P.E.S.

College of Engineering,
Nagsenvan, Aurangabad

Affiliated to
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University

Structural Mechanics - II
Sub. Code- BTCVC 502

Dr. R.M. Sawant

(RMS)
Professor and Head RMS

Civil Engineering Department SA-I

Analysis of
Trusses By Strain Energy Method
 Analysis of By Strain Energy Method

Trusses
When an elastic member is deformed under the action of external loading the member is said to have
possessed STRAIN ENERGY. or RESILENCE of the member.

The strain energy stored by the deformed member = amount of work done by the external forces to
produce the deformation.

As Load applied hence work shall be done. This work of applied load must be dissipated in straining
the material of the member.

If the elastic limit is not to exceeded, after removal of load as the member returns to its original condition.
 Strain Energy Stored due to Axial Loading

W
 Load is applied gradually from zero to ‘W’
Member also extends gradually

δl

W
W.D. by External force = Energy Stored by Bar in
extension,
i.e. We = Wi
Let the tension in the member be “S” and

Let the energy stored by the member be We

For equilibrium of the member S = W

 l
We know,

i.e. δ = e x l
S
∴ Strain Energy Stored = Work one by external Load
δl
here we have,
W

In this case the strain energy stored is due to axial loading on the member.
Deflection of Trusses
 Deflection of Truss
W1 Joints W Objective: To find the Deflection at
W2 3
‘F’
P2 C P3 D
B I] With external loading find forces in the

P1 P8 P9 P10 P11 member

P4 Say P , P , P II] Remove all external loading
1 2 3……
A E
and applying Unit Load at ‘F”
He
P7 G P6 F P5

Va Ve

m = 11 Degree of External Degree of Internal Degree of Total Indeterminancy

Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) (T)
j= 7
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
R = Ext. Support Reaction = 3
E=3–3 I = 11 – 2 x 7 + 3 T=0+0
r = No of Equilibrium
Condition = 3 E=0 I=0 T=0

Conclusion : Frame is Statically determinate externally as well as internally

 Deflection of Truss
W1 Joints W Objective: To find the Deflection at
W2 3
‘F’
B C D

II] Remove all external loading

E
and applying Unit Load at ‘F”

G F
 Deflection of Truss
Joints Objective: To find the Deflection at
‘F’
B C D

II] Remove all external loading

E
and applying Unit Load at ‘F”

G F

1
 Deflection of Truss
Joints Objective: To find the Deflection at
‘F’
B C D

II] Remove all external loading

E
and applying Unit Load at ‘F”
H’
G F
e III] Find Reactions…
V’a V’e
1
 Deflection of Truss
Joints Objective: To find the Deflection at
‘F’
K2 C K3 D
B

K1 K8 K9 K10 K11 K4
II] Remove all external loading
E
and applying Unit Load at ‘F”
H’
K7 G K6 F K5
e III] Find Reactions…
V’a V’e
1 IV] Find the Forces in the membe
Say K1, K2, K3….

Length of the member = l1, l2, l3….

Arem of Members = A1, A2, A3….
We know

External W.D. = W.D. Due to External Loading

When the structure is carrying the unit load at C, and let

the given external load system be applied on the structure.

Then the force in the member of the structure will be now

(P1 + K1), (P2 + K2) , (P3 + K3)...

Total W.D. = W,D. due to ext. Load + W,D. due to unit Load

Total work done = Total Strain Energy

 Procedure for Finding the Deflection of a Truss
Joint
To find type of Truss i.e. Perfect or Imperfect and Type of Indeterminancy

Consider equilibrium of whole truss and find the Reactions

Find the forces in the members i.e. P1, P2, P3… Tabulate them…
Remove all the External Loads and apply Unite Load at a joint where
deflection is desired.
Analyze the truss to find reactions and forces in the members i.e. K1, K2, K3…
To find deflection at desired point do the algebraic summation

Member Member A P K
x 1:-
Ex 1:-
4.5 m

6m 6m
Find the vertical and Horizontal deflection of the joint ‘B’ for the truss shown in Fig. properties
of member are given Member A l I] Type of Truss
AC 200 7500
m=2xj–3 3≠2x3–3
BC 200 7500
AB 150 12000 3 = 3 Perfect / Determinate Truss
(3) ∑ M@ A = 0
-Vb x 12 – 9 x 6 = 0

∴ Vb = 4.5 (iii) put in (ii)

Consider Equilibrium of whole Truss and find th

Va + Vb – 9 = 0 (ii)
Reactions by applying the Conditions of Equi.
∴ Va = 4.5
4.5 m This forms a Coplanar Force System
(1) ∑ fx = 0

Ha = 0 kN (i)
Ha
(2) ∑ fy = 0
6m 6m Va + Vb – 9 = 0 (ii)
Va V
 IV] Analysis of Truss by Method of Joints for
‘P’

Ha

Va V
 9 kN
IV] Analysis of Truss by Method of Joints for
‘P’

At every Joint applying the Conditions of

Equilibrium
Joint “A”
(1) ∑ fx = 0

fac + fab Cos 36.86 = 0 (i)

Joint “C”
(2) ∑ fy = 0
(3) ∑ fx = 0
4.5 + fab Sin 36.86 = 0
- fca -fcb Cos 36.86
∴ fab = - 7.5 kN (ii) put in (i)
fac + fab Cos 36.86 = 0 (i) - (6) - fcb Cos 36.86 = 0
∴ fac = 6.0 kN ∴f - 7.5 kN (iii)
 IV] Analysis of Truss by Method of Joints for
‘P’
A l Nature
Me “P”
m in kN
200 7500 +7.5 C
AB 200 7500 +7.5 C
BC 150 12000 -6 T
AC

Fab = 6.0 Fcb = 7.5

Fac = 6.0
V] Analysis of Truss by Method of Joints for
‘K’
 1
V] Analysis of Truss by Method of Joints for
‘K’
Applying Unit Load at “B” and analysis Truss
for ‘K’
Fab = 0.833 Fcb = 0.833
Consider Equilibrium of whole Truss, find the
Ha Reactions.

Find Internal forces in the members

Fac = 0.66
Va Vb Me A l
“P” K
m in kN
200 7500 +7.5 + 0.833 234.37
AB 200 7500 +7.5 + 0.833 5
BC 150 12000 -6
234.37
0.66
5
IV] Vertical Deflection at ‘B’ AC 320
788.75
V] Analysis of Truss by Method of Joints for
‘K’
 V] Analysis of Truss by Method of Joints for
1
‘K’
Applying Horizontal Unit Load at “B” and
analysis Truss for ‘K’
Fab = 0.625 Fcb = 0.625
Consider Equilibrium of whole Truss, find the
H’a Reactions.

Find Internal forces in the members

Fac = 0.5
V’b Member A l P K
V’a
AC 200 7500 +7.5 -0.625 -175.781

BC 200 7500 +7.5 +175.781

0.625
AB 150 1200 -6 240
Horizontal Deflection at ‘C’ -0.5
0
Total +240
Ex 2:-
 Va = 100 kN 100 kN Figure shows a cantilever Truss od Span 6 m and

A B C Depth 3 m. the cross sectional areas are given as

Ha
shown in the table. Find the vertical deflection of
the joint “D Me A L
3m m (mm2) (mm)
1000 3000
AB 4242.6
1500
AE 4
Hf 1000
F E D AF 3000
1000
BC 3000
50 kN 50 kN 15000
DB 4242.6
3m 3m 1000
4
BE
1000 3000
CD
m = no of members = 9 1000 3000
j = no of joints = 6 ED
1000 3000
We have, EF
m=2xj–3 3000
9 = 2 x 6 -3
9 = 9 ⸫ Perfect Truss
 Va = 100 kN 100 kN

Ha A B C

θ θ II] Considering Equilibrium of whole Truss and finding Support

3m Reactions

θ θ
Hf
F E D

50 kN 50 kN
3m 3m

Ha + Hf = 0 (i)

i.e. - 450 + Hf

∴ Hf = 450 kN (iii)
 Va = 300 kN 100 kN 100 kN III] Find forces (P) in the members by the method of joint

Ha = 450 A B C

θ
Hf = 450 F E D

50 kN 50 kN
 Va = 300 kN 100 kN 100 kN III] Find forces (P) in the members by the method of joint

Ha = 450 A BB C C

θ
Hf = 450
FF EE D D

50 kN 5050kN
kN
 Va == 300 kN 100 kN
100 kN
Ha = 450 A B
fab fba fbc C
fcb

fae fbe fbd

faf fcd

FBD’s of Joints
fdc
ffa fea feb fab

fef fde
ffe fed
Hf = 450 D
F E
50 kN 50 kN
 100 kN

ffa

C
fcb
ffe
Hf = 450
F

fcd
 Va == 300 kN 100 kN
100 kN
Ha = 450 A B
fab fba C
Fbc = 0 Fcb = 0

fae fbe fbd

faf = 0 Fcd =100

FBD’s of Joints
fdc
ffa = 0 fea feb fdb =100

45
fde
ffe = 450 fef = 450 fed
Hf = 450 D
F E
50 kN 50 kN
 Va == 300 kN fdc =100
A fdb
Ha = 450
fab
45

fde 45
fae
faf = 0
D

50 kN

- fde - 212.13 Cos 45 = 0

∴ f de = - 150 (Comp)
 Va == 300 kN 100 kN
100 kN
Ha = 450 A fab = 150 kN B
fab = 150 kN C
fbc = 0 Fcb = 0

fae = 424.26 fbe fdb = 212.13

faf = 0 Fcd =100
kN

FBD’s of Joints
fdc = 0
ffa = 0 feb fdb =
fae = 424.26
212.13
kN
f de = -
ffe = 450 fef = 450 f de = - 150
Hf = 450 150 D
F E
50 kN 50 kN
 100 kN
feb
fea = 424.26
B
fab = 150 kN kN
fbc = 0
fef = 450 f ed = - 150
fbe fdb = 212.13 E
50 kN
 Va == 300 kN 100 kN
100 kN
Ha = 450 A B
fab = 150 kN fab = 150 kN C
fbc = 0
Fcb = 0

fae = 424.26 fdb = 212.13

faf = 0 Fcd =100
kN Fbe =
250
FBD’s of Joints
fdc = 0
f eb =
ffa = 0 fdb =
fae = 424.26 250
212.13
kN
f de = -
ffe = 450 fef = 450 f de = - 150
Hf = 450 150 D
F E
50 kN 50 kN
 Va = 300 kN
V= 100 kN 100 kN

A Me A L “P” Nature
Ha = 450 fab = 150 kNB C
fbc = 0 m (mm2) (mm) in kN
1000 3000 150 T
fae = 424.26 fdb = fdc =100 AB
1500 4242.6 424.2 T
212.13 AE 4 6
1000 -
f eb =
faf = 0 AF 3000 0 -
250 1000
fef = 450θ f de = - BC 3000 0
15000 T
Hf = 450 150 DB 4242.6 212.1
F E D 1000 C
4 3
BE C
1000 3000 250
50 kN 50 kN CD
1000 C
3000 100
ED C
1000 3000 150
EF
3000 450
 Va =
III] Find forces (K) in the members by the method of joint

Ha = A B C

Me A L K Nature
m (mm2) (mm) in kN
1000 3000 1 T
AB 4242.6 1.41 T
1500
θ AE 4 0 -
1000
AF 3000 0 -
Hf = 1000
F E D 3000
BC 1.41 T
15000
1 kN DB 4242.6 1 C
1000
4
BE 0 C
1000 3000
CD 1 C
1000 3000
ED 2 C
1000 3000
EF
3000
Va = 100 kN 100 kN III] Find forces (K) in the members by the method of joint

A B C

Me A L “P” K
m (mm2) (mm) in kN in kN
1000 3000 150 1 450
AB 4242.6 424.2 1.41 1696.
1500
θ AE 4 6 0 8
1000
AF 3000 0 0
1000 0
F E D BC 3000 0 0
15000 1.41
DB 4242.6 212.1 848.4
50 kN 50 kN 1000 1
4 3
BE 0 750
1000 3000 250
CD 1 0
Deflection at “D” = 1000 3000 100
ED 2 450
1000 3000 150
EF 2700
3000 450Total 6895.2
x 3:-
Ex 3:-
 Ex 3:- Find the Vertical and Horizontal Deflection of Joint “D” of the Truss as shown in the figure
3m 3m 3m

20 kN

A B C D
θ1 θ1
θ2
4.5 m E

F
θ1
G
I] Type of Truss
m=2xj–3
10 ≠ 2 x 7 – 3
10 ≠ 11 Deficient Truss
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of
20 kN Joint

A B C D A) Identifying Zero Force members

Y

X
4.5 m E

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of

Y 20 kN Joint

A B C D A) Identifying Zero Force members

X

4.5 m E

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of

Y 20 kN Joint

A B C D A) Identifying Zero Force members

X

4.5 m E

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of
20 kN Joint

A B C D A) Identifying Zero Force members

Y
X
4.5 m E

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of
20 kN Joint

A B C D A) Identifying Zero Force members

Y
X
4.5 m E

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of

Y 20 kN Joint

A B C D A) Identifying Zero Force members

X

4.5 m E

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of

Y 20 kN Joint

A B C D A) Identifying Zero Force members

X

4.5 m E

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of
20 kN Joint

A B C D A) Identifying Zero Force members

4.5 m Y E
X

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss by Method of
20 kN Joint

A B C D

4.5 m Y E
X

G
 3m 3m 3m I] Analyze the truss for (P)

20 kN

A B C D

4.5 m E

G
 20 kN

B C D
f ba f bc f cb f cd f dc

f de

f ed

f E
ef
f
fe
F
f fg
 20 kN

f dc

f de

Hence f dc = - (-44.72) Cos 26.56

f dc = 40.00 kN (Tension)
 B C D
f ba f bc f cb f cd f dc

f de

f ed

f E
ef
f
fe
F
f fg
 3m 3m 3m

20 kN

A B C D
Mem A L “P”
2
(mm ) (mm) in kN
4.5 m E AB 1000 3000 40
BC 1000 3000 40
CD 1000 3000 40
F
DE 1500 3354.10 -44.7
EF 2
G 1500 3354.10
-44.7
FG 1500 3354.10
2
CE 500 1500
-44.7
BE 500 3354.10 2
BF 500 3000 0
AF 500 4242.64 0
 For K1
3m 3m 3m

1 kN

A B C D
Mem A L “P” “K1”
2
(mm ) (mm) in kN in kN
4.5 m E AB 1000 3000 40 40 240
BC 1000 3000 40 40 240
CD 1000 3000 40 40 240
F
DE 1500 3354.10 -44.7 -44.7 223.60
EF 2 2 223.60
G 1500 3354.10
-44.7 -44.7
FG 1500 3354.10 223.60
2 2
CE 500 1500 0
-44.7 -44.7
BE 500 3354.10 2 2 0
BF 500 3000 0 0 0
δv = 6.95 mm AF 500 4242.64 0 0 0
 For K2
3m 3m 3m

A B C D 1 kN

Mem A L “P” “K2”

2
(mm ) (mm) in kN in kN
4.5 m E AB 1000 3000 40 1 120
BC 1000 3000 40 1 120
CD 1000 3000 40 1 120
F
DE 1500 3354.10 -44.7 0 0
EF 2
G 1500 3354.10 0 0
-44.7
FG 1500 3354.10 0 0
2
CE 500 1500 0 0
-44.7
BE 500 3354.10 2 0 0
BF 500 3000 0 0 0
δH = 6.95 mm AF 500 4242.64 0 0
0
Problems for assignments
s of
Analysis of determinate and indeterminate pin jointed
trusses by energy method

Effects of settlement and pre-strains

Practice Problems
 Statically Indeterminate beams and Frames
What is the Structure?
An assembly of members like bars, cables and arches with a purpose to
transmit the external loads to the foundation.

A structure is in the state of equilibrium if the constraints (joints, Supports

etc. ) permits no movement under the applied loads. The displacements
are negligible as compared to the dimensions of the structure.

Also a structure is said to be stable if it deforms elastically (by developing

immediate elastic restraints) otherwise it becomes unstable.

These are the structures which cannot be analysed simply by the

conditions of Equilibrium.