicted.

disinhibition [,disinhi'biʃən]
n. [生理] 去抑制；抑制解除；脱抑制
释义：A temporary loss of inhibition, caused by an outside stimulus such as alcohol or a drug.
句子： Now, in disinhibition, the basic idea is that two drives that seem to inhibit, to hold back, a
third drive.

preen [prin]
vt. 打扮；用嘴整理；赞扬
vi. 洋洋自得；把（自己）打扮漂亮
释义：If a bird preens or preens itself, it cleans itself and makes its feathers smooth using its beak
句子：A bird that’s in the middle of a mating ritual, and suddenly it stops and preens, you know, it
takes a few moments to straighten its feathers, and then returns to the mating ritual.

groom [ɡrum]
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vt. 整饰；推荐；喂马；刷洗（马等）
vi. 打扮
n. 新郎；马夫；男仆
释义：To clean and brush an animal, especially a horse.
句子：Instead, it starts grooming itself. So, the displacement activity, the grooming, the
straightening of its feathers, seems to be an irrelevant behavior.

List 7：植物类
fungus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/
n. 菌类 (pl. fungi)
释义：An organism (= a living thing) that is similar to a plant without leaves, flowers or green
coloring, and that usually grows on plants or on decaying matter. Mushrooms and mildew are
both fungi.
例句：He basically exposed the wood to a species of fungus, uh, a mushroom. In the forest, fungi
are decomposers.

algae /ˈældʒiː/
n. [植] 藻类；[植] 海藻
释义：Very simple plants, such as seaweed, that have no real leaves, stems or roots, and that
grow in or near water.
例句：In a normal water phase, rivers eventually empty into oceans, and once in the oceans, the
phosphorus gets absorbed by water plants like algae.

diatom /'daɪətəm/
n. [植] 硅藻
释义：Microscopic unicellular marine or freshwater colonial alga having cell walls impregnated
with silica.
例句：Diatoms are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms and they are a major source of food
for other organisms in the ocean．

chlorophyll /ˈklɔːrəfɪl/
n. [植][生化] 叶绿素
释义：The green substance in plants that absorbs light from the sun to help them grow.

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例句：The chlorophyll in the leaves collects energy from the Sun in the form of sunlight and it
converts this energy into sugar which is food for the plant. It's chlorophyll that makes leaves green
most of the time.

photosynthesis /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/
n. 光合作用
释义：The process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy
obtained from light from the sun.
例句：Last time we talked about photosynthesis, the process by which plants use light to convert
carbon dioxide and water into food.

pollen /ˈpɑːlən/
n. [植] 花粉
释义：Fine powder, usually yellow, that is formed in flowers and carried to other flowers of the
same kind by the wind or by insects, to make those flowers produce seeds.
例句：When the beetle flies out, it carries the pollen to a different, heated, white, fragrant
flower.

pollinate /ˈpɑːləneɪt/
vt. 对...授粉
释义：To put pollen into a flower or plant so that it produces seeds.
例句：The royal water lily uses color, temperature and scent to attract the beetles that pollinate
it.

petal /ˈpetl/
n. 花瓣
释义：A delicate colored part of a flower. The head of a flower is usually made up of several
petals around a central part.
例句：But since not all cells of the plant tissue are infected, the result tends to be color variation,
with color intensified in one part of the flower petal, and faded in another.

nectar /ˈnektər/
n. [植] 花蜜
释义：A sweet liquid that is produced by flowers and collected by bees for making honey.
例句：Nectar is mainly a sugar solution, while pollen is a grain made up of part of the plant’s cell
structure.

root /ruːt/
n. 根
释义：The part of a plant that grows under the ground and absorbs water and minerals that it
sends to the rest of the plant.

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例句：If its roots are pulled up from out of the ground as the tree topples over, then there’s
usually a big hole, a pit left in the ground where the roots used to be.

stem /stem/
n. 干；茎
释义：The main long thin part of a plant above the ground from which the leaves or flowers grow;
a smaller part that grows from this and supports flowers or leaves.
例句：Spartinas have air tubes, air enters through tiny openings on the leaves, the tubes provide
direct pipe line for oxygen, carrying it down the leaves through the stems and into the roots,
where it is needed.

moss /mɔːs/
n. 苔藓
释义：A very small green or yellow plant without flowers that spreads over damp surfaces, rocks,
trees, etc.
例句：Lichens are plants you'll find growing on rocks in the far north, sometimes referred to as
reindeer moss. They look pretty basic you know, just a little moss on a rock.

tundra /ˈtʌndrə/
n. [生态] 苔原；[地理] 冻原；冻土地带
释义：The large flat Arctic regions of northern Europe, Asia and North America where no trees
grow and where the soil below the surface of the ground is always frozen.
例句：Shrubs are increasing in the "tundra". Tundra is flat land with very little vegetation.

shrub /ʃrʌb/
n. 灌木；灌木丛
释义：A large plant that is smaller than a tree and that has several stems of wood coming from
the ground.
例句：Shrubs are little bushes. They're not tall and being low in the ground which protect them
from the cold and wind.

edible /ˈedəbl/
adj. 可食用的
释义：Fit or suitable to be eaten; not poisonous.
例句：You see, bananas, at least the edible kind, can’t grow without human intervention. They
have to be cultivated. People need to plant them and care for them.

prairie /ˈpreri/
n. 大草原；牧场
释义：A flat wide area of land in North America and Canada, without many trees and originally
covered with grass.

72
例句：Shrub expansion has occurred in other environments, like semiarid grassland, and tall grass
prairies.

herb /hɜːrb/
n. 香草，药草
释义：A plant whose leaves, flowers or seeds are used to flavor food, in medicines or for their
pleasant smell.
例句：That is when it’s not covered in snow and there is no frost covering the grass and, umm,
vegetative parts of a plant’s herbs and the flowers the marmots like to eat.

germinate /ˈdʒɜːrmɪneɪt/
vt. 使发芽；使生长
vi. 发芽；生长
释义：When the seed of a plant germinates or is germinated, it starts to grow.
例句：So, given all these limitations, not many seeds that the tree produces will actually
germinate.

cluster /ˈklʌstər/
vt. 使聚集
释义：To come together in a small group or groups.
例句：Another way of putting this is to say that galaxies are clustered. They’re not spread evenly
throughout the universe.

bark /bɑːrk/
n. 树皮
释义：The outer covering of a tree.
例句：The birch tree has white bark, and this tough protective outer layer of the tree, this white
bark, is waterproof.

twig /twɪɡ/
n. 小枝；嫩枝；末梢
释义：A small very thin branch that grows out of a larger branch on a bush or tree.
例句：The hare actually has abundant food in the small twigs it finds.

branch /bræntʃ/
n. 树枝，分枝
释义：A part of a tree that grows out from the main stem and on which leaves, flowers and fruit
grow.
例句：First, let’s say a beaver could get the same amount of wood from a single large tree when it
has lots of branches as it could get from three small trees. Which should it choose?

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trunk /trʌŋk/
n. 树干
释义：The thick main stem of a tree, that the branches grow from.
例句：You probably know that we can determine a tree’s age by counting the rings on a cross
section of its trunk.

bud /bʌd/
n. 芽，萌芽；蓓蕾
释义：A small lump that grows on a plant and from which a flower, leaf or stem develops.
例句：Spices can come from tree bark like cinnamon, plant roots like ginger, flower buds like
cloves.

tissue /ˈtɪʃuː/
n. 组织
释义：A collection of cells that form the different parts of humans, animals and plants.
例句：And in the cells of the human body itself, in the cells of every organ, of almost every type
of tissues in the body, the same thing will happen eventually.

husk /hʌsk/
n. 皮；外壳
释义：The dry outer covering of nuts, fruits and seeds, especially of grain.
例句：The remains of barley husks have been found inside them.

peel /piːl/
v. 剥，剥落
释义：To take the outer layer off fruit, vegetables, etc.
例句：Beavers peel off the bark to eat and they also use the branches for building their shelters.

seed /siːd/
n. 种子
释义：The small hard part produced by a plant, from which a new plant can grow
例句：And if the seeds land in a suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce.

shell /ʃel/
n. 壳，贝壳
释义：The hard outer part of eggs, nuts, some seeds and some animals.
例句：It appears that the shell has to crack open or break down somewhat to allow the seed to
soak up water.

starch /stɑːrtʃ/

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n. 淀粉
释义：A white carbohydrate food substance found in potatoes, flour, rice, etc.; food containing
this
例句：Because they had more advanced techniques than were available to earlier researchers,
the archaeologists also were able to identify actual plant remains—micro-fossils in the soil from
banana plants, and...and also grains of starch from taro, on the edges of stone tools that date from
about 10,000 years ago.

vitamin /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/
n. [生化] 维生素；维他命
释义：A natural substance found in food that is an essential part of what humans and animals eat
to help them grow and stay healthy. There are many different vitamins.
例句：That's definitely true as far as many nutrients are concerned, but some nutrients, like
vitamin C, are destroyed by cooking.

tulip /ˈtuːlɪp/
n. 郁金香
释义：A large, brightly colored spring flower, shaped like a cup, on a tall stem.
例句：At first, tulips were rare in the Netherlands and only for the wealthy.

bulb /bʌlb/
n. （植物）鳞茎
释义：The round underground part of some plants, shaped like an onion, that grows into a new
plant every year.
例句：A large bulb can produce a flower that varies next year, with the smaller bulbs it takes
maybe a couple of years.

List 8：生态环境类

ecology /ɪ'kɑlədʒi/
n. 生态学
释义：The relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment; the
study of this.
例句：I read about that in my ecology class. It happens in cycles.

ecosystem /'ɛko,sɪstəm/
n. 生态系统
释义：All the plants and living creatures in a particular area considered in relation to their
physical environment.
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例句：Relationships between animal species in a given ecosystem can get pretty complex.

landfill /'lænd'fɪl/
n. 垃圾填埋
释义：An area of land where large amounts of waste material are buried under the earth.
例句：At the end of yesterday’s class, we were discussing landfills and the hundreds of millions of
tons of everyday garbage which are deposited into them each year in the United States.

contaminate /kən'tæmɪnet/
v. 污染；弄脏
释义：To make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is
dangerous or carries disease.
例句：It will let us eliminate the risk we would take of contaminating the samples if they were
brought back to Earth.

renewable /rɪ'nuəbl/
adj. 可再生的；可更新的；可继续的
释义：(of energy and natural resources) That is replaced naturally or controlled carefully and can
therefore be used without the risk of finishing it all.
例句：The idea is that if we can harness that tidal energy, it'd be a great clean renewable energy
source.

fossil fuel /ˈfɑːsl fjuːəl/

化石燃料
释义：Fuel such as coal or oil, that was formed over millions of years from the remains of animals
or plants.
例句：Now, last week, when we discussed the serious energy challenges, we’re going to face as
the world’s population continues to grow and we place more stress on our finite supply of fossil
fuels, especially natural gas and oil.

natural gas /ˌnætʃrəl ˈɡæs/

天然气
释义：Gas that is found under the ground or the sea and that is used as a fuel.
例句：The amount of oil and natural gas in the earth was still plentiful.

methane /ˈmeθeɪn/
n. 甲烷、沼气
释义：A gas without color or smell, that burns easily and is used as fuel. Natural gas consists
mainly of methane.
例句：Methane forms in large concentration above wetlands.

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alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/
adj. 可替代的
n. 可替代物
释义：
[adjective] That can be used instead of something else.
[noun] A thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities.
例句：So what happened in the 1970s was oil and natural gas became very expensive very
quickly, and that spurred people to start looking into alternative forms of energy, solar energy
probably being the most popular.

nuclear fusion /ˌnuːkliər ˈfjuːʒn/

核聚变
释义：The act or process of combining the nuclei (= central parts) of atoms to form a heavier
nucleus, with energy being released.
例句：A plant based on nuclear fusion utilizes the energy produced when atoms are fused
together.

nuclear fission /ˌnuːkliər ˈfɪʃn/

核裂变
释义：The act or process of splitting the nucleus (= central part) of an atom, when a large amount
of energy is released.
例句：Basically a nuclear plant powered by nuclear fission derives its energy from the splitting of
atoms.

solar energy /ˈsoʊlər ˈɛnərdʒi/

太阳能
释义：Energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy.
例句：Most of the solar energy that reaches the ocean gets absorbed and heats the water.

fume /fjuːm/
n. 烟，气味
释义：Smoke, gas, or something similar that smells strongly or is dangerous to breathe in.
例句：Trees that hadn’t been cut for fuel were killed by the fumes.

endangered /ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/
adj. 濒危的
释义：(used about groups of animals, plants, etc.) At risk of no longer existing.
例句：A group of conservationists has already taken it upon itself to try on their own to save an
endangered tree, the Florida Torreya tree, through assisted migration.

vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/
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n. 植被
释义：Plants in general, especially the plants that are found in a particular area or environment.
例句：The land started to get drier, which in turn caused huge decrease in the amount of
vegetation, because vegetation doesn’t grow as well in dry soil, right?

deforestation /ˌdiːˌfɔːrɪˈsteɪʃn/
n. 采伐森林；森林开伐
释义：The act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area.
例句：For instance, although evidence was found of deforestation, you know, cutting down trees,
from at least 7,000 years ago, that is long before we’d thought previously.

rainforest /ˈreɪnfɔːrɪst/
n. 雨林
释义：A thick forest in tropical parts of the world that have a lot of rain.
例句：After several days of extremely difficult hiking through the thick rainforest, Saturno
stopped to rest in the shade and finds himself sitting in what turns out to be an ancient Mayan
temple.

acid rain /ˌæsɪd ˈreɪn/

酸雨
释义：Rain that contains harmful chemicals from factory gases and that damages trees, crops and
buildings.
例句：The acid rain created highly acidic soil. Well, soon the soil became so acidic that nothing
could grow, nothing at all. Vegetation and wild life disappeared.

greenhouse effect /ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɪfekt/

温室效应
释义：The problem of the gradual rise in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, caused by an
increase of gases such as carbon dioxide in the air surrounding the earth, which trap the heat of
the sun.
例句：The greenhouse effect is when gases in Earth's atmosphere act like the glass in a
greenhouse or a hothouse. They trap in heat which warms up the earth.

deteriorate /dɪˈtɪriəreɪt/
v. 恶化、退化
释义：To become worse.
例句：Like I said before, these pigments deteriorate rapidly so we really need to do the research
before the traces are gone so that we can increase our understanding of ancient polychrome
sculptures and the cultures which created them.

fertilizer /ˈfɜːrtəlaɪzər/

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n. 肥料
释义：A substance added to soil to make plants grow more successfully.
例句：People use fertilizer for their crops and plants and a lot of it eventually makes its way from
land into the seas.

fertile /ˈfɜːrtl/
adj. 肥沃的
释义：(of land or soil) That plants grow well in.
例句：Both places had vast areas of fertile farmland, no shortage of agricultural land.

toxic /ˈtɑːksɪk/
adj. 有毒的；中毒的
释义：Containing poison; poisonous.
例句：Snake venom is a mixture of proteins, some toxic, poisonous, and some not.

pollutant /pəˈluːtənt/
n. 污染物
释义：A substance that pollutes something, especially air and water.
例句：Mangrove root systems have the ability to absorb and well trap sediments and pollutants
in water that flows through them before they enter the ocean.

habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/
n. [生态] 栖息地，产地
释义：The place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found.
例句：Because the animal breeding habitat is so important, we expect animal species to have
developed preferences for particular types of habitats.

balance /ˈbæləns/
n. 平衡
释义：A situation in which different things exist in equal, correct or good amounts.
例句：Earth's climate system is constantly trying to strike a balance between the cooling and
warming effects of clouds.

ultraviolet /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt/
adj. 紫外的；紫外线的
释义：Of or using electromagnetic waves that are just shorter than those of violet light in the
spectrum and that cannot be seen.
例句：But ammonia would have been destroyed by the ultraviolet light coming from the Sun and
it had to be ruled out too.

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helium /ˈhiːliəm/
n. [化学] 氦
释义：A chemical element. Helium is a very light gas that does not burn, often used to fill balloons
and to freeze food.
例句：The most common isotope of helium on earth is Helium-4, which does not have any known
or potential uses as an energy source.

hydrogen /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/
n. [化学] 氢
释义：A chemical element. Hydrogen is a gas that is the lightest of all the elements. It combines
with oxygen to form water.
例句：Researchers have identified two isotopes of hydrogen as the most promising fuel sources
for fusion power plants.

oxygen /ˈɑːksɪdʒən/
n. [化学] 氧气，[化学] 氧
释义：
a chemical element. Oxygen is a gas that is present in air and water and is necessary for people,
animals and plants to live.
例句：
Oxygen gets chemically combined with sugars in our cells and the energy produced from that
reaction is then used to power the cells.

carbon /ˈkɑːrbən/
n. [化学] 碳
释义：(symbol C) A chemical element. Carbon is found in all living things, existing in a pure state
as diamond and graphite.
例句：The three most important nutrient recycles are the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and the
one we are going to talk about today, the Phosphorus cycle.

isotope /ˈaɪsətoʊp/
n. 同位素
释义：One of two or more forms of a chemical element which have the same number of protons
but a different number of neutrons in their atoms. They have different physical properties (=
characteristics) but the same chemical ones.
例句：Remember, an isotope is a form of a chemical element that has the same number of
protons in its atomic nucleus, but a different number of neutrons.

magnetic field /mæɡˌnetɪk ˈfiːld/

n. 磁场
释义：An area around a magnet or magnetic object, where there is a force that will attract some
metals towards it.
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例句：Astronomers did eventually figure out what sunspots had to do with magnetic fields.

radiation /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/
n. 辐射
释义：Powerful and very dangerous rays that are sent out from radioactive substances.
例句：And this balance between the amount of solar radiation, energy from the Sun, that's
absorbed by Earth, and the amount that's reflected back into space.

radioactive /ˌreɪdioʊˈæktɪv/
adj. 放射性的；有辐射的
释义：Sending out harmful radiation caused when the nuclei (= central parts) of atoms are
broken up.
例句：Zircon is a material that contains radioactive Uranium, which makes it very useful for
dating purposes.

vapor /ˈveɪpər/
n. 水蒸气
释义：A mass of very small drops of liquid in the air, for example steam.
例句：From what I remember, water changes back and forth from water in lakes and oceans to
vapor, and then back to water again when it falls as rain or snow, as precipitation.

carbon dioxide /ˌkɑːrbən daɪˈɑːksaɪd/

n. 二氧化碳
释义：A gas breathed out by people and animals from the lungs or produced by burning carbon.
例句：But then industrialization, of course, has drastically increased the amount of carbon
dioxide that humans are putting into the atmosphere, the burning of fossil fuels tends to put a lot
of CO2 into the atmosphere.

glucose /ˈɡluːkoʊz/
n. 葡萄糖
释义：A simple type of sugar that is an important energy source in living things and which is a
part of many carbohydrates.
例句：Slower and slower but…and in those last few hours before it freezes, it distributes glucose,
a blood sugar throughout its body, its circulatory system, sort of acts like an an antifreeze.

emission /iˈmɪʃn/
n. 排放
释义：The production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc.
例句：So just by breathing you could say we are all guilty of carbon emission and contribute to
the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.

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dissolve /dɪˈzɑːlv/
v. 溶解
释义：(of a solid) To mix with a liquid and become part of it.
例句：The more coffee that's dissolved in the water, the stronger the taste of the coffee, and the
darker the color, the darker the solution.

atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪr/
n. 大气层
释义：The mixture of gases that surrounds the earth.
例句：If you cut down the forests, when you burn the trees for fuel and don’t replace them with
other trees, or when you just leave them to rot and don’t allow other trees to grow, you end up
with a lot more carbon in the form of carbon dioxide getting into the atmosphere.

metal /ˈmetl/
n. 金属
释义：A type of solid mineral substance that is usually hard and shiny and that heat and
electricity can travel through, for example tin, iron and gold.
例句：We are talking about the Neolithic period here, also called new Stone Age, which was the
time before stone tools began to be replaced by tools made by bronze and other metals.

detoxify /ˌdiːˈtɑːksɪfaɪ/
v. 解毒
释义：To remove harmful substances or poisons from something.
例句：For some reason, this hasn't happened yet as far as I know, but I can easily envision
cultivating mushrooms for the sole purpose of detoxifying a large underground ecosystem.

mudflat /ˈmʌdflæt/
n. 潮泥滩
释义：An area of flat muddy land that is covered by the sea when it comes in at high tide.
例句：But it would also affect the mudflats, those areas of mud that normally are exposed when
the tide recedes.

tide /ˈtaɪd/
n. 潮汐
释义：The periodic rise and fall of the sea level under the gravitational pull of the moon.
例句：There is currently a lot of interest in harnessing the power of the oceans, of the ocean
tides, that is, the movement of huge amounts of water which causes the water level of oceans to
rise and fall.

estuary /'ɛstʃʊ'ɛri/
n. 河口；江口

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释义：The wide part of a river where it nears the sea.
例句：An estuary is where a river enters the ocean. The fresh water meets the ocean water.
Sometimes it is covered in water. Sometimes it is not.

barrage /bə'rɑʒ/
n. 拦河坝
释义：A wall or barrier built across a river to store water, prevent a flood, etc.
例句：A barrage is basically a large low dam that's built across an estuary. When the tides go in
and out, the moving water flows through tunnels in the barrage.

List 9：商业类

counsel ['kaʊnsl]
n. 法律顾问；忠告；商议；讨论；决策
vt. 建议；劝告
vi. 商讨；提出忠告
释义：To give advice, especially on social or personal problems.
例句：So let's shift now to the service sector, which markets not goods but services, intangibles
like transportation, food service, career counseling…

opportunist [,ɑpɚ'tunɪst]
n. 投机分子
释义：Someone who tries to get power or an advantage in every situation.
例句：Well, you need to be a bit of an opportunist. You know, common sense things like always
having a sample of your work on hand to give to people.

patent ['pætnt]
vt. 授予专利；取得…的专利权
adj. 专利的；新奇的；显然的
n. 专利权；执照；专利品
释义：A special document that gives you the right to make or sell a new invention or product that
no one else is allowed to copy.

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例句：Irwin became the first woman in the United States to receive a patent for an architectural
designPatronage.

paycheck ['pe,tʃɛk]
n. 付薪水的支票，薪水
释义：A cheque that someone receives as payment for their wage.
例句：However, instead of getting a paycheck, the money goes directly to your bill for your
courses.

privilege [ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ]
n. 特权；优待
vt. 给予…特权；特免
释义：A special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people.
例句：So, you signed up for extended borrowing privileges?

productive [prə'dʌktɪv]
adj. 能生产的；生产的，生产性的；多产的；富有成效的
释义：Producing or achieving a lot.
例句：The recycling of waste materials and the production of energy. They were the energy
source.

professional [prə'fɛʃənl]
adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的
n. 专业人员；职业运动员
释义：Showing that someone has been well trained and is good at their work.
例句：Green marketing seems recent, but advertising professionals grew interest in it several
decades ago.

promise ['prɑmɪs]
n. 许诺，允诺；希望
vt. 允诺，许诺；给人以…的指望或希望
vi. 许诺；有指望，有前途
释义：To tell someone that you will definitely do or provide something or that something will
happen.
例句：But it was all pure speculation because as I said, there was no way to know if the bulb was
really going to produce the variety, the color that was promised.

speculation [,spɛkju'leʃən]
n. 投机；推测；思索；投机买卖

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释义：The activity of guessing possible answers to a question without having enough information
to be certain.
例句：But it was all pure speculation because as I said, there was no way to know if the bulb was
really going to produce the variety, the color that was promised.

prospect ['prɑspɛkt]
n. 前途；预期；景色
vi. 勘探，找矿
vt. 勘探，勘察
释义：A possibility that it will happen.
例句：I agree that people who are directly affected by imports, what they focus on… is, is that
their prospects ... their job prospects are being reduced.

purchase ['pɝtʃəs]
n. 购买；紧握；起重装置
vt. 购买；赢得
释义：To buy something.
例句：People could purchase them easily from a traveling peddler.

quota ['kwotə]
n. 配额；定额；限额
释义：An official limit on the number or amount of something that is allowed in a particular
period.
例句：So as a result, many people argue that we ought to protect jobs by limiting imports-either
by tariffs, quotas, regulations, or whatever.

reward [rɪ'wɔrd]
n. [劳经] 报酬；报答；酬谢
vt. [劳经] 奖励；奖赏
释义：Something that you get because you have done something good or helpful or have worked
hard.
例句：Ecological tourism can bring financial rewards, all the more reason to value these beautiful
little creatures in their habitat, right?

strategic [strə'tidʒɪk]
adj. 战略上的，战略的
释义：Done as part of a plan, especially in a military, business, or political situation.
例句：Well, I was talking about an issue in strategic marketing, the health club model.

subsidy [‘sʌbsədi]

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n. 补贴；津贴；补助金
释义：Money that is paid by a government or an organization to make prices lower, reduce the
cost of producing goods, etc.
例句：The idea was that there is a federal subsidy…um…uh…financial assistance to artists and
artistic or cultural institutions.

tax [tæks]
vt. 向…课税；使负重担
n. 税金；重负
释义：An amount of money that you must pay to the government according to your income,
property, goods, etc. and that is used to pay for public services.
例句：Let corporations pay less in taxes if they were patrons of the arts.

incentive [ɪn'sɛntɪv]
n. 动机；刺激
adj. 激励的；刺激的
释义：Something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity, etc.
例句：Unless the government made it attractive for them to do so, by offering corporations tax
incentives to support the arts.

tariff ['tærɪf]
n. 关税表；收费表
vt. 定税率；征收关税
释义：A tax on goods coming into a country or going out of a country.
例句：Many people argue that we ought to protect jobs by limiting imports-either by tariffs,
quotas, regulations, or whatever.

trader ['tredɚ]
n. 交易者；商人；商船
释义：Someone who buys and sells goods or stocks.
例句：French traders in the 17th century modeled their...well they adopted the design of the
Iroquois birch bark canoes.

bidder ['bɪdɚ]
n. 投标人；出价人；命令者
释义：Someone who makes an offer.
例句：And bust it did, when one cold February morning in 1637, a group of bulb traders got
together and discovered that suddenly there were no bidders.

unemployed [,ʌnɪm'plɔɪd]

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adj. 失业的；未被利用的
释义：Without a job.
例句：It did provide jobs for thousands of unemployed artists.

utilitarian [,jutɪlɪ'tɛrɪən]
adj. 功利的；功利主义的；实利的
n. 功利主义者
释义：Intended to be useful and practical rather than attractive or comfortable formal.
例句：Since there were other architects who thought it was more respectable to design the kind
of buildings…and maybe other structures…that were less…less utilitarian in their function.

Wholesaler ['həʊlseɪlə(r)]
n. 批发商
释义：A person or company who sells goods wholesale.
例句：If a professor didn’t assign it for a class here, we could buy back for a wholesaler who
would distribute it for sale at another university bookstore.

merchant ['mɝtʃənt]
n. 商人，批发商；店主
adj. 商业的，商人的
释义：Someone whose job is to buy and sell wine, coal, etc, or a small company that does this.
例句：The first bulbs to show up in the Netherlands, the merchant who received them roasted
and ate them.

client ['klaɪənt]
n. [经] 客户；顾客；委托人
释义：Someone who gets services or advice from a professional person, company, or
organization.
例句：Maybe it was even the patron, the client who was paying for the art.

potential [pə'tɛnʃl]
n. 潜能；可能性；[电] 电势
adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的
释义：Likely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in the future.
例句：If you don't come up with a system, um, a plan, you risk making decisions that waste
money, or even drive away potential customers.

collaborate [kə'læbəret]
vi. 合作

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释义：To work together with a person or group in order to achieve something, especially in
science or art.
例句：So Miles Davis gets credit for recruiting the best jazz talent anywhere and getting them to
collaborate on a fantastic musical product.

boom and bust [bum ənd bʌst]

繁荣与萧条
释义：Refers to fluctuations in which the expansion is rapid and the contraction is severe.
例句：Now when I mention the terms “boom and bust”, what does that bring to mind?

tactic ['tæktɪk]
n. 策略，战略
adj. 按顺序的，依次排列的
释义：A method that you use to achieve something.
例句：How do they react to different service recovery tactics?

market research ['mɑrkɪt 'risɝtʃ]

n. [贸易] 市场调查
释义：A business activity which involves collecting information about what goods people buy and
why they buy them.
例句：But isn’t it dangerous to base decisions from information from a small sample of people?
Isn’t large-scale market research safer, getting data on a lot of people?

target （age group） ['tɑrɡɪt]

n. 目标，指标；（攻击的）对象；靶子
v. 把…作为目标；面向，对准（某群体）
释义：Something that you are trying to achieve, such as a total, an amount, or a time.
例句：And since you’re reaching the majority of the teachers in your target age group, you’re
probably spending your money well.

economic [ɛkəˈ-nɑmɪk]
adj. 经济的，经济上的；经济学的
释义：Relating to trade, industry, and the management of money.
例句：When you consider economic factors, it’s easy to see why.

financial [faɪˈnænʃəl]
adj. 金融的；财政的，财务的
释义：Elating to money or the management of money.

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例句：The downtown areas have experienced some financial losses because of a steady
movement of people out of the cities and into the suburbs.

innovation [,ɪnə'veʃən]
n. 创新，革新；新方法
释义：A new idea, method, or invention.
例句：He is not fond of innovation.

popularity [,pɑpju'lærəti]
n. 普及，流行；名气；受大众欢迎
释义：The quality of being widely admired or accepted or sought after.
例句：Then its popularity increases, uh, slowly at first till sales really start accelerating quickly.

risky ['rɪski]
adj. 危险的；冒险的；
释义：Involving a risk that something bad will happen.
例句：But innovations are risky. They may succeed or they may not.

appeal [ə'pil]
v. 呼吁；上诉；要求；对…有吸引力
释义：If something appeals to you, you find it attractive or interesting.
例句：But soon most of his fans came around and this new style appealed to a whole new group
of jazz listeners.

commercially [kə'mɝʃəli]
adv. 商业上；通商上
释义：In a commercial manner.
例句：Kind of Blue became the most commercially successful album in the history of jazz!

brand new [brænd nu]

全新的；崭新的
释义：Totally new.
例句：It was a brand new beginning that left lots of room for further development artistically.

analyst ['ænəlɪst]
n. 分析者；精神分析医师；分解者
释义：Someone whose job is to think about something carefully in order to understand it, and
often to advise other people about it.
例句：And as a market analyst, you could say that with Kind of Blue, he was jumping to the
beginning of a brand new S-curve.
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profitable ['prɑfɪtəbl]
adj. 有利可图的；赚钱的；有益的
释义：Producing a profit or an useful result.
例句：Just 50 years later though, by the 1990s, commercial cod fishing there had become
unprofitable.

collaborate [kə'læbəret]
vi. 合作；勾结，通敌
释义：To work together with a person or group in order to achieve something, especially in
science or art.
例句：So Miles Davis gets credit for recruiting the best jazz talent anywhere and getting them to
collaborate on a fantastic musical product.

recruit [rɪ'krut]
n. 招聘；新兵；新成员
vt. 补充；聘用；征募；使…恢复健康
释义：To find new people to work in a company, join an organization, do a job, etc.
例句：So Miles Davis gets credit for recruiting the best jazz talent anywhere and getting them to
collaborate on a fantastic musical product.

retail sector [ˈri:teɪl] [ˈsɛktɚ]

零售部门; 零售业; 零售行业
释义：The part of a country's economy that is made up of businesses that sell goods through
stores, on the internet, etc. to the public.
例句：And that wraps up our discussion of how the retail sector, uh, ways in which retail
managers deal with customer complaints.

deal with [dil wɪð]

处理；涉及；做生意
释义：When you deal with something or someone that needs attention, you give your attention
to them, and often solve a problem or make a decision concerning them.
例句：I think we’d all rather focus on cases that deal with personal liberties, questions about
freedom of speech, things like that. But I chose property rights.

complaint [kəm'plent]
n. 抱怨；诉苦；疾病；委屈
释义：A statement in which someone complains about something.
例句：And would you believe that at least ten students have already complaint that their French
fries and fried chicken don’t taste as good since we switched?

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dissatisfied [dɪs'sætɪsfaɪd]
adj. 不满意的；不高兴的；流露不满的
释义：Not satisfied because something is not as good as you had expected.
例句：But as in retail, there are instances of service failure in which the customer is dissatisfied,
uh; perhaps to the point of not doing business with you anymore.

error ['ɛrɚ]
n. 误差；错误；过失
释义：A mistake.
例句：Then there's human error. Okay, imagine you manage a car rental agency. A customer calls
in a reservation, but your employee marks down the wrong date.

reservation [,rɛzɚ'veʃən]
n. 预约，预订；保留
释义：An arrangement which you make so that a place in a hotel, restaurant, plane, etc is kept for
you at a particular time in the future.
例句：A customer calls in a reservation, but your employee marks down the wrong date.

compensation [,kɑmpɛn'seʃən]
n. 补偿；报酬；赔偿金
释义：Money paid to someone because they have suffered injury or loss, or because something
they own has been damaged.
例句：But your customer is less concerned about the source of the failure than the solution: what
you do about it; what sort of compensation; what service recovery you give.

recovery [rɪ'kʌvəri]
n. 恢复，复原；痊愈；重获
释义：The process of getting better after an illness, injury, etc.
例句：But your customer is less concerned about the source of the failure than the solution: what
you do about it; what sort of compensation; what service recovery you give.

loyalty ['lɔɪəlti]
n. 忠诚；忠心；忠实；忠于…感情
释义：The quality of remaining faithful to your friends, principles, country, etc.
例句：Research has in fact identified service recovery as a significant determinant of customer
loyalty.

appease [ə'piz]
vt. 使平息；使满足；使和缓；对…让步
释义：To make someone less angry or stop them from attacking you by giving them what they
want.
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例句：But the funny thing is that even though we had that horrible experience at that hotel,
because they were so quick to appease us, we usually stay at that same hotel every time we go to
Chicago.

charge [tʃɑrdʒ]
n. 费用；电荷；掌管；控告；命令；负载
vt. 使充电；使承担；指责；装载；对…索费；向…冲去
vi. 充电；控告；索价；向前冲；记在账上
释义：The amount of money you have to pay for goods or services.
例句：What the hotel did...they actually didn't charge anybody for that weekend.

beneficiary [,bɛnɪ'fɪʃɪɛri]
n. [金融] 受益人，受惠者
释义：Someone who gets advantages from an action or change.
例句：So in this case that hotel chain might consider itself the beneficiary of the so-called service
recovery paradox.

delighted [dɪ'laɪtɪd]
adj. 高兴的；欣喜的
释义：Very pleased and happy.
例句：So you could implement a recovery plan that’ll leave your customers delighted as opposed
to merely satisfied?

employee [ɪmˈplɔɪi;ɛmplɔɪˈi]
n. 雇员；从业员工
释义：Someone who is paid to work for someone else.
例句：Also, you'd have to pay your employees to execute the service a second time.

negative ['nɛɡətɪv]
adj. [数] 负的；消极的；否定的；阴性的
n. 否定；负数；[摄] 底片
vt. 否定；拒绝
释义：A fact, situation, or experience that is unpleasant, depressing, or harmful.
例句：But negative word of mouth, now, that got worse implications for your business.

statistically [stə'tɪstɪkli]
adv. 统计地；统计学上
释义：With respect to statistics.

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例句：Because statistically about 50 percent of the customers don't complain about service
failures, at least not to the service provider.

budget ['bʌdʒɪt]
n. 预算，预算费
vt. 安排，预定；把…编入预算
vi. 编预算，做预算
adj. 廉价的
释义：The money that is available to an organization or person, or a plan of how it will be spent.
例句：So it is gonna cost your company some money that you are going have to account for in
your budget.

expectation [,ɛkspɛk'teʃən]
n. 期待；预期；指望
释义：What you think or hope will happen.
例句：How do consumers form expectations?

List 10：心理学（哲学）

philosophy / fəˈlɑːsəfi/
n. 哲学；哲理
释义：The study of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life.
例句：What we do know about - and this really is the most important reason I am approaching
today’s lecture the way I am - is the Greek philosophy about music and its continuing influence on
western attitudes toward music.

Socrates /ˈsɔkrəti:z/
苏格拉底；

Plato /ˈpleitəu/
柏拉图

Aristotle /ˈæristɔtl/
亚里士多德

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ideology / ˌaɪdiˈɑːlədʒi/
n. 意识形态
释义：A set of beliefs, especially one held by a particular group, that influences the way people
behave

intellect / ˈɪntəlekt/
n. 智力，理解力
释义：The ability to think in a logical way and understand things, especially at an advanced level.
例句：And then, Plato says, the third group you need is leaders. Their main role will be to think
rationally, to use their reason or intellect to make decisions.

mentality / menˈtæləti/
n. 心态；想法
释义：The particular attitude or way of thinking of a person or group.
例句：Developers and testers have different mentalities. The mentality of the software developer
is constructive, creative; they are spending long hours working together to create and build
something new.

psychology / saɪˈkɑːlədʒi/
n. 心理学
释义：The scientific study of the mind and how it influences behavior.
例句：Remember, this is a business psychology class, and for this assignment, I want you to get
some real insight about business owners, their personality, what drives them to become an
entrepreneur.

cognition / kɑːɡˈnɪʃn/
n.认知; 认知能力
释义：The process by which knowledge and understanding is developed in the mind.
例句：We’ve said that the term “cognition” refers to mental states like knowing and believing,
and to mental processes we use to arrive at those states.

perception / pərˈsepʃn/
n. [不可数]感知
v. perceive
释义：The way you notice things, especially with the senses.
例句：For example, reasoning is a cognitive process, so it is perception. We use information that
we perceive through our senses to help us make decisions, to arrive at beliefs and so on.

reasoning / ˈriːzənɪŋ/
n. [不可数]逻辑推理

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释义：The process of thinking about things in a logical way; opinions and ideas that are based on
logical thinking.
例句：So, for example, reasoning is a cognitive process, so is perception.

behaviorism / bɪˈheɪvjərɪzəm/
n.行为主义
n. behaviorist 行为主义心理学家
释义：The theory that all human behavior is learnt by adapting to outside conditions and that
learning is not influenced by thoughts and feelings.
例句：Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other
behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and
measure.

hypothesis / haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/
n.假说；理论 <pl.> hypotheses
释义：An idea or explanation of sth. that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been
proved to be true or correct.
例句：The second hypothesis is that, yes, we do perceive everything, but the brain categorizes
the information. And whatever’s not relevant to what we’re concentrating on gets treated as low
priority.

questionnaire / ˌkwestʃəˈner/
n.调查问卷
释义：~ (on/ about sth) A written list of questions that are answered by a number of people so
that information can be collected from the answers.
例句：This questionnaire asks people to rate themselves according to how often they get
distracted in different situations, like, um, forgetting to save a computer file because they had
something else on their mind, or, missing a speed limit sign on the road.

survey / ˈsɜːrveɪ/
n.调查
释义：An investigation of the opinions, behavior, etc. of a particular group of people, which is
usually done by asking them questions.
例句：She needs people to watch various new TV programs that haven’t been broadcast yet, then
indicate on a survey whether they liked it, why, if they’d watch another episode.

subject / ˈsʌbdʒekt/
n. 实验受试
释义：A person or thing being used to study sth, especially in an experiment.
例句：Some subjects were consistently able to identify which group of dots was larger even if
there was a small ratio, if the numbers were almost equal, like ten to nine.

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innate (behavior) / ɪˈneɪt/
天生的
释义：(of a quality, feeling, etc.) That you have when you are born.
例句：That ability is innate, it's inborn. Now I’m not saying that old people have an equal skill or
that the skill can't be improved, but it's present...uh...as I said...it's present in six-month-old
babies. It isn't learned.

unconditioned (behavior) / ˌʌnkənˈdɪʃnd/

非条件反射的
释义：(of behavior) Not trained or influenced by experience; natural.
例句：But there was a problem. Other researchers protested that the… the opt-out response was
simply a learned or conditioned response.

instinct / ˈɪnstɪŋkt/
n. 本能
释义：A natural tendency for people and animals to behave in a particular way using the
knowledge and abilities that they were born with rather than thinking or training.
例句：Another thing would be, um, if a hatchling gets separated from the rest of its family, once
the others get far enough away, its survival instinct kicks in. It will make a loud distress call, which
its siblings answer.

project (sth onto sb) / prəˈdʒekt /

v. 投射
释义：To imagine that other people have the same feelings, problems, etc. as you, especially
when this is not true.
例句：It’s been suggested in fact that jays, corvids known for stealing each other’s food, may hide
their food precisely because they are projecting their own tendency to steal onto other jays.

List 11：考古学

anthropology [ˌænθrəˈpɑ:lədʒi]
n. 人类学
释义：The study of the human race, especially of its origins, development, customs and beliefs.
例句：I took a few anthropology classes with her and they were great, inspiring.

archaeology [ˌɑrkiˈɑlədʒi]
n. 考古学; 古物; 古迹

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释义：Archaeology is the study of the societies and peoples of the past by examining the remains
of their buildings, tools, and other objects.
例句：Last semester I took an archaeology class and we spent a lot time on, studying ways to date
things. One technique I remember was using the location of an object to date it, like how deep it
was buried.

ancient civilization [ˈenʃənt ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeʃən]

n. 古文明；古代文化
例句：So one of the challenges that faced ancient civilizations like Egypt was timekeeping,
calendars.

origin [ˈɔ:rɪdʒɪn]
n. 出身;起源，根源
释义：Properties attributable to your ancestry；the place where something begins, where it
springs into being.
例句：And this view is also supported by their philosophical and religious beliefs about the origin
and structure of the universe.

originate [əˈrɪdʒəˌnet]
v. 产生;起源于，来自;起航
释义：It begins to happen or exist.
例句：Opera originated in Italy but was not confined to Italy any more than the Italians were
confined to Italy.

ancestor [ˈænˌsɛstɚ]
n. 祖先，祖宗; 被继承人; 原型;（动物的）原种，先祖
释义：Someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)
例句：This suggested that the common ancestor of all snakes was actually a venomous lizard

tribe [traɪb]
n. 部落，部族
释义：Refer to a group of people of the same race, language, and customs, especially in a
developing country.
例句：And there are four levels in total: bands, tribes, chiefdoms and states.

excavate [ˈɛkskəˌvet]
v. 挖掘;发掘;开凿;挖出
释义：Remove earth carefully from it and look for things such as pots, bones, or buildings which
are buried there, in order to discover information about the past.

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例句：Jewelry have been found in Mesopotamia and at archaeological sites in modern-day
Pakistan. But archaeologists didn’t know where it came from. Only after the site at Gonur-depe
was excavated where archaeologists able to identify it as coming from Gonur-depe.

excavation [ˌɛkskəˈveʃən]
n. 挖掘;开凿;开凿的洞穴（或山路等）;（发掘出来的）古迹
释义：The activity of digging in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been
buried for a long time.
例句：So if I ask you what most archaeologists do with all those pieces of broken pottery they
find at the excavation sites, you'd probably say that they help establish the time period of the site.

mound [maʊnd]
n. 土堆，土丘; [考古学] 坟墩
释义：A large pile of earth or stones; a small hill.
例句：Now, you might remember because we’ve talked about this, archaeologists know that
mounds such as these are the kinds of geological features that indicate the presence of ancient
settlements.

ruins ['ru:ɪnz]
n. 废墟; 毁坏(ruin 的名词复数);破败
v. 毁掉; 破坏(ruin 的第三人称单数)
释义：The ruins of something are the parts of it that remain after it has been severely damaged
or weakened.
例句：An artifact found in the ruins of other civilizations.

remains [rɪˈmenz]
n. 遗骨，遗体，残骸，残余，遗迹
释义：The parts of sth that are left after the other parts have been used, eaten, removed, etc.
例句：In the 1920s, a paleontologist discovered the fossil remains of a small dinosaur near a nest
containing eggs.

artifact [ˈɑrtəˌfækt]
n. 人工制品，手工艺品
释义：A man-made object taken as a whole.
例句：We are excavating near the lecture hall to see what types of artifacts we find, you know,
things people used in the past that got buried when the campus was constructed.

pottery [ˈpɑ:təri]
n. 陶器; 陶器厂[作坊]
释义：Pots, dishes, etc. made with clay that is baked in an oven, especially when they are made
by hand.
98
例句：Presumably, if people were bringing bananas to Africa, they’d also be bringing other things
too: pottery, tools…all sorts of objects made for trade or daily use.

relic [ˈrɛlɪk]
n. 遗物, 遗迹; 废墟; 纪念物; [古生物]残遗体
释义：An object, a tradition, etc. that has survived from a period of time that no longer exists.
例句：It’s relic from earlier times and it has survived all these years without much change.

rock painting [rɑ:k] [ˈpentɪŋ]

岩画
释义：Rock painting is the picture painted or carved on the rock.
例句：Anyway, it’s this fossilized pollen along with the aquifers and the rock paintings, these
three things are all evidence that the Sahara was once much greener than it is today.

antique [ænˈtik]
adj. 古老的，古代的，古董的;
n. 古玩，古董;
v. 仿古制作
释义：An object such as a piece of furniture that is old and often valuable.
例句：Yes, we are lucky that one of our students, Stewart Telford, has a nineteenth-century
banjo, a real antique.

antiquity [ænˈtɪkwɪti]
n. 古人;古老，古代;古迹，古物;
释义：An object from ancient times.
例句：Now, although this method may seem complicated, artists since antiquity have used
anatomical observations to try to get the proportions of the human figure as accurate as possible,
though obviously not to the degree that Alberti was recommending.

skull [skʌl]
n. 脑袋，颅骨，头盖骨
释义：The bone structure that forms the head and surrounds and protects the brain.
例句：For example, a few years back in Pakistan, they found the skull of a wolf-like creature.

Stone Age [ston edʒ]

石器时代
释义：The very early period of human history when tools and weapons were made of stone.
例句：The sharpest tools of the entire Stone Age were made of obsidian.

Paleolithic [ˌpeliəˈlɪθɪk]

99
adj. <考古>旧石器时代的
释义：Of or relating to the second period of the Stone Age (following the eolithic).
例句：Paleolithic humans - that’s the period we are talking about here, the Paleolithic, the early
Stone Age.

Neolithic [ˌniəˈlɪθɪk]
adj. 新石器时代的
释义：Of the later part of the Stone Age.
例句：Oh, yes, we’re talking about the Neolithic period here, also called the New Stone Age,
which was the time before stone tools began to be replaced by tools made of bronze and other
metals.

prehistoric [ˌpri:hɪˈstɔ:rɪk]
adj. 史前的;陈旧的
释义：Connected with the time in history before information was written down.
例句：So it turns out that radiocarbon dating works for a lot of prehistoric art.

primitive [ˈprɪmɪtɪv]
adj. 原始的
n. 原始人
释义：Belonging to a very simple society with no industry, etc.
例句：And, uh, around the beginning of the twentieth century, there were actually some
primitive solar water heaters on the consumer market, but they didn’t sell very well. Any of you
want to guess why?

spear [spɪr]
n. 矛; 枪
释义：A weapon with a long wooden handle and a sharp metal point used for fighting, hunting
and fishing in the past.
例句：For one thing, these cache points are quite large, up to twice as large as regular points, so
big that you couldn’t attach one to a spear say, and expect to throw the spear accurately over any
distance.

point [pɔɪnt]
n. [考古] 矛尖
释义：The point of something such as a pin, needle, or knife is the thin, sharp end of it.
例句：When we talk about a point we are referring to a piece of stone that’s worked to a sharp
point, in this case probably to be attached to a spear.

cache [kæʃ]
n. 藏物处; 隐藏处; 藏匿的珍宝; <电脑>快速缓冲贮存区
100
vt. 贮藏
释义：A hidden store of things such as weapons.
例句：A cache is just something stored or hidden away. It’s also the term for the place where it’s
hidden.

grave [greɪv]
n. 坟墓，墓穴
释义：A place in the ground where a dead person is buried.
例句：The bones found in the graves show a layer of soot on the inside of the ribs.

burial [ˈbɛriəl]
n. 葬礼，葬，掩埋
释义：The act or ceremony of burying a dead body.
例句：And it maybe this burial custom that explains why the houses were packed in so tightly
without streets.

nomad [ˈnoʊmæd]
n. 游牧民, 游牧生活
释义：A member of a community that moves with its animals from place to place.
例句：It was Turkish nomads who first discovered tulips and spread them slowly westward.

nomadic [noʊ’mædɪk]
adj. 游牧的, 流浪的
释义：Nomadic people travel from place to place rather than living in one place all the time.
例句：Well, before the discovery of this site, it was commonly believed that central Asia had
always been occupied by mostly nomadic people.

domesticate [dəˈmɛstɪˌket]
v. 驯养, 引进
释义：To make a wild animal used to living with or working for humans.
例句：Well, we are pretty sure that horses were first domesticated a bit earlier, to the northwest,
in the area that is now Ukraine and western Russia.

List 12：天文学

101
universe [ˈjuːnɪvəːs]
n. 宇宙，领域
释义：All existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos. The universe is believed
to be at least 10 billion light years in diameter and contains a vast number of galaxies; it has been
expanding since its creation in the Big Bang about 13 billion years ago.
例句：if the radio waves are so good at getting through the universe, what’s the problem?

star [stɑr]
n. 星，星体
释义：A fixed luminous point in the night sky which is a large, remote incandescent body like the
sun.
例句：And a year is the time it takes for Earth to move around the Sun, right?

planet [ˈplanɪt]
n. 行星
释义：A celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star.
例句：Many people have been fascinated about Venus for centuries because of its thick cloud
cover, this so-called planet of mystery and all of that.

interplanetary [ɪntəˈplanɪt(ə)ri]
adj. 行星间的，行星际的
释义：Situated or traveling between planets.
例句：So they can’t travel through a vacuum, where there is no dense physical medium, which is
why they can’t travel through interplanetary space.

moon [muːn]
n. 月球，卫星
释义：(the moon or the Moon) The natural satellite of the earth, visible (chiefly at night) by
reflected light from the sun；a natural satellite of any planet.
例句：Now, the way they used to count time was based on the phases of the moon, which,
regularly and predictably, goes through a cycle, starting with a new moon, then to a full moon, and
back again to the new moon.

phase [feɪz]
n. 阶段，相
释义：A distinct period or stage in a series of events or a process of change or development；
each of the aspects of the moon or a planet, according to the amount of its illumination, especially
the new moon, the first quarter, the full moon, and the last quarter.
例句：In its original state, there were rotating dials and other indicators on the top, with letters
and drawings showing the Sun, the phases of the moon and different constellations.

102
constellation [ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃ(ə)n]
n. 星座
释义：A group of stars forming a recognizable pattern that is traditionally named after its
apparent form or identified with a mythological figure. Modern astronomers divide the sky into
eighty-eight constellations with defined boundaries.
例句：Young would-be navigators sat by the stones at night and turned in different directions to
memorize the constellations they saw.

cluster [ˈklʌstə]
n. 星团，星群
释义：A group of similar things or people positioned or occurring closely together；a group of
stars or galaxies forming a relatively close association.
例句：So we have stars grouped together in galaxies and galaxies grouped together in clusters.
Okay?

asteroid [ˈæstəˌrɔɪd]
n. 小行星
释义：A small rocky body orbiting the sun. Large numbers of these, ranging in size from nearly
600 miles (1,000 km) across (Ceres) to dust particles, are found (as the asteroid belt) especially
between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, though some have more eccentric orbits, and a few pass
close to the earth or enter the atmosphere as meteors.
例句：And Ceres was in the right place—the missing spot. Uh, but it was way too faint to be a
planet. It looked like a little star. And because of its starlike appearance, um, it was called an
“asteroid”.

comet [ˈkɒmɪt]
n. 彗星
释义：A celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a “tail” of
gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun.
例句： These are the comets that circle around the Sun pretty regularly.

meteor [ˈmidiˌɔr ]
n. 流星
adj. 流星的
释义：A small body of matter from outer space that enters the earth's atmosphere, becoming
incandescent as a result of friction and appearing as a streak of light.
例句：In other areas, you've got canyons, ripped valleys, meteor craters, uh, lava domes, these
lava formations that look like giant pancakes.

meteorite [ˈmidiəˌraɪt]
n. 陨石

103
释义：A meteor that survives its passage through the earth's atmosphere such that part of it
strikes the ground. More than 90 percent of meteorites are of rock, while the remainder consist
wholly or partly of iron and nickel.
例句：The larger ones that make it through the atmosphere and hit the ground are called
meteorites.

orbit [ˈɔːbɪt,]
n. 轨道
v. 绕…运行
释义：The curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon,
especially a periodic elliptical revolution. (of a celestial object or spacecraft) move in orbit around
(a star, planet, or moon).
例句： I mean, isn’t it more sensible to think that a smaller heavenly body would orbit a larger
one, rather than the opposite?

crater [ˈkreɪtə]
n. (行星表面）陨石坑；火山口；由于撞击形成的坑
释义：A large, bowl-shaped cavity in the ground or on the surface of a planet or the moon,
typically one caused by an explosion or the impact of a meteorite or other celestial body；a large
pit or hollow forming the mouth of a volcano；a cavity or hole in any surface.
例句：You know planetary researchers love studying deep craters to learn about the impacts that
created them, how they redistributed pieces of the planet’s crust.

nebula [ˈnɛbjʊlə]
n. 星云（复数：nebulae）
释义：A cloud of gas and dust in outer space, visible in the night sky either as an indistinct bright
patch or as a dark silhouette against other luminous matter.
例句：Nebulae are small fuzzy patches you see in the sky, they look like little clouds.

cosmic [ˈkɒzmɪk]
adj. 宇宙的
释义：Relating to the universe or cosmos, especially as distinct from the earth: cosmic matter.
例句：So, some of them thought-"these things are cloudy and fuzzy, so they're probably small
clouds of cosmic dust, and they don't have to be very far away from us."

satellite [ˈsatəlʌɪt]
n. 卫星，人造卫星
释义：(also artificial satellite) An artificial body placed in orbit around the earth or moon or
another planet in order to collect information or for communication.
例句：Second, we did some radar imaging from satellites from above.

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eclipse [ɪˈklɪps]
n. （天文）食：日食，月食
v. 使黯然失色
释义：An obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and
the observer or between it and its source of illumination: an eclipse of the sun.
例句：Additionally, the gears also moved to match the motions of the planet and predicted
eclipses.

solar [ˈsoʊlər]
adj. 太阳的
释义：Relating to or determined by the sun.
例句：We have been looking at some of the smaller members of our solar system, comets.

radiation [reɪdɪˈeɪʃ(ə)n]
n. 发热，辐射，发光
释义：The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles,
especially high-energy particles which cause ionization.
例句：And this balance between the amount of solar radiation, energy from the Sun, that's
absorbed by Earth, and the amount that's reflected back into space.

sunspot [ˈsʌnspɒt]
n. 太阳黑子
释义：A spot or patch appearing from time to time on the sun's surface, appearing dark by
contrast with its surroundings.
例句：Now I’m going to assume that you know that sunspots, in the most basic terms, are dark
spots on the Sun’s surface.

atmosphere [ˈatməsfɪə]
n. 大气层
释义：The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet；the air in any particular
place.
例句：Whistlers come from lightning-generated radio waves that leave earth's atmosphere and
travel into earth's magnetosphere before bouncing back down.

equator [ɪˈkweɪtə]
n. 赤道
释义：An imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the
earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.
例句：The Sun's energy is more intense near the equator than it is near the poles, so you've got
masses of warmer air over the equatorial regions.

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terrestrial [təˈrɛstrɪəl]
adj. 类地球的，地球的，陆生的
释义：Of, on, or relating to the earth；(of an animal) living on or in the ground；(of a planet)
similar in size or composition to the earth, especially being one of the four inner planets of our
solar system.
例句：But that makes it easier to identify something as a meteorite as opposed to just a
terrestrial rock.

gas giant [ɡas dʒʌɪənt]

n. 气体巨行星
释义：Any of the four outermost planets in the solar system.
例句：So comets are similar in composition to the gas giants.

gravitation [ɡravɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n]
n. （万有）引力
释义：Movement, or a tendency to move, toward a center of attractive force, as in the falling of
bodies to the earth.
例句： It isn’t really a scientific law, not in the sense of predicting gravitation mathematically or
something

stationary [ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛri]
adj. 停滞的，固定的
释义：Not moving or not intended to be moved；(of a planet) having no apparent motion in
longitude.
例句：Geocentric means Earth-centered, so the geocentric view holds that the Sun, the planets,
and the stars, all revolve around the Earth, which is stationary.

astronomer [əˈstrɑnəmər]
n. 天文学家
释义：An expert in or student of astronomy.
例句：When later European astronomers wrote about sunspots, they didn’t believe that the spots
were actually on the Sun.

heliocentric [ˌhilioˈsɛntrɪk]
adj. 地心说的，以太阳的为中心的
释义：Having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the
solar system.
例句：He proposed the theory that our planetary system might be heliocentric, his name was
Aristarchus.

hemisphere [ˈhɛmɪsfɪə]

106
n. 半球体，半球
释义：A half of a sphere；a half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern
halves by the equator, or into western and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the
poles.
例句： It's a phenomenon that occurs anywhere you have a large lake that doesn't freeze and
have cold air flowing over it, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere.

observatory [əbˈzəːvət(ə)ri]
n. 天文台，观望台，气象台
释义：A room or building housing an astronomical telescope or other scientific equipment for the
study of natural phenomena；a position or building that gives an extensive view.
例句：Here’s an irony, the building we are in now, the astronomy building not far from our
observatory, has unshielded lights.

revolve [rɪˈvɒlv]
v. 旋转
释义：Move in a circle on a central axis.
例句：Geocentric means Earth-centered, so the geocentric view holds that the Sun, the planets,
and the stars, all revolve around the Earth, which is stationary.

rotate [ˈroʊˌteɪt]
v. 旋转
释义：Move or cause to move in a circle around an axis or center.
例句：Inside the box, bronze gears would have rotated the displays.

telescope [ˈtɛlɪskəʊp]
n. 望远镜
释义：An optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer, containing an
arrangement of lenses, or of curved mirrors and lenses, by which rays of light are collected and
focused and the resulting image magnified.
例句：And this was the thinking of European astronomers until the introduction of the telescope,
which brings us to our old friend, Galileo.

polar [ˈpəʊlə]
adj. 极地的，截然对立的
释义：Relating to the North or South Pole.
例句：Continental drift caused Antarctica to move apart from the landmass of South America and
to drift into the Southern Polar Region.

optical [ˈɒptɪk(ə)l]
adj. 视觉的，光学的
107
释义：Relating to sight, especially in relation to the physical action of light.
例句：So optical radiation is just visible light energy spreading out.

particle [ˈpɑːtɪk(ə)l]
n. 颗粒
释义：A minute portion of matter；a hypothetical object having mass but no physical size.
例句：First, by breaking the material apart mechanically into small particles and then adding a lot
of water until you got a kind of thick, soupy mix that the equipment could handle.

debris [ˈdɛbriː]
n. 碎片，残骸
释义：Scattered pieces of waste or remains.
例句：And even smaller type of interplanetary debris is the meteoroid.

celestial [sɪˈlɛstɪəl]
adj. 天体的
释义：Positioned in or relating to the sky, or outer space as observed in astronomy.
例句：And the other compass, the celestial compass makes use of the stars, more or less the
same way humans have historically used the stars to navigate in the open sea.

module [ˈmɒdjuːl]
n. 太空舱
释义：Detachable compartment of a spacecraft.
例句：First, there were Soviet modules that landed directly on the surface and sent back some
images of what was around them.

spectrum [ˈspɛktrəm]
n. 光谱
释义：A band of colors, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the components of light
by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength.
例句：So we’ve got a spectrum of a beam of sunlight and it looks like the colors bleed into each
other.

albedo [alˈbiːdəʊ]
n. 反射率
释义：The proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that
of a planet or moon.
例句：And one way we keep track of the radiation budget is by looking at the albedo of the
different surfaces on the planet.

luminosity [luːmɪˈnɒsəti]
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n. 光度
释义：Luminous quality；the intrinsic brightness of a celestial object (as distinct from its
apparent brightness diminished by distance).
例句：Astronomers tried to estimate what solar mass could produce the required luminosity to
explain liquid water on these planets.

instrument [ˈɪnstrʊm(ə)nt]
n. 工具
释义：A tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work.
例句：So we can be sure that the spiral nebulae really are very distant galaxies, which is what
some eighteenth-century astronomers guessed but didn't have the instruments to prove.

epicycle ['epɪsaɪkl]
n. 本轮，周转圆
释义：A small circle whose center moves around the circumference of a larger one.
例句：They came up with a theory that these planets themselves moved in smaller circles called
epicycles as they travelled around the Earth.

lunar [ˈluːnə]
adj. 月亮的
释义：Of, determined by, or resembling the moon.
例句：Calendars based on the orbits of other planets, though, are a lot less common than those
based on the cycle of the Moon—the lunar month.

radar [ˈreɪdɑː]
n. 雷达
释义：A system for detecting the presence, direction, distance, and speed of aircraft, ships, and
other objects, by sending out pulses of high-frequency electromagnetic waves that are reflected
off the object back to the source.
例句：Radar does this to remove ground clutter, information about hills or buildings that it
doesn’t need.

Mercury [ˈmɜ:rkjəri]
n. [天]水星； [化]汞, 水银
释义：The smallest planet in the solar system, nearest to the sun；A silver-colored liquid metal
that is used especially in thermometers and barometers.
例句：
(1) We can put these filters into waste pipes from industrial processes, and use the filters to trap
heavy metals, like mercury and zinc.
(2) Now I’m going to write the names of the planets under the numbers:
Mercury…Venus…Earth…Mars…

109
Venus [ˈvinəs]
n. 金星, 太白星; 维纳斯（爱与美的女神)
释义：The planet in the solar system that is second in order of distance from the sun, between
Mercury and the earth.
例句：Many people have been fascinated about Venus for centuries because of its thick cloud
cover, this so-called planet of mystery and all of that.

Mars [mɑ:rz]
n. [天]火星；[罗神]战神
释义：The planet in the solar system that is fourth in order of distance from the sun, between the
Earth and Jupiter.
例句：The planet in the solar system that is fourth in order of distance from the sun, between the
Earth and Jupiter.

Jupiter [ˈdʒupɪtɚ]
n. 木星
释义：The largest planet of the solar system, fifth in order of distance from the sun.
例句：Incidentally, the whole Chinese system of astrology was based on the fact that the planet
Jupiter goes around the Sun once every 12 years.

Saturn [ˈsætɜ:rn]
n. [天]土星
释义：A large planet in the solar system that has rings around it and is 6th in order of distance
from the sun.
例句：Because it seems to me like the only exoplanets we ever hear about are gas giants like
Jupiter and Saturn that couldn't possibly support carbon-based life.

Uranus [ˈjʊrənəs]
n. [天]天王星; [希腊神话]乌拉诺斯神
释义：The planet in the solar system that is 7th in order of distance from the sun.
例句：Uranus fits in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not perfectly, but close.

Neptune [ˈnɛpˌtun, -ˌtjun]

n. [天]海王星; [罗马神话]海神尼普顿
释义：A planet in the solar system that is 8th in order of distance from the sun.
例句：It's about thirty-five times farther from the Sun than we are, which puts it out beyond
Neptune.

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List 13：地质

geology [dʒɪˈɒlədʒi]
n. 地质学
释义：The science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and
the processes that act on it.
例句： If they show evidence of once having been joined, that could really tell us a lot about the
early history of the planet’s geology.

geomagnetic [dʒiːə(ʊ)maɡˈnɛtɪk]
adj. 地磁的
释义：Concerned with the magnetic properties of the earth.
例句：Scientists in the late 19th century were aware of geomagnetic cycles.

topography [təˈpɒɡrəfi]
n. 地形
释义：The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area；a detailed
description or representation on a map of the natural and artificial features of an area.
例句：I guess what I am really confused about is how the topography of the land, the mountains
and valleys and stuff, affects precipitation.

volcano [vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ]
n. 火山
释义：A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock
fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust.
例句：Shield volcanoes formed when magma comes out of the ground in the same spot over and
over again.

arid [ˈarɪd]
adj. 干旱的，枯燥的
释义：(of land or a climate) Having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation.
例句：Shrub expansion has occurred in other environments, like semi-arid grassland, and tall
grass prairies.

barren [ˈbar(ə)n]
adj. 贫瘠的，不结果实的
释义：(of land) Too poor to produce much or any vegetation.
例句：But in the 1940s, 100 years later, it was as barren as the moon.

bedrock [ˈbedrɒk]

111
n. 基石，牢固基础
释义：Solid rock underlying loose deposits such as soil or alluvium.
例句：Basal slip or sliding as it’s often called, basically refers to the slipping or sliding of a glacier
across bedrock, actually across a thin layer of water on top of the bedrock.

cave [keɪv]
n. 洞穴
释义：A large underground chamber, typically of natural origin, in a hillside or cliff.
例句：These paintings were made deep inside a dark cave, where no natural light can penetrate.

clay [kleɪ]
n. 黏土，陶土，红土（网球场）
释义：A stiff, sticky fine-grained earth, typically yellow, red, or bluish-gray in color and often
forming an impermeable layer in the soil. It can be molded when wet, and is dried and baked to
make bricks, pottery, and ceramics.
例句：The ground of this desert is made of clay. It’s a desert, so it’s dry.

crust [krʌst]
n. 外壳;（地质）地壳
释义：A hardened layer, coating, or deposit on the surface of something；the outermost layer of
rock of which a planet consists, especially the part of the earth above the mantle.
例句：You know planetary researchers love studying deep craters to learn about the impacts that
created them, how they redistributed pieces of the planet’s crust.

mantle [ˈmant(ə)l]
n. 覆盖层，地幔
释义：The region of the earth's interior between the crust and the core, believed to consist of
hot, dense silicate rocks.
例句：And in this case, we especially want to know if any of the mantle, the layer beneath the
crust, was exposed by the impact.

core [kɔr]
n. 核，核心，芯
释义：The central or most important part of something；the dense central region of a planet,
especially the nickel–iron inner part of the earth.
例句：a comet’s nucleus, its core, is made up of ice and dust, like a frozen snowball.

deposit [dɪˈpɒzɪt]
v. 放下，沉淀
n. 存款，定金

112
释义：A layer or body of accumulated matter.
例句：At the end of yesterday’s class, we were discussing landfills and the hundreds of millions of
tons of everyday garbage which are deposited into them each year in the United States.

dune [djuːn]
n. 沙丘
释义：A mound or ridge of sand or other loose sediment formed by the wind, especially on the
sea coast or in a desert.
例句：Now, when the rain fell, water ran down the sides of the dunes, carrying clay and silt
particles with it.

eruption [ɪˈrʌpʃ(ə)n]
n. 喷发，爆发
释义：A sudden outbreak of something, typically something unwelcome or noisy.
例句：It is quite possible that these fluctuations, the huge increase and decrease of sulfur dioxide,
happening again and again. It's quite possible that this is due to volcanic eruptions, because
volcanic eruptions often emit gases.

fragment [ˈæstəˌrɔɪd]
n. 碎片; 片段
释义：A small part broken or separated off something.
例句：You get a redistribution and mixing of soil as deep roots are ripped up from the ground.
Rock fragments can be pulled up too.

geothermal [dʒiːə(ʊ)ˈθəːm(ə)l]
adj. 地热的
释义：Relating to or produced by the internal heat of the earth.
例句：From developing wind farms to tapping into an underground source of geothermal energy.

granite [ˈɡrænət]
n. 花岗岩
释义：A very hard, granular, crystalline, igneous rock consisting mainly of quartz, mica, and
feldspar and often used as a building stone.
例句：Lead Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at
the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed.

interglacial [ˌɪntə'gleɪʃəl]
adj. 间冰期的
释义：Relating to a period of milder climate between two glacial periods.

113
例句：I’d like to take you back about 11 thousand years ago when Earth entered the latest
interglacial period.

landmass [lændˌmæs]
n. 大陆
释义：A continent or other large body of land.
例句：Continental drift caused Antarctica to move apart from the landmass of South America and
to drift into the Southern Polar Region.

lava [ˈlɑvə]
n. 熔岩
释义：Hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from
cooling of this.
例句：The Hawaiian Islands, for example, are thousands of kilometers away from any plate
boundary, and yet you have vast amounts of magma, molten rock or lava, flowing up through the
earth's crust, which means, of course, that volcanic activity there can't be explained simply by
plate tectonics.

magma [ˈmæɡmə]
n. 岩浆
释义：Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other
igneous rock is formed by cooling.
例句：Shield volcanoes formed when magma comes out of the ground in the same spot over and
over again.

marble [ˈmɑrbəl]
n. 大理石，弹珠
释义：a hard crystalline metamorphic form of limestone, typically white with mottlings or streaks
of color, that is capable of taking a polish and is used in sculpture and architecture.
例句：Then they shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were
replicated in marble or bronze.

mine [mʌɪn]
n. 矿，宝库
v. 采矿，在…采矿
释义：An excavation in the earth for extracting coal or other minerals.
例句：It was what happened after the copper ore was extracted from the mines.

ore [ɔr]
n. 矿石

114
释义：A naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be
profitably extracted.
例句：It was what happened after the copper ore was extracted from the mines.

pebble [ˈpɛbəl]
n. 鹅卵石
释义：A small stone made smooth and round by the action of water or sand.
例句：Like pebbles, fossilized algae?

penetrate [ˈpɛnɪtreɪt]
v. 刺穿，渗透
释义：Succeed in forcing a way into or through (a thing).
例句：These paintings were made deep inside a dark cave, where no natural light can penetrate.

tectonic plate [tekˈtɒnɪk pleɪt]

n. 地质构造板块
释义：Relating to the structure of the earth's crust and the large-scale processes which take place
within it.
例句：Instead, they are other volcano types, like strata volcanoes, for example, which are a result
of tectonic plate movement.

precipitation [prəˌsɪpəˈteɪʃ(ə)n]
n. 降水，沉淀
释义：rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground.
例句：water changes back and forth from water in lakes and oceans to vapor, and then back to
water again when it falls as rain or snow, as precipitation.

quartz [kwɔrts]
n. 石英
释义：A hard white or colorless mineral consisting of silicon dioxide, found widely in igneous,
metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.
例句：But rocks like quartz, well, quartz of optical quality weren’t cheap.

refine [rɪˈfʌɪn]
v. 提炼
释义：Remove impurities or unwanted elements from (a substance), typically as part of an
industrial process.
例句：Of course, folk music, traditional songs and dances had always been part of everyday life,
but as mass production techniques were refined in the 19th century, the price of pianos dropped
to the point that a larger proportion of the population could afford to own them.

115
riverbed ['rɪvɚ,bɛd]
n. 河床
释义：The bed or channel in which a river flows.
例句：It also showed signs of dried-up riverbeds and plains that had been formed by massive
floods.

run-off [ˈrənɑf]
v. 流走，离开
n. 表面径流，附加赛
释义：The draining away of water (or substances carried in it) from the surface of an area of land,
a building or structure, etc.
例句：Once this pan formed, further run-off collected, and formed a lake.

sandstone [ˈsændstəʊn]
n. 砂石，砂岩
释义：Sedimentary rock consisting of sand or quartz grains cemented together, typically red,
yellow, or brown in color.
例句：Well, as everyone in this class should know, we usually look at the grain type within
sandstone, meaning the actual particles in the sandstone, to determine where it came from.

sediment [ˈsɛdɪm(ə)nt]
n. 沉淀物
释义：Matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid.
例句：Mangrove root systems have the ability to absorb and well trap sediments and pollutants
in water that flows through them before they enter the ocean.

shallow [ʃaləʊ]
n. 浅的，肤浅的
释义：Of little depth.
例句：There’s over 90 known species of Notothenioids and they inhabit both shallow and very
deep waters, mostly around Antarctica.

silt [silt]
n. 泥沙
v. 淤塞
释义：Fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment,
especially in a channel or harbor.
例句：This is called silting, when soil particles are washed into the rivers.

slope [sloʊp]

116
n. 坡度，倾斜
释义：A surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than another.
例句：And look at the slope of the roof, the steep angle helps keep off all that rain and snow that
accumulates in the winter.

strata [ˈstrɑːtə]
n. 地层
释义：A layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.
例句：Instead, they are other volcano types, like strata volcanoes, for example, which are a result
of tectonic plate movement.

weather [ˈwɛðə]
v. 受到风吹雨淋，风化
释义：Wear away or change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure to the
air.
例句：Um…now as it happens…when silicate rocks, which is a very common class of rock, when
they're exposed to the air and to normal weathering, they erode.

canyon [ˈkænjən]
n. 峡谷
释义：a deep gorge, typically one with a river flowing through it.
例句：Mars had ...has a lot more than craters—it has giant volcanoes and deep canyons.

continent [ˈkɒntɪnənt]
n. 大陆
释义：Any of the world's main continuous expanses of land.
例句：You know the theory that earth’s continents were once joined together and only split apart
relatively recently?

latitude [ˈlatɪtjuːd]
n. 纬度
释义：The angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial
object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.
例句：And if they kept on going, the next night they saw the pair of stars setting separately, then
they would know they were at a different degree of latitude.

ridge [rɪdʒ]
n. 山脊，屋脊
释义：A long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed.

117
例句：So, during the second rainy period, the dunes were kind of chopped up at the top, full of
hollows and ridges, and these hollows would've captured the rain right there on the top.

tundra [ˈtʌndrə]
n. 冻原，苔原
释义：A vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is
permanently frozen.
例句：In the far north, it is tundra, which gives way to forest as you move southward.

tropical [ˈtrɒpɪk(ə)l]
adj. 热带的，非常湿热的
释义：Of, typical of, or peculiar to the tropics.
例句：We’ve gone over where coral reefs are usually formed – along the edges of shallow ocean
banks in tropical or subtropical regions, and the fact that they are declining at an alarming rate.

elevation [ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃ(ə)n]
n. 高度，海拔
释义：Height above a given level, especially sea level.
例句：But other aspects of the location, like, um, the elevation of the land, the plant life nearby
and so on have a substantial effect on microclimates.

glacier [ˈɡleɪʃər]
n. 冰川
释义：A slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow
on mountains or near the poles.
例句：And that's caused because, although the glacier is ice, it is actually flowing very slowly and
as it moves it grinds the top layer of rock, it breaks off pieces and carries them away.

thaw [θɔː]
v. 融化
释义：(of ice, snow, or another frozen substance, such as food) Become liquid or soft as a result
of warming.
例句： And for over the past several million years, Earth’s sort of default climate has actually
been Ice Age, but we have experienced periodic regular thaws, and the last one, the one we are in
now, started about 11 thousand years ago.

limestone [ˈlaɪmstəʊn]
n. 石灰岩
释义：A hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite, used as
building material and in the making of cement.
例句：They left behind their beds or basins as limestone formations that we can still see today.

118
collide [kəˈlʌɪd]
v. 碰撞
释义：Hit with force when moving.
例句：a subduction zone is where two tectonic plates collide. So if an ocean floor tectonic plate
meets the edge of a continent and they push against each other.

vibrate [vʌɪˈbreɪt]
v. 震动
释义：Move or cause to move continuously and rapidly.
例句：And some of them are powerful enough to make the water vibrate.

slab [slæb]
n. 厚板，石板，大块
释义：A large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, or wood, typically rectangular.
例句：Underneath the Earth's crust, there are a number of shifting slabs or plates that are slowly
moving.

basin [ˈbeɪs(ə)n]
n. 水槽，流域，盆地
释义：A wide, round open container, especially one used for holding liquid；a natural depression
on the earth's surface, typically containing water.
例句：The basin measures an amazing 2,500 km in diameter, and its average depth is 12 km.

plateau [ˈplatəʊ]
n. 高原
释义：An area of relatively level high ground.
例句：The Pyramid is built on a flat area called the Giza Plateau.

permafrost [ˈpəːməfrɒst]
n. 永冻土
释义：A thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in
polar regions.
例句：That is the areas where the ground, the soil, is always frozen, except for the very top layer,
what we call the active layer of permafrost, which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the
winter.

crack [krak]
n. 裂缝
v. 使裂开，砸开

119
释义：A line on the surface of something along which it has split without breaking into separate
parts.
例句：Sulfuric acid eats away limestone very aggressively, so you get bigger cracks and then
passage ways being formed along the openings in the rock, and it’s all underground.

Atlantic Ocean [ətˈlæntɪk]

大西洋
例句：The Atlantic Ocean floor is spreading and getting wider, so there is more ocean between
the Americas and Europe and Africa.

Pacific Ocean [pəˈsɪfɪk]

太平洋
例句：The Cot starfish is found on coral reefs in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it eats coral.

Arctic [ˈɑ:rktɪk]
adj. 北极的; 极冷的; 严寒的
n. 北极圈; 北极地带
释义：The regions of the world around the North Pole
例句：So the question I want to look at today concerns the use of ceramic cooking vessels, clay
pots, in the Arctic during ancient times. Why were they developed and used there?

List 14：科学类

atom ['ætəm]
n. 原子
释义：(physics and chemistry) The smallest component of an element having the chemical
properties of the element.
例句：Only under special conditions can electron microscopes detect individual atoms.

electron [iˈlɛkˌtrɑn]
n. 电子
释义：Minute particle of matter with a negative electric charge, found in all atoms.
例句：Our knowledge of cell structure took a giant leap forward as biologists began using the
electron microscope in the 1950s.

magnetic [mægˈnɛtɪk]

120
adj.磁的, 有磁性的
释义：Of or relating to or caused by magnetism.
例句：And also because of the effects of its magnetic field.

mechanism ['mekənizm]
n. 机械装置，机制，方法，行为方式
释义：
(1) A natural object resembling a machine in structure or function.
(2) The technical aspects of doing something.
例句：Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep.

conductance [kən'dʌktəns]
n. [电] 电导；导率；电导系数
释义：A material's capacity to conduct electricity; measured as the reciprocal of electrical
resistance.
例句：When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of
people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance
following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity.

kinetic [kɪˈnɛtɪk]
adj. 运动的；[物理]运动引起的
释义：Relating to the motion of material bodies and the forces associated therewith.
例句：They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the
largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the
blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its
kinetic energy.

nucleus ['nuklɪəs]
n. 核，核心；原子核
释义：A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction;
the positively charged dense center of an atom; a small group of indispensable persons or things.
例句：Now, you remember from our previous discussion that a comet's nucleus ,its core, is made
up of ice and dust, like a frozen snowball．

radiation [ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən]
n. 辐射
释义：Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.
例句：Closer to the sun, they're more likely to be vaporized by solar radiation.

spectrum [ˈspɛktrəm]
n. 光谱
121
释义：An ordered array of the components of an emission or wave.
例句：He used a prism to break white light down into the various colors of the spectrum.

steel [stil]
n. 钢铁
释义：An alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical
properties can be varied over a wide range.
例句：On the other hand were purely utilitarian structures, such as factories and grain elevators,
which employed modern materials such as steel girders and plate glass in an undisguised and
unadorned manner.

synchronization [ˌsɪŋkrənaɪ'zeɪʃn]
n. 同步；同时性
释义：The relation that exists when things occur at the same time.
例句：These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of
earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would
invariably occur again.

velocity [vəˈlɑsəti]
n. 速度
释义：Distance travelled per unit time.
例句：If current velocity continues to decrease - as a flood wanes, for example - finer particles
settle out on top of the large ones.

resonance [ˈrɛzənəns]
n. 共振; 共鸣; 反响
释义：An excited state of a stable particle causing a sharp maximum in the probability of
absorption of electromagnetic radiation.
例句：And another bit of physics at play here is something called resonance.

infrared [,ɪnfrə'rɛd]
n. 红外线
释义：The infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum; electromagnetic wave frequencies
below the visible range.
例句：It lies in the infrared range of the spectrum.

insulation [ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən]
n. 保温；隔热；绝缘
释义：The state of being isolated or detached.
例句：Insulation protects the leatherback everywhere but on its head and flippers.

122
acid [ˈæsɪd]
n. 酸
释义：Any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus
red and reacting with a base to form a salt.
例句：With a little help from this carbonic acid, moving water forms most the world’s limestone
caves.

aluminum [ə'ljuminəm]
n.铝
释义：A silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite.
例句：Aluminum is the dominant cation (positively charged ion) present in tropical soils; but
plants do not require this element, and it is moderately toxic to a wide range of plants.

bronze [brɑnz]
n. 青铜
释义：An alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements.
例句：Bronze was used to made money back then.

calcium ['kælsɪəm]
n.钙
释义：A white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light.
例句：As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the
calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated.

carbon [ˈkɑrbən]
n. 碳（化学元素）; adj. 碳的
释义：An abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms:
amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds.
例句：Now these bacteria actually combine the hydrogen sulfide with the carbon dioxide.

chemistry [ˈkɛmɪstri]
n. 化学
释义：The scientific study of the structure of substances, how they react when combined or in
contact with one another, and how they behave under different conditions.
例句：Yeah. And then I have a chemistry lab at night this semester.

compound ['kɑmpaʊnd]
n. 聚合物，化合物
释义：A whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts.
例句：You just added these compounds to the other ingredients that the glass was made of.

123
concentration [ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən]
n. 浓度
释义：The strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume.
例句：And then, for reasons which are not entirely clear, the concentration of greenhouse gases
gradually goes down.

decay [diˈkeɪ]
v/n. 腐烂
释义：The organic phenomenon of rotting; undergo decay or decomposition.
例句：As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.

dioxide [daɪˈɑksˌaɪd]
n. 二氧化物
释义：An oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule.
例句：They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may
have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water.

dissolve [dɪˈzɑlv]
vt. 溶解；使溶解；把…溶解
释义：Cause to go into a solution.
例句：When salts dissolve in water, no amount of magnification is going to show you separate
pieces of salt.

enzyme ['enzaɪm]
n. 酶
释义：Any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific
biochemical reactions.
例句：Now, this whole conversion process relies on a particular enzyme.

hydrogen ['haɪdrədʒən]
n. 氢
释义：A nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable
diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe.
例句：Oxygen could be used to breathe, and hydrogen could be turned into fuel, rocket fuel.

lead [lid]
n. 铅（金属元素）
释义：A soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element; bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes
readily to dull grey.

124
例句：The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving
surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate
minerals.

methane [ˈmeθeɪn]
n.甲烷
释义：A colorless odorless gas used as a fuel.
例句：Early farmers started clearing forests and livestock produced a lot of extra methane.

oxygen [ˈˈɑ:ksɪdʒən]
n. 氧气
释义：A nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless
nonflammable diatomic gas.
例句：When the water warms up, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water decreases.

soluble [ˈsɑljəbəl]
adj. 可溶解的
释义：Capable of being dissolved in some solvent.
例句：And as we know, gypsum is soluble in water, so if there were flowing water in the cave, it
would dissolve the gypsum.

sulfur [ˈsʌlfər]
n. 硫
释义：An abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow
crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in
volcanic regions).
例句：The sulfur also mixed with the air and created sulfur dioxide.

zinc [zɪŋk]
n. 锌
释义：A bluish-white lustrous metallic element.
例句：So this zinc enzyme is critical for getting CO2 out of our bodies through the lungs.

volatile ['vɑlətl]
adj. 不稳定的; 易挥发的
释义：Evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures.
例句：Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate,
become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents.

artificial [,ɑrtɪ'fɪʃl]
adj. 人造的
125
释义：Not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes.
例句：They made artificial beaches and sand bars in areas inaccessible to people and dogs.

circuit [ˈsɜrkɪt]
n. 电路
释义：An electrical device that provides a path for electrical current to flow.
例句：Um, back in the 1940s, when the computer industry was just starting, a group of computer
scientists was working late one night, and there was a problem in one of the computers' circuits.

patch [pætʃ]
vt. 补缀；修补
释义：To join or unite the pieces of something.
例句：Um...And Cousteau’s adventures were high-tech, with lots of fancy equipment, whereas
Painlevé kind of patched the equipment together as he needed it.

technique [tɛkˈnik]
n. 技巧；技艺
释义：A practical method or art applied to some particular task.
例句：Great. Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece
of land, or some other geologic feature is - dating techniques.

silicon ['sɪlɪkən]
n. 硅
释义：A tetravalent nonmetallic element.
例句：After all, the Sun has many more atoms of any element, say iron, than does a meteorite
specimen, but the ratios of iron to silicon in the two kinds of matter might be comparable.

fission ['fɪʃən]
n. 裂变
释义：A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the
simultaneous release of energy.
例句：As Masurium, it was the first element discovered that occurs in nature only from
spontaneous fission, and as Technetium, it was the first element discovered in a laboratory.

ion [ˈaɪən]
n. 离子
释义：A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative); an atom or molecule or group
that has lost or gained one or more electrons.
例句：Quartz is quartz—a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions—there’s no difference at all
between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million
years ago.
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echo [ˈekoʊ]
n. 回响；回声；回音
释义：The repetition of a sound resulting from reflection of the sound waves.
例句：Echolocation is pretty self-explanatory: using echoes reflected sound waves to locate
things.

electronics [ɪˌlekˈtrɑnɪks]
n. 电子学；电子工业
英英释义：the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with
the use of electronic devices
例句：And the electronics worked!

laser [ˈleɪzər]
n. 激光器；激光源
释义：An acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; an optical device
that produces an intense monochromatic beam of coherent light.
例句：Now, Laser Spectroscopy, which is the focus of your assignment, works by measuring very
precisely what parts of the spectrum are absorbed by different substances.

precursor [priˈkɜrsər]
n. 先驱；先锋；前兆；先兆
释义：A person who goes before or announces the coming of another.
例句：A precursor to the Industrial Revolution was a revolution in agricultural techniques.

radioactivity [ˌreɪdɪəʊækˈtɪvɪtɪ]
n. 放射现象
释义：The spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear
decay.
例句：It was the discovery of radioactivity at the end of the nineteenth century that opened the
door to determining both the Sun's energy source and the age of Earth.

wavelength [ˈweɪvˌleŋθ]
n.波长
释义：The distance (measured in the direction of propagation) between two points in the same
phase in consecutive cycles of a wave.
例句：And all substances, all forms of matter, can be distinguished according to what wavelength
of light they absorb and which ones they reflect.

ultrasound [ˈʌltrəˌsaʊnd]
n. 超声

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释义：Very high frequency sound; used in ultrasonography.
例句：Another thing that uses ultrasound to detect is the size and shape of objects.

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