Received 6 October 2023, accepted 18 October 2023, date of publication 25 October 2023, date of current version 28 November 2023.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3327581

Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using

Blockchain Smart Contract
ASTRID NOVITA PUTRI 1 , (Member, IEEE), MOCHAMAD HARIADI 1,2 , (Member, IEEE),
AND REZA FUAD RACHMADI1,2 , (Member, IEEE)
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
2 Department of Computer Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60117, Indonesia
Corresponding author: Mochamad Hariadi (mochar@elect-eng.its.ac.id)

ABSTRACT Smart Contract and Blockchain are necessary for transactions in supply chain management.
A smart contract is an agreement in the form of a cryptographic code digitally signed by the actors.
This technology holds the data transaction transparently and securely. The actors may benefit without
intermediaries involved in the transaction. Supply chain management will be easily tracked by decentralized
data sharing. Supply chain management involves transactions in agricultural sectors such as farmers, village
cooperatives units, distributors, and consumers. The Cooperative is a party that buys goods from farmers and
sells them to consumers. A smart contract is a digital signature that can access the system in transactions.
The system records log activities that show the origin of transactions. All actors can see the transaction
of agricultural products stored in the blockchain ledger in the Blockchain. This paper discusses blockchain-
based Smart Contract scenario for supply chain management that is simulated and implemented in the Serious
Game. The Game is developed using Unity 3D Development Platform, programming language contract using
Solidity, Moralis as Web3 Development Platform and dApp as backend blockchain, Network Environment
Polygon Ethereum, and Database that is Redis Enterprise, MongoDB Compass, and Mumbai Testnet.

INDEX TERMS Serious game, supply chain management, scenario, blockchain, smart contract.

I. INTRODUCTION them to consumers. The location of the Cooperative is also

In an agricultural country, most of the population lives in rural should close to the agricultural area. This step may fix the
areas, and their livelihood is agriculture. Most Indonesian primary commodities at stable prices [1].
farmers make transactions through a very long distribution One of the digital technologies developed in the technology
process that may affect the selling prices highly for staple industry is Blockchain. Blockchain may store data privately
foodstuffs such as rice, corn, beef, and chicken meat. One and securely. Thus, manufacturers may obtain information
of the causes of the high food prices is that the supply quickly and safely and conduct transactions without third
chain flows too long. The farmers’ prices remained low but parties. Blockchain is a technology recognized by the Supply
still high for consumers. The distribution phase in Indone- Chain Manufacturing industry in the world. Blockchain has
sia recently is from producers/farmers to distributors, then also been applied in several studies in the supply chain.
to sub-distributors, from sub-distributors to agents, then to Blockchain is an advanced database mechanism that shares
wholesalers, from wholesalers to retailers, and last to con- information transparently in a blockchain network. The data
sumers. The intermediary traders profit significantly from in the Blockchain are saved and linked in a block network [2].
the current supply chain, which harms farmers. Supply chain Blockchain structure has two components: Block Header
management is expected to be overcome, in which farmers and Transaction List that includes Blockchain, Genesis
and consumers benefit. The transaction should be through Block, Hashing, Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake
Cooperatives that buy goods directly from farmers and sell (PoS), nodes, transactions, and Smart Contract [3].
The transactions in Supply Chain Management need
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and a technology that supports data transparency. Blockchain
approving it for publication was Mehdi Sookhak . technology secures decentralized data records (ledger).
2023 The Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
VOLUME 11, 2023 For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 131089
 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
Blockchain can verify and validate every transaction. Each
actor involved goes through a contract agreement scenario
(Smart Contract) that makes it easy to track the origin of the
products [2], [3].
Smart Contract can be used in various industries, especially
those that conduct a contract agreement between two parties
involving an intermediary. The smart contract can be applied
as a contract regulated in Law. In this case, an official res-
ident identity is required. In Indonesia, a Resident Identity
Card can facilitate legal identity tracking. Smart contract in
the Supply Chain might benefit producers and consumers if
the transaction is under the Law. The transaction also uses
electronic mediums such as computers, networks, and others
in the Blockchain. Village Cooperative Unit could monitor
activities on supply chain management [4].
The Smart Contract on Supply Chain Management is not
only applied to the agricultural industry but also can be
applied to other industries. Many sectors can use smart con-
tract to run the business efficiently and transparently. In the
Logistics sector, smart contract is utilized to automate and
track product shipments. It helps to ensure better visibil-
ity, real-time monitoring, and payment process automation
between logistics parties [4]. In the Finance sector, smart
contract can be applied in the financial industry as automatic
processes such as payment processing, settlement contract,
or other financial agreements. It can increase efficiency,
speed, and accuracy in financial transactions. In the Insurance
field, industrial insurance may use smart contract to automate
claims processing and settlement. Smart contract can validate
claims based on predefined parameters and arrange claim
payments automatically without human intervention [5].
In Property and Real Estate, property and real estate transac-
tions may use Smart contract to facilitate the buying, selling,
and contracting agreements. Smart contract might increase
the trust between the parties involved [6]. In Global com-
merce, International commerce can use smart contract to
facilitate purchasing, shipping, and payment processes. Smart
contract makes cross-border transactions simple, efficient and
secure [7]. Smart Contractrequire specific business needs and
procedures within the industry. Appropriate usage of smart
contract in the industry has the same potency as in agriculture.
Sales transactions between Village Cooperative Units
and consumers require data transparency and responsibil-
ity to ensure that transactions have value. We provide
blockchain-based smart contracts, namely smart bidding on
the Blockchain. Bargaining automatic transactions between
farmers and Village Cooperative Units can increase farmers’
profits based on the price of Cost of Goods Sold and Agricul-
tural Exchange Rates. Cost of Goods Sold is an indicator in
Indonesia that describes how farmers can obtain products or
services produced from the agricultural sector as an optimal
price achievement [5].
Many applications in several B2B (business-to-business)
startup application platforms reach suppliers at low prices
between intermediaries, farmers and consumers; they are
AgroMall Ula. However, these applications have drawbacks,
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including partnership dependence, which affects product
availability, service quality, transaction data security, stock,
and buyer preferences. A blockchain-based Dapp application
can remove intermediaries in the supply chain to achieve price
optimization, making Dapp transactions straightforward and
secure for users [6].
From several related studies [1], [2], [4], [5], [7], [8],
[9], [10], [11], it can be inferred that research is needed to
make solution. Developing a serious game-based simulation
may support operational supply chain management in making
decisions. In recent years, there have been many technologi-
cal developments in games. One of them is a simulation-based
serious game. With an overview of modeling simulations,
input, output, and content, this serious game may be used
as a learning media to explore the learning environment.
In this agricultural game, players are visualized as having
their farmland. They can organize and manage it as if selling
goods [12]. The games can be used to plant land for agricul-
tural resources such as corn, wheat, cotton, and straw. Then,
these crops are sold via a delivery cart, which can also sell
these items on the social market, as well as a reward feature,
a ledger on the Blockchain [13], [14]. This game could show
the transparency of tracing data transactions and has been
simulated for farmers who take hold of giant farms; however,
only some agricultural games can make stable prices, meet
consumer needs, and benefit farmers.
This research aims to simulate a serious game based on
Blockchain smart contract using supply chain management.
The simulation demonstrates the advantage of cutting sup-
ply chain distribution channels. Digital signatures created
by involved actors might provide data transparency and
optimize prices applicable to market conditions. The agri-
cultural sector in Indonesia uses the Unity 3D development
platform, a programming language contract using Solidity,
Moralis as the Web3 Development Platform and dApp as the
blockchain backend, Polygon Ethereum Network Environ-
ment, and Databases Redis Enterprise, MongoDB Compass,
and Mumbai Testnet.
FIGURE 1. The research part of the supply chain management blockchain
is based on serious games.
II. NOVELTY AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER
The novelty of this research is that a Blockchain smart
contract and Supply chain can manage distributed ledger
technology in a new model Blockchain. It aims to provide
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A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
centralized data storage, maintain data privacy, and speed
on chains involving multiple storage (Private Database). The
data is integrated into each other (ledger) through distribution
channels, which makes it easy for farmers to maximize their
agricultural products. New methods are used to optimize new
distribution channels simulated in the serious games: farmers,
Village Unit Cooperative, distributors, and consumers.
This research contributes to analyzing and modeling
Blockchain technology in the supply chain to support farmers
deciding to cut distribution channels with a ‘‘Distributed
Ledger’’. The study also demonstrates data transactions trans-
parently and optimizes prices using smart contract-based
blockchain smart bidding through a serious game. Serious
games can also be applied as learning media in agricultural
production. Smart Bidding uses blockchain smart contract to
optimize prices between farmers and Village Cooperatives in
buying and selling products or services. So that automatic
bargaining transactions can increase farmers’ profits.
III. RELATED WORK
Blockchain is one of the innovations of current technological
developments. Blockchain might change the way we manage
data and transactions. Blockchain is a digital ledger that is
decentralized in recording transactions in the form of blocks
connected so that a network of related actor nodes can verify
each transaction [15]. A network of participating nodes veri-
fies each transaction; once received, it is encrypted and added
to the Blockchain, resulting in a secure and immutable trans-
action chain that makes the information stored impossible to
manipulate.
The structure of Blockchain includes blocks that are the
basic unit of Blockchain. Each block contains data like sev-
eral transactions. Each block has two main components: the
Block Header and Transaction List. Block Header contains
metadata, such as timestamp, a hash of the previous block
(except the genesis block), and a nonce (a random number
used in the proof of work searching process commonly called
proof of work. Transaction List is the part of the block that
contains the included transactions in that block [3].
A Blockchain is a tiered sequence of blocks connected.
Each block refers to the previous block via the previous block
hash. Its header creates a chain relationship. Genesis Block
is the first block in the blockchain. The genesis block has no
preceded block to connect to and usually serves as the starting
point of the blockchain.
Hashing is the cryptographic process of data from a block,
including transaction data and block headers converted into
a fixed-length numerical string known as a hash. The hash
from the previous block is put in the current block header.
The hash of the entire block is used to verify data integrity
and inter-block relationships.
The Proof of Work (PoW) Consensus Mechanism that
blockchains use requires miners to solve complex mathe-
matical problems to add new blocks to the blockchain. The
Proof of Stake consensus mechanism that blockchains use
requires coin holders to put up a certain amount of their coins
VOLUME 11, 2023
as collateral and randomly select valid actors to block. This
process is how consensus on new transactions is reached in a
blockchain network.
Nodes are computers or devices in a blockchain net-
work that participate in validating transactions and running
blockchain software. There are two main types of nodes: full
nodes, which store the entire history of the blockchain, and
light nodes, which only store part of the data.
Transactions are data added to blocks that record
the transfer of crypto assets or other information in a
blockchain network. The transactions in this research are
User Registration (UR), FarmerStock & FarmerShop (FSH),
FarmerKUDTransaction (FK), KUDStock (KS) & KUD
Shop (KSH), KUDConsumerTransaction (KD), FarmerAuc-
tion (FA), FarmerKUDBidding Transaction (FBT) and Con-
sumerStock (CS).
A smart contract is an independent program that runs on
the blockchain and can automate various functions and agree-
ments. Smart contract works automatically when the contract
is fulfilled.
The basic structure of blockchain technology used in cryp-
tocurrency networks is Bitcoin and Ethereum, as well as in
any other applications outside of cryptocurrencies, such as
supply chains. Blockchain provides a secure and decentral-
ized basis to record data transactions.
We present the research focused on Blockchain in smart
contract, which are formal digital agreements using ledger
technology. Smart contract using DLT protocols, Ethereum,
EOSIO, and Hyperledger Fabric is currently developing
rapidly [16]. This research uses Ethereum smart contract.
Supply chain management and Blockchain are transparent
in every real-time tracking of every transaction in the supply
chain [17]. Blockchain can assist in optimizing inventory
management with real-time information to determine product
demand and supply throughout the supply chain and can
reduce the occurrence of the bullwhip effect. Blockchain also
has data reliability to prevent data deviation or falsification.
Blockchain can facilitate secure automatic payments through
Smart Contractin the supply chain. Blockchain is encrypted
with cryptography to guarantee transaction security [18].
Blockchain and smart contract are technologies that enable
improved supply chain management. This technology system
can be utilized in decision-making to coordinate contractual
relationships between parties not meeting each other con-
nected in the blockchain ledger. The supply chain should
guarantee agricultural products before being delivered to con-
sumers; in this case, a smart contract is needed to evaluate
food safety [3], [16].
Transaction scenarios in smart contract occur between the
agreements from actors recorded on the node chain, deployed
on the Blockchain, and automatically verified by the sys-
tem [15], [17]. Smart contract import the data transparently,
traceably, and efficiently into the supply chain. The Ethereum
blockchain platform provides an interface for users to secure
their privacy using the blockchain programming language
contract ‘‘Solidity’’ [18].
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Farmer Chain, a smart supply chain management system,

automates digital agreements using Blockchain without inter-
mediaries to identify product authenticity, information, and
quantities [19]. The Ethereum-based Blockchain model is a
decentralized application network (DApp) that shows real-
time data transparently and securely since it runs on the
Blockchain network. The Blockchain system works without
human interference to reduce errors [20].
Farmers are still traditionally sending raw materials to con-
sumers, making the transactions a long process. The supply
chain Blockchain-based is used in the supply chain manage-
ment network to provide product information, distribution
prices, and price tracking in the security network since data FIGURE 2. System overview on supply chain management.
security, authenticity, and time are managed appropriately
[21], [22]. The supply chain can make orders and transactions TABLE 1. Related work on serious game, supply chain management,
easy and track and update delivery information from farmers smart contract and blockchain.
to consumers.
Serious game in supply chain management is also used as
a starting stage for planning agricultural products and provid-
ing information on product quantities and prices. Meanwhile,
the simulation games as decision-makers collaborate with the
company with large orders [19], [20]. Serious game is also
used to make strategic decisions in the supply chain from the
bullwhip effect [21].
The serious game supports supply chain resilience to make
decisions in transactions. When the transaction is not through
an intermediary, it might maximize profits for actors [26].
A serious game as a medium to secure transactions on supply
chain management. Serious games are a tool to increase
awareness of sustainable supply chain management games
based on observations [23].
Related research [3], [15], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28],
[29], [30], [31], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], and
[23] discussing supply chain management, smart contracts,
Blockchain, smart bidding, and serious games are used to
facilitate tracking information in the blockchain ledger net-
work. The research integrated into this study is shown in
Table 1. Research on supply chain management connected to
Blockchain and Smart Contract is still challenging; Hence we
propose a game-based smart agriculture collaboration with a
new supply chain using Smart Contract and Blockchain that
connects farmers, cooperatives, and consumers without an
intermediary involved.

IV. SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Figure 2 shows that the participants involved in smart agri-
culture and supply chain management are farmers, Village
Unit Cooperative, distributors, and consumers. Every trans-
action must use a digital signature and be connected to a
decentralized blockchain network. Each connected node has
a linked Polygon Ethereum account in a smart contract. The
transactions, including harvests, sales and purchases, and
activity log browsing, are stored in Redis Enterprise, Mon-
goDB Compass, and Unity 3D Development Platform. The
actors involved in the blockchain network node are described
below:
The farmer is an attribute provider that manages corps
production from planting, fruiting, harvest, farmer’s name,
harvest location, stock quantity, harvest condition, expired
date, to prices.
Village Unit Cooperative is the attribute provider that
purchases harvest from the farmer and receives activity logs
on each transaction. The products from the farmers are sold

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A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
FIGURE 3. The proposed system and its relation to previous work.
to consumers. Village Unit Cooperative is a business entity
in rural areas that provides daily needs related to agricultural
activities.
The distributor is the attribute provider that delivers
goods from Village Unit Cooperative to consumers.
The consumer is the individual or group of buyers who
purchase the products and receive activity logs from Village
Unit Cooperative.
A. CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY (CA) FOR BLOCKCHAIN
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Certificate Authority (CA) is the application registered for
the game of Blockchain-based on supply chain management
in which users receive authority and cryptographic informa-
tion to compose a blockchain network. CA contains a chain
code connected and deployed on the channel using a peer.
This chain code included instructions for the transaction of
agricultural products that support the appropriate prices. The
transaction is connected to the ratification policy peer and
blockchain code.
The game is developed using Unity 3D Development
Platform, programming language contract using Solidity,
Moralis as Web3 Development Platform and dApp as back-
end blockchain, Network Environment Polygon Ethereum,
and Database of Redis Enterprise, MongoDB Compass, and
Mumbai Testnet. The certificate authority verifies the cer-
tificate holder’s identity before issuing the certificate. This
action helps to maintain security and authentication involving
cryptographic keys. The digital management of the solidity
authority certificate is the game smart contract developer
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himself. The developer determines the actor engaged in the
smart contract system. The contract is private and can only
be accessed by the users who inherited it [33].
Ethereum-based Network Environment. The blockchain
backend is Moralis as Web3, and the Database is Redis
Enterprise. MongoDB Compass, Mumbai Testnet, search
the Polygon blockchain for transactions, addresses, and
tokens.
Figure 4 is the sequence of platform development used in
this paper. MetaMask is a browser plugin that functions as
an Ethereum polygon-based crypto-wallet. While the Game
Development Platform uses Unity 3D, programming lan-
guage contracts use Solidity and Polygon Ethereum-based
Network Environment. The blockchain backend is Moralis
as Web3, and the Database is Redis Enterprise. MongoDB
Compass, Mumbai Testnet, search the Polygon blockchain
for transactions, addresses, and tokens.
FIGURE 4. Smart contract development platform of supply chain
management on serious game.
Figure 5 and Figure 6 Transactions on chain nodes are
connected to blockchain peers. Farmer, Village Unit Cooper-
ative, distributor, and consumer are identified as actors when
logging in to the platform. If registered on the platform, it will
process digital signatures and be recognized and connected to
the blockchain network.
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 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
FIGURE 5. Transaction illustration of serious game-based smart contract
on supply chain management.
FIGURE 6. Transaction verification of blockchain and game.
B. BLOCKCHAIN-BASED SMART CONTRACT
TRANSACTION SCENARIO
We explain ten Smart Contractto innovate supply chain man-
agement, namely User Registration (UR), Farmer Stock (FS),
Farmer Shop (FSH), Farmer KUD Transaction (FK), KUD
Stock (KS), KUD Shop (KSH), Farmer Auction (FA), Farmer
KUD Bidding Transaction (FBT), KUD Consumer Transac-
tion (KD) & Consumer Stock (CS).
UR contains contract registration and transaction processes
on games. FS contains the identification of crop stocks carried
out by farmers, FSH contains information on farmer’s stock
that is to be sold to Village Unit Cooperative, FK contains
transactions between farmers and Village Unit Cooperatives,
KS Contract contains information of sales stock at the Vil-
lage Unit Cooperative, KSH contains information of stock
in Village Unit Cooperatives that to be sold to consumers,
KD contains transactions between Village Units Cooperative,
distributors and consumers, CS contains stock and consumer
information.
UR is the beginning stage of the game, which starts
with scanning the linked wallet account on MetaMask,
data UR ide, username, role, email, EthAddress, and
auth_data_moralisEth. All data is saved permanently. Each
actor is given the role function of the UserRegistrationUR()
address, which can identify each role’s activity. Thus, it was
easy to get information and track transactions conducted by
actors.
FS is the farmer plants and harvests the crops and then
saves the FS data by mentioning the Plants Name, Farmer’s
Address, Total Harvested, Harvest Date, Expired Date,
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Condition, and Price. The data displayed on FSH gave the
contract address from FarmerStockFS() to FarmerShopFSH()
for sale, as shown in Table 2.
FK is the sales transaction contract between the farmer and
the Village Unit Cooperative contains Transaction IDE, Stock
IDE, Farmer address, KUD address, Consumer address, Plant
name, Plant price, Quality, Expired date condition, Harvest
date, Transaction Hash, Amount in Matic, Rate Maticin IDR,
Session Token, and Class name. Each associated contract
transaction appears as a command for digital signature and
connects to the Blockchain’s permanent transaction store.
Table 3 shows the IDE information response to the address
of the farmer’s contract. Table 4 shows relevant information
on contract data from Table 5 with FarmerKUDTransac-
tionFK The transactions reach consensus saved on MongoDB
Compass of sales transactions from farmer to Village Unit
Cooperative FK.
KS is Village Unit Cooperative keeps the purchased crops
from farmers and FK transactions. Village Unit Cooperative
stores goods at KSH, and they can re-sell to consumers using
the function of KUDStockKS().
KD is KSH makes products sold to consumers with
transactions based on relevant information traceability. The
transaction must pass digital signatures from FS and FH
on the Blockchain by displaying the Farmer Address, KUD
Address, Expired Date, and Txn Hash. Table 6 shows the
transaction using the function KUDCustomerTransaction KD
Table 7 shows the transaction after the product was sold
from Unity 3D ConsumerStock CS Table 8 is the transaction
detail of CS for sale transaction KD connected to the address
distribution contract shown on ID, KUD Address,
Farmer Address, Consumer Address, Condition, Expira-
tion Date, Harvest Date, Quantity, and Plant Price.
The smart bidding-based serious game uses smart contract
games. There are two smart bidding mechanics in smart
contract blockchain:
a. FarmerAuctionFA() is Smart bidding on the farmer
side. FarmerAuction is a farmer’s auction database.
At FarmerAuction, many bidding from several joint
wallet village unit cooperative accounts exist. Only
one transaction is agreed upon between the farmer and
the Cooperative Village Unit, even though the results
obtained offer bidding from many Cooperative Village
Units.
b. FarmerKUDBiddingTransactionFBT() is smart bid-
ding on the KUD side. FarmerKUDBidding Transac-
tionFBT() is a transaction made by a farmer who agrees
to an auction offer for his crops and the highest price
from one of the Cooperative Village Units he chooses
as the final selling price in smart bidding.
Table 5. is the MongoDB Data Compass, which consists
of an interactive tool for querying, optimizing, and analyz-
ing data on our MongoDB blockchain for sales transactions
between Farmer and Village Unit Cooperative. These trans-
actions are saved in MongoDB, Unity 3D, and the Redis
Enterprise Database. Batch number of FK transaction, hash
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A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
TABLE 2. Example information of sales transactions from FS & FSH.
TABLE 3. Smart contract from FS & FSH to FK.
TABLE 4. Smart contract of sale transaction from FK in Contract batch number TxnHash transaction sale in table 3.
transactions stores queries from Farmer Stock, Farmer Shop
transactions containing Transaction ID, Farmer Address, Vil-
lage Unit Cooperative Address, Amount In Matic transaction,
RateMatic, IDR Transaction Hash, Class Name. Table 6 Vil-
lage Unit Cooperative stores stock from sales & Village Unit
Cooperative opens sales at KD through a contract at Village
Unit Cooperative. Consumer transactions are by displaying
the Owner, Product Name, ETH From, and TxnHash. Table 7.
shows the contract agreed upon between the consumer and the
Village Unit Cooperative, and then the result of a blockchain
game sales transaction stores the data that appears in Unity
3D. Table 8 contains detailed consumer transactions and
stock verified and recorded in a ledger on the blockchain
game of the sales transactions from Village Unit Cooperative
and consumer. Tables 9 and 10 Transaction details of the
Smart Bidding-based Serious Game of FarmerAuctionFA()
and FarmerKUDBidding TransactionFBT() transaction is
agreed upon between the farmer and the Cooperative Village
Unit.
C. SMART CONTRACT TRANSACTION ARCHITECTURE OF
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT GAME-BASED
As shown in Figure 7, the sequence of all transactions
from the supply chain management-based blockchain smart
contract game includes Contract Data and Contract Trans-
actions from Product Registration, Sales, and purchase.
Contract Transactions, Transfer Information, Distribution,
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and Traceability of the data in the agricultural supply
chain. We have explained in detail the implementation of
actors; they are farmer, Village Unit Cooperative, distributor,
and consumer. The steps through which the actors invol-
ved are:
1. Farmers who pass the contract make transactions that
must go through the registration process via a QR Code
connected to the function UserRegistrationUR() via a
MetaMask wallet account. The farmer contract address
is automatically connected with the FarmerStockFS()
and FarmerShopFSH The accounts are used for Farmer
Stock, Farmer Shop, and Farmer KUD.
Sales purchase transactions in FarmerKUDTransac-
tionFK() between farmers and the Village Unit Cooper-
ative. Transaction of the ContractAddress() function in
the contract address added to the consensus in the net-
work nodes of the information of the game blockchain
system batch and deploy Blockchain according to
the address. Two smart bidding mechanics in smart
contract blockchain exist FarmerAuctionFA() and
FarmerKUDBidding TransactionFBT The transaction
is agreed upon between the farmer and the cooperative
village unit with smart bidding
2. Village Unit Cooperative passing the contract has a
similar process to Farmers. Village Unit Coopera-
tive, who make transactions, must register via a QR
Code connected to the function UserRegistrationUR()
via a MetaMask wallet account. The Village Unit
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TABLE 5. MongoDB compass for sale transaction from FK in contract batch number transaction hash in table 3.

TABLE 6. KS & KSH list from contract to KD.

TABLE 7. CS from Unity3D to contract village unit cooperative to consumer.

TABLE 8. Transaction detail of CS for sale transaction KD.

TABLE 9. Transaction detail of the smart bidding-based serious Game of FarmerAuctionFA().

Cooperatives carry out the registration process as to consumers through the function KUDStockKS()
(UVC/KUD) through User Registration and sell goods and KUDShopKSH() and contract KSH from KD
purchased from farmers (FK), then is stored and re-sell on the blockchain network from KD Transaction.

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A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract

TABLE 10. Transaction detail of the smart bidding-based serious Game of FarmerKUDBidding TransactionFBT().

FIGURE 7. The use case of blockchain-based smart contract transaction on supply chain management games (a) smart contract farming mode
(b) smart contract village unit cooperative mode (c) smart contract distribution mode (d) smart contract consumer mode.

KUDConsumerTransactionKD() sale and purchase connected to the function UserRegistrationUR() via a

transactions of crops with consumers.
3. Distributors passing the contract are the distributor who
has the transaction process at the Village Unit Coop-
erative through the function KUDConsumerTransac-
tionKD Consumers received requests from the function
KUDConsumerTransactionKD() and changed delivery
status at the function KUDConsumerTransactionKD()
and ConsumerStockCS FarmerKUDBidding Trans-
action(FBT)() verifies delivery from farmer auction
transactions and Village Units Cooperative. Distribu-
tors who make transactions must register via a QR Code
MetaMask wallet account.
4. Consumers passing contract are the consumers who
registered via UserRegistrationUR() to be able to
make purchases and get information for harvest from
the Village Unit Cooperative connected to the func-
tion KUDConsumerTransactionKD() and Consumer-
StockCS() that stores information on consumers and
be able to track transactions on previous harvest on
the network system blockchain games. Blockchain can
track the information obtained from each transaction
bound through a digital signature contract in which

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 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract

FIGURE 8. Component diagrams of UML blockchain smart contract with farming, village unit cooperative, distribution, and consumer.

FIGURE 9. The UML deployment diagram for supply chain management Game-Based

each transaction is added to the consensus on the net-
work node of the blockchain games system.
The design uses UML Diagrams for the blockchain game
smart contract integration system, namely the verification
model and integration flow for UML activity diagrams and
UML component diagrams. The class diagram is shown in
Figure 7
Figure 8. The case of transactions integration between User
Registration (UR), Farmer Stock (FS), Farmer Shop (FSH),
Farmer KUD Transaction (FK), KUD Stock (KS), KUD Shop
(KSH), FarmerAuction (FA), FarmerKUDBidding Transac-
tion (FBT), KUD Customer Transaction (KD) and Consumer
Stock (CS) present the actors including farmers, Village Unit
Cooperative, distributors, and consumers in this supply chain
management serious game. Component diagrams describe
the interface flow required in communication between actors
during transactions.
Deployment diagram is a model diagram in UML that
describes the relationships spread in the system. The diagram
involves software and actors depicting the application con-
figuration done at run time. The application loads blockchain
nodes from Unity 3D Development Platform connected to
Moralis, and MetaMask will be connected via actors, Net-
work environment using polygon Ethereum and database
using MongoDB Compass and Redis Enterprise as seen in
Figure 10.
The class diagram has a class structure: User Registration,
FarmerStock, FarmerShop, FarmerKUDTransaction, KUD-
Stock, KUD Shop, KUDConsumerTransaction, FarmerAuc-
tion, FarmerKUDBidding Transaction and ConsumerStock.
Each attribute describes in detail the content of the class.
Meanwhile, methods are operations displayed in the list that
describe the interaction in a class [34]. UML model design
uses stereotypes to identify an element’s purpose in a new

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A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
FIGURE 10. Class diagram UML on game blockchain smart contract.
model [35]. The serious game-based blockchain smart con-
tract is described in Table 11.
TABLE 11. Component diagrams on game blockchain smart contract with
stereotypes.
The UML implementation diagram uses stereotypes to pro-
vide additional information about the elements model, nodes,
artefacts, or other elements involved in the implementation
system [36], [37] as seen in Table 12.
VOLUME 11, 2023
Stereotypes provide additional information about the
classes in the UML model. Stereotypes are the notation used
in UML to add attributes or properties to elements in the
model [38]. In the context of a class diagram, stereotypes
are used to provide specific information about the roles or
characteristics of the class represented in the system. As seen
in Table 13.
Class diagrams using stereotypes to provide additional
information about classes in the UML model. Table 14.
The class diagram design uses UML stereotypes based on
Smart Contract involving the actors: farmers, Village Unit
Cooperatives, distributors, and consumers. The transactions
in the smart contract model involve FarmerKUDBidding
transaction, FarmerKUDTransaction(FK) and KUD Cus-
tomerTransaction(KD) identifying contracts or agreements
agreed by actors in Blockchain network. Verification rules
on transactions are also must be met by actors. While the
real status saved in the blockchain network demonstrates
the sequence of actions on the nodes to reach a consensus
on the transactions. This smart contract design has flexi-
ble verification settings. The verify() method is applied to
each transaction contract as a valid function in the rule
list. User Registration is used by scanning the wallet and
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 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
TABLE 12. The UML deployment diagram on game blockchain smart
contract with stereotypes.
filling in the ID card number and role on FarmerKUDBid-
ding for smart contract agreements between Farmers and
Village Unit Cooperatives to carry out the auction process.
FarmerKUDTransaction (FK) is a smart contract agreement
between Farmers and Village Unit Cooperatives for buying
and selling agricultural products. KUD Customer Transaction
(KD) is a smart contract agreement for selling and purchasing
agricultural products between the Village Unit Cooperative,
distributors, and consumers. These can be seen in Figure 11.
D. HIERARCHICAL FINITE STATE MACHINE (HFSM) FOR
SCENARIO SMART CONTRACT BLOCKCHAIN-BASED
WITH SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Hierarchical Finite State Machine (HSFM) in supply chain
management is a scenario design for a digital agreement con-
trol system using three working principles: State, Event, and
Action [39]. Actions in response to input of the transaction
accompany changed status. The HFSM model is very suitable
as a real-time design in controlling software. This game can
be used to design scenarios due to deviations in the informa-
tion obtained, which needs to be more transparent between
the actors involved [40]. Thus, we need a Blockchain-based
smart contract on supply chain management that simulates
serious game as Automatic Scenario Control [33]. Serious
131100
TABLE 13. UML class diagram with stereotypes.
games in the supply chain are used to explore and simulate
integrated games in decision-making to improve supply chain
performance. Cooperation in a supply chain management-
based serious game is also needed as a decision-making and
market strategy [33]. The actors involved must be registered
in the game application by showing a digital wallet account
as a personal identity verified by the user and the Village Unit
Cooperative as the system manager.
This study uses HFSM to design the sequence of game
scenarios using smart contract in supply chain management
transactions. One of the advantages of using FSM is that it
can describe the serious game flow. Researchers use the smart
contract method to hold the scenario flow based on the actors
involved.
HFSM in Figure 12. shows four scenarios, namely
Scenario 1 Farmer (S1), Scenario 2 Village Unit Cooperative
(S2), Scenario 3 Distributor (S3), and Scenario 4 Consumer
(S4). Each sub-scenario describes the rules of supply chain
transactions and the rules of playing the games generally.
Started from playing the game with the Wallet Login Tran-
sition on the digital wallet account and processing access to
each account via Scan My QR Code to the wallet; if regis-
tered, it would automatically enter each scenario account. If it
is not registered, enter an email address and choose Farmer,
Village Unit Cooperative, Distributor, or Consumer mode.
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A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
TABLE 14. Class diagram UML on Game blockchain smart contract with
stereotypes.
At the same time, the digital signature will connect to the
game scenario based on the scenario mode saved on the UR.
As in Figure 13. Three states are sub-scenarios of Farmer,
Village Unit Cooperative, Distributor, or Consumer mode.
Four scenarios have designs of story ideas from supply chain
management games involving several actors in sales and
purchase transactions.
Figure 13a shows the FSM’s design through how farmers
seek the agricultural field, choose what crops to be planted,
farm the fields, wait for the harvest, and harvest the crops.
There are two choices to manage the corps: stored in the
farmer’s warehouse or sold to the Village Cooperative Unit
by inputting the prices, smart bidding between the farmer
and Village Unit Cooperative, Distributor selecting a digital
signature, then FK saved on the Blockchain. Figure 13b
Village Unit Cooperative mode scenario will check the pur-
chasing farmer’s harvest, which will be sold to the consumer,
checking the quality stock from the farmer whether the corps
will be stored in the warehouse or sold to the consumer,
VOLUME 11, 2023
FIGURE 11. UML class diagram for Game Blockchain design.
determining the selling price, smart bidding agreed upon
between the farmer and the cooperative village unit, even
though the results obtained offer bidding from many coopera-
tive village units signing a digital signature on smart contract.
Gas fee transaction data will be saved to KD.
Figure 13c Design FSM distributor mode performs the
process of sending goods; a list of required goods will appear
from the results of KD transactions. Whether the goods are
sent to consumers or stored in the warehouse, it is connected
to a smart contract. Meanwhile, in Figure 13d, the consumer
scenario mode has two choices. First, consumers purchase the
crops from the Village Unit Cooperative by signing a digital
signature, then keep the stock. Second, the consumers see the
activity log like planting, fertilization, corps quality, farmer’s
name, plant expired date, harvest location, amount of stock,
and price saved on CS transactions.
V. SMART BIDDING METHOD FOR FARMER’S PRICE
OFFER IN SERIOUS GAME
The process implementation serious game based on sup-
ply chain management requires control in optimizing prices
based on the product number, lead time, raw material costs,
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 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
FIGURE 12. The hierarchical scenario-based smart contract on serious game using blockchain.
and purchasing and ordering costs in a certain period. In this
study, control product quality can be seen from the expired
date variable or the age of the commodity. When the stock
has expired, it will automatically expire in the store. When
the products expire in the consumer, they will expire at the
consumer. Smart Contract automatically process data verifi-
cation, data validation, and payment calculations. In the smart
contract between the farmer and the Village Unit Cooperative,
there is a payment based on the quantity of product delivered.
When agricultural products are sent to the Cooperative, it can
provide data on the amount of product received. The smart
contract will automatically calculate the amount of payment
to farmers based on the price agreed beforehand. After the
calculation, the smart contract can trigger an automatic trans-
fer from the Village Unit Cooperative account to farmer
accounts and shipment tracking. Thus, it may reduce human
involvement and minimize the risk of human error in the
supply chain.
The smart bidding-based serious game automatically uses
smart contract games in the bidding transactions process
between farmers and Village Unit Cooperatives.
In Indonesian financial accounting, the cost of goods sold
is obtained from the total expenses incurred by a business in a
certain period. The cost of goods sold includes raw material
costs, direct labor costs, overhead costs, shipping costs for
purchased goods, discounts, and product returns. The inven-
tories and net purchases affect the cost of goods sold. The
cost of goods sold is to determine how much the charges are
incurred from processing raw materials until finished goods
and services are sold.
An auction system on every Village Unit Cooperative
might automate the bidding process and increase farmers’
profits based on the Cost of Goods Sold and Agricultural
Exchange Rate. The Cost of Goods Sold is an indicator that
describes how farmers can obtain products or services with
results produced from the agricultural sector [11].
The following are ways of Smart Bidding implemented in
the serious games:
131102
1. Data Analysis: Simulation of Serious Game Supply
Chain Management on the auction system applies the
variables of demand from farmers and offers from the
Village Unit Cooperative, current market price, product
quality audited by users in the application, and other
factors that affect the price. The base price is deter-
mined by the farmer in the system. The price is set at
auction based on a specific time. The maximum price
obtained by the farmer in the Smart bidding system for
further bids.
2. Optimum Pricing: The Game’s smart bidding and
Smart Contractblockchain provides optimal price rec-
ommendations for agricultural products based on ana-
lyzing current market prices and cost of goods sold.
For instance, a request from non-player characters, the
Village Unit Cooperative can see product details on the
system. The players are farmers based on farmer stock
in this game simulation.
3. Optimization of Farm Profits and Prices: Games smart
bidding on Smart Contractblockchain allows farmers
to set price bids efficiently and optimally without
third-party. Farmers can analyze market prices, iden-
tify optimal prices, and increase their profits on sales
of agricultural products. The increase in profits can
contribute to the Cost of Goods Sold, as farmers have
enough income from their farming business.
4. Adjustment of demand and bidding: Adjustment of
order and bidding: Smart bidding allows real-time price
adjustments based on market conditions. If demand
increases or supply decreases, smart bidding can
adjust prices automatically. Farmers can maintain
competitiveness and obtain better exchange rates for
their agricultural products since prices are determined
according to market conditions. Smart bidding on a
game allows for real-time price adjustments according
to changing virtual market conditions. If demand sud-
denly increases or supply decreases, Smart Contractcan
change prices immediately.
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FIGURE 13. Scenario actors (a) farmer mode, (b) village unit cooperative, (c) distributor or (d) consumer mode on scenario-based serious game using
blockchain.

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 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract

Algorithm 1 UserRegistrationUR
Input: Contract registration and game transaction processing. Farmer Stock (FS) contains the identification of crop stocks
carried out by farmersBlockchain and Smart Contract Interactions with the Moralis Unity SDK.
1. Public const string ContractAddress = ‘‘0 × 1.40242d88082800A5230a5DA2223074CE5d5f36’’;
public const string functionName = ‘‘greeting’’;
2. public static async void SendRawETH(MoralisUser _from, string _toAddress, float _value, Action _callback)
MoralisUser user = await Moralis.GetUserAsync();
float transferAmount = _value / GlobalConst.MATIC_TO_IDR;
string fromAddress = _from.authData[‘‘moralisEth’’][‘‘id’’].ToString();
string to Address = _toAddress;
TransactionInput txnRequest = new TransactionInput() { Data = String.Empty, From = fromAddress, To =
toAddress, Value = new HexBigInteger(UnitConversion.Convert.ToWei(transfer amount))
3. try
Moralis.Web3Client.Eth.TransactionManager.SendTransactionAsync(txnRequest);
4. bool txnComplete = Moralis.Web3Client.Eth.TransactionManager.SendTransactionAsync(txnRequest).
IsCompletedSuccessfully;
5. if(txnComplete)
_callback(); TxnHash: {txnHash}’’);

5. Transactions Efficiency: In-game smart bidding auto-
mates the bidding process and saves the time and effort
required in negotiating prices with buyers. Farmers
can focus on their farm production and management
with this efficiency. It can increase the productivity and
quality of agricultural products, positively impacting
the Agricultural Exchange Rate.
6. Player Decisions Effects: In-game smart bidding con-
siders the decisions made by game players or char-
acters. For instance, if a player chooses to overgrow
certain crops, smart bidding may adjust prices to reflect
the oversupply.
7. Performance Evaluation: In-game smart bidding can
also evaluate performance impacted on the player’s
or character’s advantage. Players can see how their
bidding decisions affect the financial results in the
simulation and improve their strategy according to the
results of this evaluation.
Smart bidding using blockchain smart contract in agricultural
price bidding may increase profits without involving interme-
diaries, optimize the prices according to market conditions,
increase efficiency, and provide better access to market infor-
mation in agricultural simulation games. Players may have
realistic and challenging experience in managing the trading
and economic aspects of virtual farming. Smart bidding can
also add a strategic dimension to games and allow players to
hone decision-making skills.
VI. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
We propose system implementation in implementing the
smart contract game in supply chain management. We apply
solidity language, unity 3D, and Moralis Blockchain as a
backend blockchain game. Blockchain can quickly provide
decentralization development.
In Algorithm 1: UserRegistrationUR() shows the interac-
tion of the actor registration on the smart contract via My QR
Code connected to MetaMask, thus saving the actor address
via the Moralis account. Actors involved in this blockchain
game should register through a smart contract or a MetaMask
wallet account by keeping the number contract address, name,
email, and user role, whether as a farmer, Village Unit
Cooperative, distributor, or consumer.
The Algorithm 1 source code is accessible on request in
the GitHub repository https://github.com/AstridNovitaPutri
/alghorithmblockchain/blob/main/UserRegistrationUR.cs
Furthermore, Moralis will reconfirm the registration via
the user’s MetaMask wallet account. Then, it will be trans-
ferred and stored in Moralis, Redis Enterprise, and Mon-
goDB. If the transaction is successfully sent, the game can
enter.
Algorithm 2: FarmerStockFS() & FarmerShopFSH() save
transactions made by farmers starting to plant, harvest,
and crop stocks and show the harvest that will be sold
to the Village Unit Cooperative. The Algorithm 2 source
code is accessible on request in the GitHub repository
https://github.com/AstridNovitaPutri/alghorithmblockchain
/blob/main/FarmerStockController.cs
Algorithm 3: on Smart contract, FarmerKUDTransac-
tionFK() shows the sale and purchase transaction between
the farmer and the Village Unit Cooperative connected to
the Smart Contract Call. The farmers and Village Unit
Cooperative stock will be up to date. The Village Unit
Cooperative buys stock from farmers through FK transac-
tions and then sells it to the consumers. The Algorithm 3
source code is accessible on request in the GitHub repository
https://github.com/AstridNovitaPutri/alghorithmblockchain
/blob/main/FarmerShopController.cs
Algorithm 4: KUDStockKS() & KUDShopKSH() save
the transactions made by the Village Unit Cooperative

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Algorithm 2 FarmerStockFS() & FarmerShopFSH() Algorithm 3 FarmerKUDTransactionFK()

Input: The data displayed on FSH that gives the contract address Input:The sales transaction contract between the farmer and
and information from the function FarmerStockFS() for sale to the the Village Unit Cooperative from the function FarmerKUD-
function FarmerShopFSH()
TransactionFK()
1. Public static async UniTask <Dictionary <FarmerStock,
PlantObject ≫ GetStocks(string _userAddress) { 1. Public static async void KUDBuyItem(FarmerShop
2. MoralisQuery <FarmerStock > farmer = await _shopItem, int _amount){
Moralis.Query <FarmerStock >(); 2. var transaction = Moralis.Client.Create
3. farmer = farmer.WhereEqualTo(‘‘farmerAddress’’, <KUDStock >();
_userAddress);
3. var user = await Moralis.GetUserAsync();
4. IEnumerable <FarmerStock > result = await
farmer.FindAsync(); 4. MoralisQuery <FarmerShop > itemQ = await
5. var list = new Dictionary <FarmerStock, PlantObject Moralis.Query <FarmerShop >();
>(); 5. itemQ = itemQ.WhereEqualTo(‘‘stockId’’,
6. foreach (FarmerStock stock in result) { _shopItem.stockId);
7. var plant = ScriptableUtils.GetPlant(stock.plantName);
6. FarmerShop item = await
8. list.Add(stock, plant); }
9. return list; } itemQ.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
10. Public static async UniTask <Dictionary <FarmerStock, 7. item.quantity -= _amount;
PlantObject ≫ GetMyStocks() { 8. transaction.stockId = _shopItem.stockId;
11. UserModel user = await UserController.GetMyUser(); 9. transaction.boughtTime = DateTime.
12. return await GetStocks(user.ethAddress); }
Now.ToUniversalTime();
13. Public static async void AddFarmerStock(FarmerStock
_stock, int _amount) { 10. transaction.condition = _shopItem.condition;
14. MoralisQuery <FarmerStock > stockQ = await 11. transaction.expirationDate =
Moralis.Query <FarmerStock >(); _shopItem.expirationDate;
15. IEnumerable <FarmerStock > result = await 12. transaction.farmerAddress =
stockQ.FindAsync();
_shopItem.farmerAddress;
16. FarmerStock selectedStock = null;
17. foreach (FarmerStock stock in result) { 13. transaction.harvestedDate =
18. if (stock.farmerAddress == _stock.farmerAddress && _shopItem.harvestedDate;
stock.plantName == _stock.plantName) { selectedStock = 14. transaction.quantity = _amount;
stock; }} 15. transaction.plantPrice = _shopItem.price;
19. if (selectedStock != null &&
16. transaction.kudAddress = user.ethAddress;
selectedStock.harvestedDate == Date-
Time.Now.ToUniversalTimeDate) 17. transaction.plantName = _shopItem.plantName;
20. { selectedStock.totalHarvested + = _amount; 18. await transaction.SaveAsync();
21. Debug.Log(‘‘Total of’’ + selectedStock.plantName + 19. if(item.quantity > 0){
‘‘is’’ + selectedStock.totalHarvested); 20. var successz = await item.SaveAsync();
22. if (selectedStock.totalHarvested > 0)
21. if(successz){
23. { var successz = await selectedStock.SaveAsync();
24. if (successz){ 22. Debug.Log(‘‘FarmerShop has been decreased,
25. Debug.Log(‘‘FarmerStock updated to DB’’); } updated to DB’’);
26. else { 23. }else{
27. Debug.Log(‘‘Failed to update to FarmerStock DB’’); 24. Debug.Log(‘‘Failed to update to FarmerShop DB’’);
28. }}
25. }
29. else {
30. await selectedStock.DeleteAsync(); 26. }else{
31. Debug.Log(‘‘Stock reached 0, deleted from Database’’); 27. await item.DeleteAsync();
32. } return; } 28. Debug.Log(‘‘Shop item reached 0, deleted from
33. var newStock = Moralis.Client.Create <FarmerStock >(); Database’’);
34. var user = await Moralis.GetUserAsync();
}}
35. newStock = _stock;
36. newStock.totalHarvested + = _amount;
37. Debug.Log(‘‘New Stock’’ + newStock.condition + new-
Stock.harvestedDate + newStock.expirationDate + new-
Stock.plantName + newStock.farmerAddress); from farmers’ crops and show KUDShopKSH connected
38. var success = await newStock.SaveAsync(); to User Moralis as an actor. The Algorithm 4 source
39. if (success) code is accessible on request in the GitHub repository
40. { Debug.Log(‘‘FarmerStock created to DB’’);
https://github.com/AstridNovitaPutri/alghorithmblockchain
41. } else
42. {Debug.Log(‘‘Failed to create to FarmerStock DB’’); } /blob/main/KUDShopController.cs
} Algorithm 5: KUDConsumerTransactionKD() & Con-
sumerStockCS() KSH makes products that will be sold

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Algorithm 4 KUDStockKS() & KUDShopKSH()

Input: Village Unit Cooperative keeps the purchased crops from Algorithm 5 KUDConsumerTransactionKD() &
Farmers and FK transactions. Village Unit Cooperative sells and ConsumerStockCS()
displays goods to be sold at KSH so they can be re-sold to consumers Input: KSH makes products that will be sold to consumers
using the function of KUDStockKS
with transactions that will attach relevant information
1. Public class KUDStockController{
2. public static async UniTask <Dictionary <KUDStock, regarding the traceability of information that must pass
PlantObject ≫ GetStocks(string _userAddress){ digital signatures on the Blockchain from FS and FH
3. MoralisQuery <KUDStock > farmer = await 1. Public class KUDShopController{
Moralis.Query <KUDStock >(); 2. public static async UniTask <Dictionary <KUDShop,
4. farmer = farmer.WhereEqualTo(‘‘kudAddress’’, _userAd- PlantObject ≫ GetStocks(string _userAddress){
dress); 3. MoralisQuery<KUDShop> farmer = await Moralis.
5. IEnumerable <KUDStock > result = await Query<KUDShop>();
farmer.FindAsync();
6. var list = new Dictionary <KUDStock, PlantObject >();
4. farmer = farmer.WhereEqualTo(‘‘kudAddress’’, _user-
7. foreach (KUDStock stock in result){ Address);
8. var plant = ScriptableUtils.GetPlant(stock.plantName); 5. IEnumerable<KUDShop> result = await farmer.
9. list.Add(stock, plant);} FindAsync();
10. return list;} 6. var list = new Dictionary<KUDShop, PlantObject>();
11. public static async UniTask <Dictionary <KUDStock, 7. foreach (KUDShop stock in result){
PlantObject ≫ GetMyStocks(){ 8. var plant = ScriptableUtils.GetPlant(stock.
12. UserModel user = await UserController.GetMyUser();
13. return await GetStocks(user.ethAddress);} plantName);
14. Public static async void SellStock(KUDStock _stock, int 9. list.Add(stock, plant);}
_amount, int _price){ 10. return list;}
15. var stockTobeSold = Moralis.Client.Create <KUDShop 11. public static async UniTask<Dictionary<KUDShop,
>(); PlantObject≫ GetMyStocks(){
16. MoralisQuery <KUDStock > stockQ = await 12. UserModel user = await UserController.GetMyUser();
Moralis.Query <KUDStock >(); 13. return await GetStocks(user.ethAddress);}
17. IEnumerable <KUDStock > result = await
stockQ.FindAsync();
14. Public static async UniTask<Dictionary<KUDShop,
18. KUDStock selectedStock = null; PlantObject≫ GetShopItems(bool isKUD){
19. foreach (KUDStock stock in result){ 15. var moralisUser = await Moralis.GetUserAsync();
20. if(stock.kudAddress == _stock.kudAddress && 16. MoralisQuery<KUDShop> query = await Moralis.
stock.plantName == _stock.plantName){ Query<KUDShop>();
21. selectedStock = stock;}} 17. if(isKUD)
22. if(selectedStock != null && selectedStock.harvestedDate 18. query = query.WhereEqualTo(‘‘kudAddress’’, moral-
== _stock.harvestedDate){
23. selectedStock.quantity -= _amount; isUser.ethAddress);
24. stockTobeSold.stockId = _stock.stockId; 19. var result = await query.FindAsync();
25. stockTobeSold.farmerAddress = _stock.farmerAddress; 20. var list = new Dictionary<KUDShop, PlantObject>();
26. stockTobeSold.kudAddress = _stock.kudAddress; 21. foreach (KUDShop item in result){
27. stockTobeSold.plantName = _stock.plantName; 22. var plant = ScriptableUtils.GetPlant(item.plantName);
28. stockTobeSold.quantity = _amount; 23. list.Add(item, plant);}
29. stockTobeSold.harvestedDate = _stock.harvestedDate; 24. return list;}
30. stockTobeSold.expirationDate = _stock.expirationDate; 25. public static async void CustomerBuy(KUDShop
31. stockTobeSold.condition = _stock.condition;
32. stockTobeSold.plantPrice = _price; _shopItem, int _amount){
33. await stockTobeSold.SaveAsync(); 26. var customerNewStock = Moralis.Client.
34. if(selectedStock.quantity > 0){ Create<CustomerStock>();
35. var successz = await selectedStock.SaveAsync(); 27. var user = await Moralis.GetUserAsync();
36. if(successz){ Debug.Log(‘‘FarmerStock has been 28. MoralisQuery<KUDShop> query = await Moralis.
decreased, updated to DB’’);} Query<KUDShop>();
37. else{ Debug.Log(‘‘Failed to update to FarmerStock DB’’);
}}
29. query = query.WhereEqualTo(‘‘stockId’’, _shopItem.
38. else{ stockId);
39. await selectedStock.DeleteAsync(); 30. KUDShop itemKUD = await query.FirstOr
40. Debug.Log(‘‘Stock reached 0, deleted from DefaultAsync();
Database’’);}}}} 31. itemKUD.quantity -= _amount;
32. customerNewStock.stockId = _shopItem.stockId;
33. customerNewStock.boughtTime = DateTime.Now.
to consumers and provides relevant traceability informa- ToUniversalTime();
tion that passes digital signatures on the Blockchain from 34. customerNewStock.condition = _shopItem.condition;
FS and FH. Consumer Stok keeps sales from the Village 35. customerNewStock.expirationDate = _shopItem.
Unit Cooperative. The connected smart contract saves expirationDate;

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36. customerNewStock.farmerAddress = _shopItem.
farmerAddress;
37. customerNewStock.customerAddress= _shopItem.
customerAddress;
38. customerNewStock.kudAddress = _shopItem.
kudAddress;
39. customerNewStock.harvestedDate = _shopItem.
harvestedDate;
40. customerNewStock.quantity = _amount;
41. customerNewStock.plantPrice = _shopItem.
plantPrice;
42. customerNewStock.plantName = _shopItem.
plantName;
43. customerNewStock.status = 0;
44. await customerNewStock.SaveAsync();
45. if (itemKUD.quantity > 0) {
46. var success = await itemKUD.SaveAsync();
47. if (success){
48. Debug.Log(‘‘FarmerShop has been decreased, updated
to DB’’);}
49. else{
50. Debug.Log(‘‘Failed to update to FarmerShop DB’’);}}
51. Else {
52. await itemKUD.DeleteAsync();
53. Debug.Log(‘‘Shop item reached 0, deleted from
Database’’);
54. }}}
55. public class CustomerStockController
56. {
57. public static async UniTask<Dictionary<
CustomerStock, PlantObject≫ GetStocks(string
_userAddress)
58. {
MoralisQuery<CustomerStock> query = await
Moralis.Query<CustomerStock>();
query = query.WhereEqualTo(‘‘customerAddress’’,
_userAddress); IEnumerable<CustomerStock> result
= await query.FindAsync();
var list = new Dictionary<CustomerStock,
PlantObject>();
foreach (CustomerStock stock in result)
{ var plant = ScriptableUtils.GetPlant
(stock.plantName); list.Add(stock, plant); }
return list;}
59. public static async UniTask<Dictionary<
CustomerStock, PlantObject≫ GetMyStocks()
60. {
UserModel user = await UserController.GetMyUser();
return await GetStocks(user.ethAddress); }}
the address and transfers the amount of ETH to TxnHash
so that the verification process and payment transactions
occur. All transactions are recorded and saved in the
smart contract and Blockchain so that transactions can-
not be manipulated or deleted. The Algorithm 5 source
code is accessible on request in the GitHub repository
VOLUME 11, 2023
https://github.com/AstridNovitaPutri/alghorithmblockchain/
blob/main/KUDStockController.cs
https://github.com/AstridNovitaPutri/alghorithmblock
chain/blob/main/CustomerStockController.cs
VII. SMART CONTRACT OPERATION TEST
We have tested smart contract transactions through the appli-
cation. This application is connected to the Moralis and Redis
Enterprise for synchronization. Each node on the OS network
on the Blockchain can access every transaction connected to
the node chain.
TABLE 15. Test Environment System the table provides detailed
information about the software used.
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION
Implementation of this game is that the applications con-
nected to a wallet with functions: User Registration, Farm-
erStock & FarmerShop, FarmerAuctionFA, FarmerKUD-
BiddingTransactionFBT and FarmerKUDTransaction, KUD-
Stock & KUD Shop, and KUDConsumerTransaction &
ConsumerStock, then connected to smart contract via My
QR Code and connected to MetaMask. A confirmation tab
connecting to the account used for every blockchain game
transaction requires verification of digital signatures that will
be linked to the Moralis SDK Application so that the actors
can see the history of transactions in smart contract.
Figure 16(a) Smart contract connected to My Scan QR
Code via wallet to connect to the agricultural game using
Blockchain-based on serious game. After being connected,
it passes based on registered accounts like farmers, Vil-
lage Units Cooperative, distributors, or consumers. (b) As a
farmer, farmers plant corn and tomatoes on the land in the
game by clicking on the plant options and planting them on
the vacant land. (c) waiting for the plants to mature until
harvested. (d) input the prices of harvest. The price, harvest
date, and expiration date (e) a tab of the harvest stock list
and price that will be sold to the Village Unit Cooperative
saved in the FS, then selling the crops from farmers via
FarmerShop (FSH) (f) choose which crops to be sold. (g) Sell
the crops through the Village Unit Cooperative. Consumer
transaction displays the stock list of the owner (farmer’s
address), purchase amount, harvest date, expired date, pur-
chase date, condition, and purchase price. (h) Consumer stock
stores consumers purchasing data of farmers and Village Unit
Cooperative transaction information. (i) and (j) each sale and
purchase transaction from the Village Unit Cooperative and
consumer appears request list of distribution section of the
goods. The status would be updated when the goods are
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 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract

FIGURE 14. Blockchain network connected to smart contract node (a) setting moralis cloud server connected to redis enterprise
(b) redis enterprise connected to terminal migration blockchain of parse smart contract node (c)the image above shows the operating
windows server os connected to moralis cloud server network, redis enterprise for database connected to the terminal migration
blockchain of parse smart contract node to synchronize the smart contract and data before running the game application in unity 3D.

TABLE 16. Smart contract deployed transaction gas fee the table provides the used gas. The exchange rate from Polygon to US Dollar 1 MATIC is
1,096 USD.

delivered to the consumer. (k) On FarmerStockFS(), there
is an auction button to go to smart bidding regarding the
price between the farmer and the Village Unit Cooperative
in the commodity auction using the system in smart bidding
in the FarmerAuctionFA (l) The farmer will set the base
price in the smart bidding system in the FarmerStockFS()
menu. (m) Farmers will then receive price offers from sev-
eral Cooperative Village Units using the system in smart
bidding in the FarmerKUDBidding TransactionFBT Farmers
can choose the desired price by pressing the Accepted Bid
button.
IX. TESTING
The result of testing Smart Contract scenarios of Blockchain-
based in serious games in supply chain management is
proving the suitability of data using MongoDB Com-
pas, Polygon, and Unity by entering the transaction hash
blockchain address in each transaction shown in Figure 17(a)
and Figure 17(b). They look the same as the transactions
carried out by the actors involved. As shown in Figure 17 (a),
each transaction in supply chain management will save the
data on blockchain node chains, namely MongoDB Compas,
Network Environment Polygon Testnet Ethereum, and Unity
3D. (a) The blockchain game on FarmerKUDTransaction
(FK) transactions stores Hash transactions that will be trans-
ferred to MongoDB Compas and can be viewed in detail in the
Ethreum Polygon Testnet Network Environment. Transaction
Hash: 0 × 2855339. . . .017876c6c5ee259, Smart Contract
Call: Aset/Script/Web3Utils/SmartContractCall:cs:99, Sta-
tus: Success, Block: 30772690, Timestamp: 38 Seconds
ago (10-Jan-2023 08.2:37 +UTC) from the Village
Unit Cooperative 0 × 193d. . . .780bb2f8, for farmers
0xb8ad. . . .78228e3d050, with a Value of 0.2263809 Matic,
Transaction Fee: 0.000031500000315 Matic and connected
to MongoBD Compas.
As in Figure 17 (b) sale and purchase transac-
tions involve Village Unit Cooperative and consumer
in the KUD, ConsumerTransaction(KD) stores TxnHash:

131108 VOLUME 11, 2023

A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract

FIGURE 15. Smart contract verification with moralis and metamask (a) connected to wallet metamask and game
(b) digital signature of game blockchain transactions.

FIGURE 16. Smart contract-based supply chain management on serious game (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l), (m).

0 × 877ed5dc6eec. . . .2ce45530b40d, Smart Contract
Call: Asset/Script/Web3Utils/SmartContractCall:cs:99, Sta-
tus: Success, Block: 30772817, Timestamp: 41 secs a
go(Jan-10-2023 08:29:07 AM_UTC) from Consumer: 0 ×
9cdc46141ed. . . 95910Ba9ae to Village Unit Cooperative: 0×
193df. . . .780bbb2f8, Value: 0.2645303 Matic, Transaction
Fee: 0.000031500000315 Matic are connected then saved in
MongoBD Compass & CustomerStock(CS).
We compare the traceability system designed in this paper
by using a detailed comparison of each tracing transaction.
The details of the comparison results, shown in Figure 18,
are below:

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 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract

FIGURE 17. (a) Each transaction in supply chain management will save the data on blockchain node chains,
namely MongoDB Compas, Network Environment Polygon Testnet Ethereum, and Unity 3D. (b) Sale and purchase
transactions involve Village Unit Cooperative and consumers in the KUD, ConsumerTransaction(KD) stores.

a. Traceability: We made a comparison of the tracing sys-
tem on the smart contract system in this game; the result
is that all transactions have traceability by checking
the results of transactions using the blockchain address
(Txn Hash) transactions using MongoDB Compas,
Polygon, and Unity. The results for all transactions are
correct.
b. Decentralized application (Dapps): The transactions
have not involved third parties, so they are peer-to-peer.
This technology is very secure because no party can
access data, control, or change the information of trans-
actions in supply chain management since the ledgers
are all connected in a blockchain network system. Thus,
it is very transparent and secure.
c. Accountability and Transparency: The actors involved
in supply chain management can see every transaction
recorded in this blockchain game application. In some
transactions, authority is needed to resolve the prob-
lem; in this case, the Village Unit Cooperative is an
official government that can verify detailed informa-
tion and is responsible for logging activity in the
Blockchain; hence, the transaction is accountable.
d. User-friendliness: The smart contract application using
a Blockchain-based scenario for supply chain manage-
ment on serious game is easy to use; thus, it makes
the transactions comfortable for the actors with its
interface.
e. System Scalability: Blockchain can manage supply
chain management. In large-scale transactions, it will
be a challenge to implement the Blockchain in the
future; hence, the blockchain capacity and speed can
be increased.
Blockchain in supply chain management has challenges
with capacity and speed. A minimum standard specification
is required to install Blockchain: Public blockchains like
Bitcoin or Ethereum and private blockchains like Hyper-
ledger Fabric require a minimum processor with minimal
Multi-Core Processors with speed for maximum blockchain
performance. The minimum RAM capacity on Bitcoin and
Ethereum is 5 GB or more. Storage Capacity For example,
Bitcoin requires a large amount of storage. SSD is more
recommended than HDD because it reads and writes data
faster. The Operating System on the Blockchain is vital
when processing blockchain transactions. Recommended
devices include Linux, Windows, MacOS, and a stable
Internet connection. These devices are essential in the
blockchain network for network synchronization and inter-
action. Further, firewall and security have proper firewall
and security configuration to protect the node from security
threats.

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A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
FIGURE 18. Details sale and purchase transactions at Polygon, Unity
(a) FarmerKUDTransaction(FK) Transactions (b) KUDConsumerTransaction (KD) &
ConsumerStock (CS).
X. DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS
The purpose of the serious game as a learning medium is
to simulate a supply chain from farmers to consumers. Seri-
ous Game is a collaboration of supply chain management,
Blockchain, and Smart Contract as a data security medium.
The transactions on the Blockchain are saved in ledgers and
databases stored privately. This application is decentralized
as a result of cutting distribution channels.
Blockchain Smart Contract are used as a link between
products from farmers and consumers. Blockchain smart
contract facilitate contract or agreement between one party
without a third party involved. The actors involved in the
Blockchain are farmers, Village Unit Cooperative, Distrib-
utors, and Consumers. Blockchain facilitates media com-
munication between players in transactions to maximize
farmer profits and increase actor knowledge. This applica-
tion describes the simulation game modeling, input, output,
content, and objectives.
The application of Blockchain using Smart Contract and
Smart Bidding is automatic bidding transactions between
farmers and VUC. The aim is to increase farmers’ profits
based on the price Cost of Goods Sold and Agricultural
Exchange Rates. The Cost of Goods Sold describes how
farmers can obtain products or services produced from
the agricultural sector to achieve optimal prices based on
data analysis, optimum price, optimization of farm profits
and costs, adjustment of demand and bidding, transac-
tion efficiency, player decision effects, and performance
evaluation.
VOLUME 11, 2023
The limitation of this research is the application of smart
contract using Blockchain in serious games based on supply
chain management in the Indonesian case study. Farmers
can directly sell their products to manufacturers, distributors,
or consumers without intermediaries, which also requires all
the chains in the Dynamic Supply Chain. Farmers benefit
by selling products at stable prices on the market without
intermediaries. Consumers also benefit because purchasing
prices are lower through farmers. The results of cutting supply
chain distribution channels using blockchain smart contract
are the goals of this game.
XI. CONCLUSION
This paper discussed the Serious Game as a Smart Agri-
culture simulation to support transactions on Supply Chain
Management. The transaction is done without involving third
parties like intermediaries since Blockchain technology has
decentralized data sharing and a system for tracing sale and
purchase transactions. The data transaction is recorded in the
ledger using a smart contract, and each transaction involves
actors like the farmer, Village Unit Cooperative, distributor,
and consumer. Smart Contract of User Registration (UR),
FarmerStock & FarmerShop (FSH), FarmerKUDTransaction
(FK), KUDStock (KS) & KUD Shop (KSH), KUDCon-
sumerTransaction (KD), FarmerAuction(FA), FarmerKUD-
Bidding Transaction (FBT) and ConsumerStock (CS) can
track and integrate all transactions.
Smart contract scenario-based games are used to facilitate
sale and purchase transactions and to trace data transactions
131111
 A. N. Putri et al.: Supply Chain Management Serious Game Using Blockchain Smart Contract
transparently. The scenario is then simulated for farmers who
manage large farms. Farmers can promote the prices prop-
erly and can meet consumer needs. The Smart Contract we
designed responds to the relevant actor to verify the actor’s
identity in the transaction. Digital signatures determine data
validity and are saved permanently in the Blockchain that
decentralizes on serious game applications. Smart bidding
using blockchain smart contract in agricultural price bid-
ding may increase profits without involving intermediaries,
optimize the prices according to market conditions, increase
efficiency, and provide better access to market information in
agricultural simulation games. We have also developed this
game using Unity 3D Development Platform, programming
language contract using Solidity, Moralis as Web3 Develop-
ment Platform and dApp as backend blockchain, Network
Environment Polygon Ethereum, and database that is Redis
Enterprise, MongoDB Compass, and Mumbai Testnet.
The testing results of blockchain smart contract show
that transaction data stored in node chains, namely Mon-
goDB Compas, Network Environment Polygon Testnet
Ethereum, and Unity 3D have successfully connected
to the data obtained from the TxnHash transaction:
0 × 877ed5dc6eec. . . .2ce45530b40d saved successfully
and stored in MongoDB Compass and displayed on
Unity 3D Smart Contract Call: Asset/Script/Web3Utils/
SmartContractCall:cs:99, Status: Success, Block: 30772817,
Timestamp: 41 secs a go(Jan-10-2023 08:29:07 AM_UTC)
from Consumer: 0 × 9cdc46141ed. . . 95910Ba9ae to Vil-
lage Unit Cooperative: 0 × 193df. . . .780bbb2f8, Value:
0.2645303 Matic, Transaction Fee: 0.000031500000315
The border of this research is that it has yet to apply the lat-
est technology other than that used in this paper. Future work
can develop a combination of several different methods for
blockchain Smart Contract using Artificial Intelligence, Deep
Learning, and Machine learning to improve serious games.
It may also create the Game using Metaverse technology so
that the benefits of blockchain smart contract have value.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the Telematics Laboratory,
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, and
Universitas Semarang for supporting this research.
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