Chapter 4: Dynamics (Newton's Laws)

DAY
TOPIC(S) HOMEWORK SPECIAL NOTES
1 4.1 Inertia (Galileo) Pg.137-^1-6 Pg 145 #3 [Earth: ^=2050Ar]
4.2 Common Forces Pg. 145 #1-4 [Moon: J~= 243^,]
Pg. 155 #3,5,8
F,=mg

Law of Universal Gravitation Pg.155 #1

(Qualitatively)
^=^ (optional)
2 4.2 Force of Friction Pg. 152 #5-8 Pg. 153 (incorrect statements)
F^F, and ^ < F,

3 Free Body Diagrams (F.B.D.) Pg. 155 #2,4,6,7,9,10-15 These are vector diagram questions

4 Net Force Pg. 172 #15,16

net ~ Jt 1 ' -t 2 -T- ^3 T"- Supplementary Questions

5 4.3 Newton's 1st Law

6 Newton's 2nd Law Pg. 164 #9,10,13

Pg. 175 #1-6,8
'a^Fwt-
Pg. 164 #11,12,14
m Pg. 172 #17,18
Attached bodies
Give Problem Set

7 Newton's 3rd Law Pg. 175 #9

8/9 Universal Gravitation Pg.155 #1

9 Newton's Laws (word problems)

4.4 Fundamental Forces Independent reading No class time

10 Chapter Review Pg. 183 #1-4,6-9,11,12,15 Pg. 184 #19 (poem could be fun?)
20,22-30 Pg. 185 #27-29

11/12 Chapter Test

 Introduction to Forces

Force = any push or pull acting on an object. [measured in Newtons (N)]

Contact force = a force that is applied by touching an object.

(Eg. Force of friction, applied forces, normal force, force ofbuoyancy)

Non-contact force == a force that acts on an object from a distance.

(Eg. Force of gravity, magnetic force, electric force)

Note: An object will react to all types of force the same way. We only need to know the strength and
direction of a force to know how an object will react to it.

Ie. An object will react the same way to a • magnetic force of 5.0 N [West]
• push by a person (applied force) 5.0 N [West]
• force of friction of 5.0 N [West]
• force of 5.0 N [West] from an unknown cause.

Note: Forces act independently of the motion of an object. An object can be moving West while it is
being pushed East... it just means that the object is slowing down.

Balanced Forces: Two or more forces acting on the same object that are equal in magnitude and opposite
in direction to each other. Forces that "cancel" each other.

Eg.

Unbalanced Forces: When two or more forces acting on the same object are not equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction. Forces that don't completely "cancel"

Eg.

Galileo (ps. 135)'.

Inertia = The tendency of objects to maintain their current state of motion.

• Objects at rest want to stay at rest.
• Objects in motion want to keep going in the same direction at the same speed.

inertia oc mass (It is harder to change the motion of a more massive object)
 To prevent an object from maintaining uniform motion, it must experience unbalanced forces.

No unbalanced forces o uniform motion

OR

Balanced forces <^> uniform motion

Ie. If an object is in uniform motion, then all of the forces acting on it must be balanced

If all the forces acting on an object are balanced then it must be in uniform motion.

Force of Gravity:

Mass == the quantity of matter an object contains

Weight ^ the force of gravity acting on an object (measured in Newtons)

Aristotle: "More massive objects fall faster than less massive objects [200 - 300 B.C.E.

Galileo: "More massive objects experience a greater force of gravity .

BUT
"More massive objects have more inertia (harder to get them moving)"
(ie. Objects do not want to fall the want to stay put)

.'. all objects accelerate at the same rate of acceleration because although more massive
objects are pulled harder by gravity, it takes a harder pull to get them to move at the
same rate as a less massive object.

The acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects at any given location, but can be different in one
location vs. another. (See pg. 140-141)
The average acceleration due to gravity of a falling object near the surface of the earth is 9.81 m/s [Down]

Given the acceleration due to gravity ( g ) for location, the force of gravity can be determined as follows.

F,=mg Where F^ is the force of gravity acting on an object (in Newtons)

m is the mass of the object (in kg)
g is the acceleration due to gravity (in m/s )
 Some Common Forces

Normal Force = When an object pushes on a fixed surface, the surface will exert a force back on the object
that is equal in strength but opposite in direction (ie. Straight out of the surface,
perpendicular to the surface).
(note: the normal force only pushes back as hard as it is being pushed)

Q: Jamie tries to lift a 60 kg barbell off the ground by pulling up with a force of 200 N. What is the normal
force supporting the barbell?

Frictional Force == a contact force that opposes motion (eg. Slidmg friction, air resistance etc.)
[All frictional forces are ALWAYS opposite to the direction of the motion]

Force of Sliding Friction ^ the resistive force opposing the motion of an object that is sliding or trying to
slide over a surface.

Caused by... • uneven surface (even at a mircoscopic scale)

• molecular bonds between the two surfaces

Note • speed doesn't affect sliding friction

• surface doesn't affect sliding friction
(assuming mass is evenly distributed)

Static Frictional Force = the frictional force an object experiences while stopped
(the force one must overcome to start an object moving)

Kinetic Frictional Force ^ the frictional force an object experiences while moving
(the force one must overcome to keep an object in motion)

Static Friction > Kinetic Friction

Assuming 1. Mass is evenly distributed
2. Surfaces are flat
3. Surfaces aren't "special" (like glue)

The force of sliding friction can be determined using the following relations...

1. Ff=^F, 2. F/,r ^A
(For moving objects) (For stopped objects)

Where.., Ff== force of friction

p,s ^ coefficient of static friction (the stickiness of the surfaces when stopped)
l^k = coefficient ofkinetic friction (the stickiness of the surfaces in motion)
FN ^ how hard the surfaces are being pushed together.

NOTE: A frictional force will only exist if...

1. The object is moving (maximum frictional force)

2. The object is stopped but unbalanced forces are "trying" to move it.
(enough to counter any unbalanced forces up to the maximum frictional force)

Q: A 20 kg box is pushed horizontally across a floor with a force of 50 N to the right. The
coefficient of static friction for the two surfaces is 0.45 and the coefficient ofkinetic friction
is 0.40. Determine all of the forces acting on the box if....

a) it is moving. b) it is stopped.
 Net Force and Free Body Diagrams

Free Body Diagram (F.B.D.) == a diagram of a single object that shows all of the forces acting on it.

• the object is represented by a dot

• each force is represented by a labelled arrow
• a direction must be indicated
• bigger forces get bigger arrows
• direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the force
• if the diagram is a scale diagram the scale must be mdicated

• it is not a vector diagram (because

• the direction of motion is not indicated!

Net Force (F ) == "Vector sum of all of the forces acting on an object." (overall force acting on an object)

'net ~ l'-i 'T-t'l -rjci3 'T'">

Draw a Free Body Diagram for each object below and state the net force acting on it. (Assume g = \Qm Is)

a) A 15 kg box is pushed across the b) A 10 g magnet sticks to a fridge. c) A 0.625 kg basketball rolls to a
(Fm=0.3N) stop. (Ff-lN)
floor (constant v ) by a 40 N force

d) A 70 kg parachuter is falling at e) A 142 g baseball is thrown f) A 70 kg skier travels down a slope

terminal velocity. through the ay. It is still rising at constant velocity. (Ff=200N)
 Free Body Diaffram Questions

Draw Free Booty Diagrams (F.B.D.) for each object described below.

a) A bike is travelling at a constant b) A box is sitting at rest on a ramp c) A fridge magnet is held on a fridge
velocity of 80 km/h [E] door by a horizontal magnetic force

d) A car is travelling east while e) A marble rolls down a ramp. f) A magnet stays on the bottom
skidding to a stop. of a car.

g) A book leans against a wall. h) A skier skis down a slope, i) A magnet holds to the bottom of
a metalic ramp.

j) A child swinging on a swing k) A jet is flymg east at a constant 1) A rocket is flying straight up
(bottom of the swing) velocity of 3 m/s [E]. at a constant speed of 40 m/s.

m) A person pulls a wagon along n) A car collides with a concrete o) A sky diver is falling at terminal
a level road. (the person) barrier and stops, velocity

p) Joe is pulling up on a barbell but q) Joe is pulling up on a barbell but r) magnet is pushed along a level metal
he can't lift it. he can't lift it. surface at a constant speed.
 Newton?s First Law

Frame of Reference^ A set of objects used to get our bearings (what we compare motion to)

Inertial Frame of Reference = A reference frame that is not accelerating.

Eg.

Newton's 1 Law = An object will exhibit uniform motion unless a non-zero net force is acting on it.
(for inertial reference frames only)

'net ~ uniform motion

1 nd
Newton?s 2nu Law (Theljink Between Kinematics and Dynamics)

1 nd
Newton's 2 Law ^ When an object experiences a non-zero net force (ie. unbalanced forces) it will
accelerate such that...

or

DYNAMICS KINEMATICS

V.i

c^ Vz-

F, + F^ + F, + F, + NET ma a=

)+( )+( )+( ) ( ) Ad

M

^ - mg Ff ^ A
( )=( X ) ( )=( X )
Newton?s 2 Law: On A Horizontal Plane
Eg. Jay (60 kg) decides his 45 kg toboggan would be way more fun if he attached a solid fuel rocket to it. The rocket
provides 20 kN of thrust. The coefficient of friction between the ground and the toboggan is 0.4. If he starts from
rest and turns on the rocket, how fast will his toboggan be travelling after 5.0 seconds?
 »nd
Newton9s 2"" Law: Forces At An Angle

Eg. A 15 kg box of trash (chemistry textbooks) is pushed acrossafloorwithaforce of SOON [R 15°D], If it starts
from rest, how fast would it be travelling after 2.3 seconds? (the coefficient of friction is 0.23). Include a F.B.D.
 rd
Newton's 3ru Law

Textbook == For every action force by object A on object B, there is a reaction force, equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction, on object A from object B.

AonB ~ ^ BonA (Pg.172)

This is misleading because.. .

a) it implies one force comes after the other (second object isn't getting mad and retaliating afterward)
b) it implies the reaction force is some other force (reaction force isn't another force).

Here is a Better Interpretation:

Newton's 3 Law ^ Every force acts between two objects and has exactly opposite effects on both.
[in fact there cannot be a force with out two objects (ie. Fan car!! )]

Every force either...

a) pulls 2 objects together (gravity, tension, magnetic, electric forces. ..)

OR
b) pushes 2 objects apart (contact, magnetic, electric forces...)

Our focus has almost always been on one object and how
forces affect it (we draw a F.B.D of one object not 2 or more).

rd
3tu law reminds us that every force must act on two objects

Note: All forces act equally on two objects but the two objects can react differently to the force.

Eg: 4 year old shoves a sumo wrestler.

Eg: Heavy Cart vs. Light Cart.

Eg: Face vs. Fist.

Eg: Water rocket (with no water)

NOTE: Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation already talks about two objects acted on by one force.
Reaction Force ^ How the action force affects the second object.

* We need to find the other object affected by the action force.

(it is usually the object causing the force).

Examples...

Action Force Reaction Force

Joe pushes Sam right (300 N)

Jeff pull a desk west (200 N)

A tennis ball hits a wall 50 N

Air pushes up on a parachuter

500 N and slow his decent.

Eg. A box is accelerated by an applied force as shown. State the reaction forces for each force.

Action Force Reaction Force

F^WN
^

F }^ 3N <- -> F.. = 7N

F, =\ON

F,

F..

Balanced Forces = Two forces acting equally on one object in opposite directions

Reaction Forces = One force acting equally on two objects in opposite directions
 Reaction Force Questions

State the reaction force for each object described below.

a) Jason pushes James with a force b) Jason pulls James with a force c) A book on a table is pulled down by
of 55 N [R] of 55 N [R] force of gravity of 30 N [D]

d) A car experiences a force of friction e) A car experiences a force air f) A sky diver experiences a force of
of 200 N [R] resistance of 55 N [R] air resistance of 130 N [U]

g) A sky diver experiences a force of h) A rubber ducky is held up by a i) A book on a ramp experiences a
gravity of 800 N [D] buoyant force of 5 N [U] normal force of 22 N [U 23° R]

j) A submarine experiences a force of k) A submarine is pushed forward by its 1) A 33 kg monkey is suspended by

gravity of 22200 N [D] propeller with a force of 55555 N [R] a force from a tree limb.

m) A rocket is pushed forward by a n) The earth is kept m orbit by the o) A balloon is held against a wall by
6000 N force from its thrusters. force of gravity from the sun. an electro-static force of 0.42 N
 Newton9s Law of Universal Gravitation

When it came to gravity, Newton saw the whole picture. .. (at least as much as you will see this year)

The Law of Universal Gravitation:

1. There exists a force of attraction between the centres of every pair of obJ ects
2. Strength of this force depends on the mass of both objects and the distance between them.
(To be noticeable at least one mass must be extremely large... like a planet.)

The magnitude of the force can be calculated as...

F = force of gravity (N)

m^ = mass of first object

m^ ^ mass of second object

d = distance between centres of the objects

G^6.67^\0~UN'm2 /^'(constant)

Universal Gravity Questions

1. Find the force of attraction (gravitational) between Bob 80kg and Jill 60kg when they are 1 m. apart.

2. Determine your weight.

3. Find the force of attraction between the moon and Earth.
4. Two asteroids have a force of attraction of 100N. If one is 800kg and they are 400 metres apart, then
what is the mass of other?
5. What happens to the force of attraction between objects A and B if you triple the distance and double
the mass of both objects?