P.E.S.

College of Engineering,
Nagsenvan, Aurangabad

Affiliated to
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University

Structural Mechanics - II
Sub. Code- BTCVC 502

Dr. R.M. Sawant

(RMS)
Professor and Head RMS

Civil Engineering Department SA-II

Content
Analysing the Determinate and Indeterminate Structures.
Redundant Trusses

Types of
redundancies
Degree of Redundancy in Pinned Jointed
Frame
Practice Examples for Degree of
Indeterminacies’
Externally Redundant / Indeterminate
system
Analysis of Redundant
Trusses
With Internal Redundancy 1 and
2
With External Redundancy of degree 1 and
2
Analysing the Determinate and Indeterminate Structures.
 Analysing the Determinate and Indeterminate Structures.
Trusses/ frames/ beams/ arches etc.

Sr.. No. STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURE STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE

1 Conditions of equilibrium are sufficient to Conditions of equilibrium are insufficient to

fully analyse the structure. analyse the structure fully.

2 The Bending Moment at a section or the force The bending moment at a section or the force in a

in any member is independent of the material of member depends upon the material of the
the components of the structure. components of the structure.

3 The Bending Moment at a section or the force in The Bending Moment at a section or the force in a
any member is independent of the cross- sectional member depends upon the cross-sectional areas
areas of the components. of the components.
4 No stresses are induced due to temperature Stresses are generally induced due to temperature
changes. variations.
5 No stresses are caused due to lack of fit. Stresses are caused due to lack of fit.
In this Module Structural mechanics we are dealing with the perfect and Imperfect truss.
Redundant Trusses
 Redundant Trusses
Understanding basics of Imperfect / Redundant Trusses

Redundant Trusses / frames m>2xj-3

Deficient Trusses / frames. m<2xj–3
Redundant Trusses

These are the structures which cannot be analysed simply by the conditions of Equilibrium.

Hence the analysis is different for this Imperfect truss

 Types of redundancies

Internally redundant system

m>2xj–3.

Externally Redundant / Indeterminate system- Facts

For a structure supported on the external support, considering the equiliobrium of whole Truss,
total external reactions can be easily found by Conditions of Equilibrium .
The stability of the structure depends upon number and arrangement of reactions and
component parts rather than the strength of the support and parts of the structures.
In general for the external stability of the plane structures 3 reactions components are necessary.

BUT This is necessary but not always sufficient condition.

Degree of Redundancy in Pinned Jointed Frame

We know the basic triangle gives a stable frame.

Degree of Redundancy in Pinned Jointed Frame

We know the basic triangle gives a stable frame.

Degree of Redundancy in Pinned Jointed Frame

We know the basic triangle gives a stable frame.

 Degree of Redundancy in Pinned Jointed Frame
a) Degree of Internal Redundancy = I b) Degree of External Redundancy = E
We know m = 2j- 3 i.e. m - 2j + 3 E = R – r, where R = No of Reactions
Therefore, E=R-3 r = conditions of Equilibrium
I = m – ( 2j - r ) where r = conditions of Equilibrium

I = m - ( 2j - 3 )
I = m - 2j + 3 ,

c) Total Redundancy = T
T=I+E

T = m – 2j + r + R - r

T = m – 2j + R

i.e. T = m + R – 2j
 Practice Examples for Degree of
Indeterminacies’
No of Members (m) No of Equilibrium .
m=9 Conditions (r)
r= 3
No of Joints (j)
j=6 No of External Reactions
(R)
R=3
R= No of Reactions
Hb
r = conditions of
Equilibrium

Va Vb
Degree of External Degree of Internal Degree of Total
Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy (T)
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
E=3–3 I=9–2x6+3 T=0+0
E=0 I=0 T=0

Conclusion : Frame is Statically determinate externally as well as internally

 No of External
No of Members (m)
Reactions (R)
R=2+2=4
m = 15
No of Joints (j) No of Equilibrium
Conditions (r)
r= 3
j=8
R= No of Reactions
r = conditions of
Equilibrium
Ha Hb

Va Vb

Degree of External Degree of Internal Degree of Total

Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy (T)
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
E=4–3 I = 15 – 2 x 8 + 3 T=1+2
E=1 I=2 T=3
Conclusion : Frame is indeterminate with externally as well as internally With E = 10 & I =
 Internal
Hinge

No of Members (m) No of External

m=6 Reactions (R)
No of Joints (j) R=2+2
j=5 No of Equilibrium
Conditions (r)
r = 3 + 1 (Due to
R= No of Reactions
Ha Hb internal Hinge)
r= 4
r = conditions of
Equilibrium
Va Vb

Degree of External Degree of Internal Degree of Total

Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy (T)

E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
E=4–4 I=6–2x5+4 T=0+0
E=0 I=0 T=0

Conclusion : Frame is Statically determinate externally as well as internally

 No of External
Reactions (R)
No of Members (m) R=2+2
m=8
No of Equilibrium
No of Joints (j) Conditions (r)
j=6 r = 3 + 1 (Due to
internal Hinge)
Internal Hinge r= 4

Ha Hb
R= No of Reactions
r = conditions of
Equilibrium
Va Vb
Degree of External Degree of Internal Degree of Total
Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy (T)
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
E=4–4 I=8–2x6+4 T=0+0
E=0 I=0 T=0

Conclusion : Frame is Statically determinate externally as well as internally

 Internal Hinge at C
R= No of Reactions
r = conditions of
A C Equilibrium
Internal Link

Internal Hinge B
B No of Equilibrium Conditions
No of Members (m) No of External (r)
Internal Hinge B
m = 42 Reactions (R) r = 3 + 3 (Due to internal
No of Joints (j) R=2+2+2+2 Hinge) + 2 (Due to internal
j = 25 R=8 Hinge)
r=8

Degree of External Degree of Internal Degree of Total

Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy (T)
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
E=8–8 I = 42 – 2 x 25 + 8 T=0+0
E=0 I=0 T=0
Conclusion : Frame is Statically determinate externally as well as internally
 Internal Hinge D
Internal Hinge at C R= No of Reactions
r = conditions of
A C Equilibrium
Internal Link

B E Internal Hinge E
No of Equilibrium Conditions
No of Members (m) No of External available (r)
m = 42 Reactions (R) r = 3 + 3 (Due to internal
No of Joints (j) R=2+2+2+2 Hinge) + 2 (Due to internal
j = 25 R=8 Links)
r=8

Degree of External Degree of Internal Degree of Total

Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy (T)
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
E=8–8 I = 42 – 2 x 25 + 8 T=0+0
E=0 I=0 T=0
Conclusion : Frame is Statically determinate externally as well as internally
 Externally Redundant / Indeterminate system
Examples of the 1) Cantilever Beam / Over hanged Beam with Fixed
system: Support
If the line of action of 3 components are concurrent this structure is externally unstable because the
point of concurrency becomes instantaneous centre of rotation.

Ma

Ha

Va

Action = Reaction (Rotation)

of
at B
Loading
2) Roller Supports at Both Ends

A structure is unstable if total no of reactions are less than total no of Equilibrium conditions

This structure in unstable in Horizontal direction.

 Hb 2) Internal Hinge
Ha

M
b
If reaction component have parallel lines of action, this
structure is unstable in Horizontal direction
Va Vb

For a plane structure 3 equations of static

equilibrium are available in addition to this extra
conditions equations may sometimes be available
by special features of construction viz. internal pins
or links.
 Hb
Ha

M
b
Va Vb

No of Unknowns = 4 No of Unknowns = 3

Ha Hb
Hc Hc
M
Vc Vc
b
Va Vb

Conditions of Equilibrium = 3 Conditions of Equilibrium = 3

 Link
C
Ha 3) Internal Links

By adopting this (Link or Internal Hinges) structural

D techniques we can simplify the analysis.
Va M Hb
b

Vb
 Link
Ha

Va M Hb
b

Vb

Hc
No of Unknowns = 4 Hc
Conditions of Equilibrium = 3 No of Unknowns = 3
Vc
Ha Vc
Hd
Hd

Va Vd Hb
Vd M
Conditions of Equilibrium = 3 No of Unknowns = 2 b

Conditions of Equilibrium = 3 Vb
Analysis of Redundant
Trusses With Internal Redundancy
Analysis of Redundant
Trusses With Internal Redundancy

These are the structures which cannot be analysed simply by the conditions of Equilibrium.
(i) W (ii) W
A A

B C B C
X X

W
(iii) A (iv) A

B C B C
X

W
A A
(v) (vi)

B C B C
1
Total Strain Energy stored by the frame

‘X’ is given by the condition that the strain energy stored is minimum
 Procedure for Analysis of Redundant Frames with internal Redundancy
To find type of Truss i.e. Perfect or Imperfect, Type and Degree of Indeterminancy

Decide the redundant member and remove it and find the forces P1, P2, P3 with the given

loading on the truss.

Remove all the external Loading and apply unit load for the first redundant find the
forces in the frame say K1.

Take another redundant apply unit load for the first redundant find the forces in the frame
say K2
Tabulate the results
Mem L (mm) A “P” in kN “K” in kN
(mm2)
AB
BC

Find the Actual force in the member by using Actual Force = S= P + XK

Ex 1:-
 Determine the forces in the members properties of the members are given.

A B Me L A m=6
60 kN
m (mm) (mm2) j=4
4000 900
AB 5000 6=2x4-3
1200
BC 4000 6=2x4–3
900
3m CD 6 > 5 ⸫ Redundant Truss
5000 1200
AD 6403.1 with degree of Redundancy =1
1500
AC 2
1500
D BD 6403.1
C 2
Total
Selecting any one member as
redundant and removing it from the
structure
4
m
 Determine the forces in the members properties of the members are given.

A B Me L A m=6
60 kN
m (mm) (mm2) j=4
4000 900
AB 5000 6=2x4-3
1200
BC 4000 6=2x4–3
900
3m CD 6 > 5 ⸫ Redundant Truss
5000 1200
AD 6403.1 with degree of Redundancy =1
1500
AC 2
1500
D BD 6403.1
C 2
Total
Selecting any one member as
redundant and removing it from the
structure
4m
 To Find ‘P’

A B Me “P” L A
60 kN
m in kN (mm) (mm2)
0 4000 900
AB 0 5000 1200
BC 60 4000 900
3m CD 75 5000 1200
AD -96.04 6403.1 1500
AC 0 2
1500
D BD 6403.1
C 2
Total

60 kN 4m
Consider equilibrium of whole
75 kN truss and find Reactions at A and
75 kN
B
Find Internal Forces in members
‘P’
 To Find ‘K’

A B Me “P” K L A
60 kN
m in kN in kN (mm) (mm2)
0 -0.62 4000 900
AB 0 -0.78 5000 1200
BC 60 -0.62 4000 900
3m CD 75 -0.78 5000 1200
AD -96.04 1 6403.1 1500
AC 0 1 2
1500
D BD 6403.1
C 2
Total

Remove all External Loads and apply Unit

kN 4m Force in the place of the Removed
Consider equilibrium of whole
kN truss and find Reactions at A and
kN
B
Find Internal Forces in members
‘K’
 To Find ‘K’

A B Me “P” K L A
60 kN
m in kN in kN (mm) (mm2)
0 -0.62 4000 900 0 1.734
AB 0 -0.78 5000 1200 0 2.540
BC 60 -0.62 4000 900 -166.58 1.734
3m CD 5
75 -0.78 5000 1200 2.540
AD -96.04 1 6403.1 -244.02 7
1500
AC 2 2 4.268
0 1 1500
D BD 6403.1 -410 4.268
C 2
Total
0 17.08
-820.60 7
7

kN 4m
kN Extend the Columns of Table As required for applying
kN Correction Factor
 Actual Force = S= P + X K

Me “P” K Actaul “P” Natur

m in kN in kN in kN e
0 -0.62 - 30 C
AB 0 -0.78 - 37.5 C
BC 60 -0.62 30 T
CD 75 -0.78 37.5 T
AD -96.04 1 -48.023 C
AC 0 1 + 48.023 T
60 BD
kN
A B
3
m
D
C
kN
kN kN
Ex 2:-
 30 kN 60 kN
m = 14
B C D E j=8

m = 2j-3
3m 14 = 2 x 8 – 3
14 > 13 ⸫ Redundant Truss

A F
with degree of Redundancy =1
H G
Selecting any one member as
4m 4m 4m redundant and removing it from the
structure
 To Find ‘P’
30 kN 60 kN “P” L A
Member in kN (mm) (mm2)
B C D E AB -40.00 3000 3000
BC -53.33 4000 4000
CD -66.66 4000 4000
3m DE -66.66 4000 4000
EF -50.00 3000 3000
4000 4000
A F
FG 0.00

0 kN H G GH 53.33 4000 4000

HA 0.00 4000 4000
4m 4m 4m BH -66.66 5000 5000
50 kN HC -40.00 3000 3000
40 kN
CG 16.67 5000 5000

Consider equilibrium of whole GD -60.00 3000 3000

truss and find Reactions at A and GE 83.33 5000 5000
B DH 5000 5000
0.00
Find Internal Forces in members
‘P’
 To Find ‘K’
30 kN 60 kN “P” K
Member in kN in kN
B C D E AB -40.00 0.00
BC -53.33 0.00
CD -66.66 0.80
3m 1 DE -66.66 0.00
EF -50.00 0.00
FG 0.00 0.00
A F
H’a= 0 H G GH 53.33 -0.80
HA 0.00 0.00
4m 4m 4m BH -66.66 0.00
V’a = 0 V’f = 0 HC -40.00 0.60
CG 16.67 -1.00
Remove all External Loads and apply Unit
Force in the place of the Removed GD -60.00 0.60
GE 83.33 0.00
Consider equilibrium of whole
truss and find Reactions at A and DH 0.00 -1.00
B
Find Internal Forces in members
‘K’
 “P” K
Member in kN in kN
B C D E AB -40.00 0.00
BC -53.33 0.00
CD -66.66 0.80
3m 1 DE -66.66 0.00
EF -50.00 0.00
FG 0.00 0.00
A F
H’a= 0 H G GH 53.33 -0.80
HA 0.00 0.00
4m 4m 4m BH -66.66 0.00
V’a = 0 V’f = 0 HC -40.00 0.60
CG 16.67 -1.00
GD -60.00 0.60
Extend the Columns of Table As required for applying
Correction Factor GE 83.33 0.00
DH 0.00 -1.00
 “P” K L A
Member in kN in kN (mm) (mm2)
AB -40.00 0.00 3000 3000 0.000 0.000
BC -53.33 0.00 4000 4000 0.000 0.000
CD -66.66 0.80 4000 4000 -53.333 0.640
DE -66.66 0.00 4000 4000 0.000 0.000
EF -50.00 0.00 3000 3000 0.000 0.000
FG 0.00 0.00 4000 4000 0.000 0.000
GH 53.33 -0.80 4000 4000 -42.667 0.640 Actual Force = S = P + X K
HA 0.00 0.00 4000 4000 0.000 0.000
BH -66.66 0.00 5000 5000 0.000 0.000
HC -40.00 0.60 3000 3000 -24.000 0.360
CG 16.67 -1.00 5000 5000 -16.667 1.000
GD -60.00 0.60 3000 3000 -36.000 0.360
GE 83.33 0.00 5000 5000 0.000 0.000
DH 0.00 -1.00 5000 5000 0.000 1.000
-64.75 4
 To Find Final Force
‘S’
“P” K S= P + XK
Member in kN in kN X in kN Nature
AB -40.00 0.00 -40 C
BC -53.33 0.00 -53.3333 C
CD -66.66 0.80 53.77 T
DE -66.66 0.00 -66.6667 C
EF -50.00 0.00 -50 C
FG 0.00 0.00 0 0
Actual Force = S = P + X K
GH 53.33 -0.80 40.3804 T
HA 0.00 0.00 0 0
BH -66.66 0.00 66.66667 T
HC -40.00 0.60 30.288 T
CG 16.67 -1.00 82.33333 T
GD -60.00 0.60 50.288 T
GE 83.33 0.00 83.33333 T
DH 0.00 -1.00 -16.188 C
Ex 3:-
 Analyze the truss as shown in Fig. All members have same Cross sectional
area Mem l (m)
A Hinge
C AC 2 m=7
CE 2.828
ED 2 j=5
DB 2
DC 2 m = 2j-3
AD 2.828
2 BC 2.828
7=2x5–3
8 > 7 ⸫ Redundant Truss
m
with degree of Redundancy =1

D E
B
20 kN 20 kN
2 2
m m
 Va =
Mem l (m) P (kN)
AA Hinge
40 C AC 2 20
CE 2.828 28.284
ED 2 -20
Ha = 60 DB 2 -60
DC 2 -20
AD 2.828 56.569
2 BC 2.828 0
m
Selecting any one member as
redundant and removing it from the

Hb = D E structure

B
60 Consider equilibrium of whole
truss and find Reactions at A and
20 kN 20 kN B
2 2
m m
 Va = 0 To Find ‘K’
Mem l (m) P (kN) K (kN)
AA Hinge
C AC 2 20 0.707
CE 2.828 28.284 0
ED 2 -20 0
Ha = DB 2 -60 0.707
DC 2 -20 0.707

2 0.707
1
AD 2.828 56.569 -1
BC 2.828 0 -1
1
m

Hb = = E Remove all External Loads and

B apply Unit Force in the place of the
0.707 Removed
Consider equilibrium of whole
truss and find Reactions at A and
2 2 B
Find Internal Forces in members
m m ‘K’
 Va = 0 To Find ‘K’
Mem l (m) P (kN) K (kN) PKL K2L
AA Hinge
C AC 2 20 0.707 -28.284 1
CE 2.828 28.284 0 0 0
ED 2 -20 0 0 0
Ha = DB 2 -60 0.707 -84.853 1
DC 2 -20 0.707 -28.284 1

2 0.707
1
AD 2.828 56.569 -1 -160 2.828
BC 2.828 0 -1 0 2.828
1
m Total -244.8 8.656
5
Extend the Columns of Table As
required for applying Correction
Hb = = D E Factor
B
0.707
20 kN 20 kN
2 2
m m Actual Force = S = P + X K
 To Find ‘K’
Mem l (m) P (kN) K (kN) X S= Nature
A Hinge
C AC 2 20 0.707 28.28 P+XK T
CE 2.828 28.284 0 28.28 40 T
ED 2 -20 0 28.28 28.28 C
DB 2 -60 0.707 28.28 -20 C
DC 2 -20 0.707 28.28 -40 -
1
AD 2.828 56.569 -1 28.28 0 T
2 BC 2.828 0 -1 28.28 28.28 C
1
m -28.28
Actual Force = S = P + X K

D E
B
20 kN 20 kN
2 2
m m
x 4:-
Ex 4:-
 MEM L
60 kN AC 5
CB 5
AD m=6
C 3.606
BD 3.606 j=4
CD 2
2 AB 6 m = 2j-3
6=2x4–3
m D 6 > 5 ⸫ Redundant Truss with
degree of 1
2
m A B Selecting any one member as
redundant and removing it from the
structure

2
m
 MEM P L
60 kN AC -75 5
CB -75 5
C AD 54.083 3.606
BD 54.083 3.606
CD 60 2
2 AB 0 6

m D

2
m A B

2
m
 MEM P K L PKL K2L
To Find ‘K’
60 kN AC -75 1.667 5 13.889
-625
CB -75 1.667 5 -625 13.889
AD 54.083 2.404 3.606 -468.722 20.832
C
BD 54.083 -2.404 3.606 -468.722 20.832
CD 60 -2.667 2 -320 14.222
2 AB 0 1 6 0 6
2507.4 89.66
m D 4
S= Nature
P+XK C
2 -69.82 C
-69.82 T
m A
1 B 46.61 T
46.61 T
kN 51.71 T
2 3.11

Actual Force = S = P + X K
Analysis of Redundant
Trusses With Internal Redundancy of degree 2
B C D

A E
F
W kN
B C D m = 11
j=6

m = 2j-3
11 = 2 x 6 – 3
11 > 9 ⸫ Redundant Truss
A E
F with degree of Redundancy =2

W kN
Selecting BF and Df as Redundant Members
Let X = Tensions in member BF &
Y = Tensions in member DF.
 Let the actual forces in the various members of the truss be S1, S2,

B C D S
BF3…. and DF as Redundant Members

Removing Redundant members and find ‘P’

Consider equilibrium of whole truss and find Support
Analyze the truss and Find ‘P’
Reactions

A E
F
Ha W kN Mem P
AB P1
Va Ve BC
CD
P2
P3
DE
EF P4
FA P5
FC P6
AC P7
EC
P8
BF
DE P9
 For K
Applying unit Load in the member BF
B C D
Consider equilibrium of whole truss and find Support
1 Reactions
Analyze the truss and Find K

A E
F Mem K
H’a W kN AB K1
BC K2
CD
V’a V’e DE
K3
EF K4
FA K5
FC K6
AC
K7
EC
BF K8
DE K9
K10
 For K’
Applying unit Load in the member DF
B C D
Consider equilibrium of whole truss and find Support
1 Reactions
Analyze the truss and Find K’

A E
F Mem K’
H’’a W kN AB K’1
BC K’2
CD
V’’a V’’e DE
K’3
EF K’4
FA K’5
FC K’6
AC
K’7
EC
BF K’8
DE K’9
K’10
 As X = Tensions in member BF &
Y = Tensions in member DF The actual forces in the members of the truss are given by,
B C D S1 = P1 + XK1 + YK1’;

S2 = P2+ XK2 +YK’2;

S3 = P3 + XK3 +YK’3, and so on.

The total Strain energy Stored by the Truss = Wi

A E
F
W kN But S1 = P1 + XK1 + YK1’ put in (i)

The Redundant quantities X and Y are given by

the condition that the strain energy stored is
minimum
 B C D
We know Redundant quantities X and Y are given by the
condition that the strain energy stored is minimum

A E
F
W kN

Unknown X and Y can be found by solving (A) and (B)

Ex 1:-
 Analyze the truss as shown in the Fig. the area of member is given 1000 mm2

B C D m = 11
j=6

m = 2j-3
1.5 m 11 = 2 x 6 – 3
11 > 9 ⸫ Redundant Truss
A E with degree of Redundancy =2
F
10 kN Selecting any one member as
1.5 m 2m
redundant and removing it from the
structure

Selecting BF and DF as
Redundant Members
Let X = Tensions in member BF
&
Y = Tensions in member DF.
 For ‘P’
Identifying Two redundant BF and DF and
B C D removing it from the structure

Let the actual forces in the various members of the truss be S1, S2,

1.5 m S
Consider
3…. equilibrium of whole truss and find Support
Reactions
A E Analyze the truss and Find ‘P’
F
Ha 10 kN
Mem
AB
P
0
1.5 m 2m
BC 0
Va Ve CD 0
DE 0
EF 5.714
FA 5.714
FC 10
AC -8.08
EC 1
BF -7.14
DE 3
0
 Find k

B C D Apply Unit load on BF

Consider equilibrium of whole truss and find Support

1.5 m 1 Reactions
Analyze the truss and Find K

A E
F
H’a 10 kN
Mem
AB
K
-0.707
1.5 m 2m
BC -0.707
V’a V’e CD 0
DE 0
EF 0
FA -0.707
FC -0.707
AC 1
EC 0
BF 1
DE 0
 Find k’

B C D Apply Unit load on DF

Consider equilibrium of whole truss and find Support

1.5 m 1 Reactions
Analyze the truss and Find K’

A E
F
H’a 10 kN
Mem
AB
K'
0
1.5 m 2m
BC 0
V’a V’e CD -0.8
DE -0.6
EF -0.8
FA 0
FC -0.6
AC 0
EC 1
BF 0
DE 1
 B C D Compiling all the results

1.5 m

A E
F Mem P K K' L PKL PK'L K2L K'2L KK'L
AB 0 -0.707 0 1.5 0 0 0.75 0 0
10 kN
2m BC 0 -0.707 0 1.5 0 0 0.75 0 0
1.5 m
CD 0 0 -0.8 2 0 0 0 1.28 0
DE 0 0 -0.6 1.5 0 0 0 0.54 0
EF 5.714 0 -0.8 2 0 9.143 0 1.28 0
FA 5.714 -0.707 0 1.5 2.020 0 0.75 0 0
FC 10 -0.707 -0.6 1.5 3.030 9 0.75 0.54 0.636
AC -8.08 1 0 2.121 17.14 0 2.121 0 0
EC 1 0 1 2.5 0 17.85 0 2.5 0
BF -7.14 1 0 2.121 0 0 2.121 0 0
DE 3 0 1 2.5 0 0 0 2.5 0
0
- 25.25 -36 8.442 8.64 0.6363
0
 We get from earlier table,

B C D ∑ PKL = - 25.25

∑ PK’L = -36

1.5 m ∑ K2L = 8.442

A E ∑ K’2L = 8.64

F ∑ KK’L = 0.6363
10 kN
1.5 m 2m

⸫ -25.25 + 8.442 X + 0.6363 Y = 0 (A) &

On solving (A) & (B) we get, - 36 + 8.64 Y + 0.6363 = 0 (B)

X = 2.693 &
Y = 3.968
 We have,
X = 2.693 &
B C D Y = 3.968

Find the final force S

1.5 m S = P + X K + Y k’

A E
F Mem P K K' L X Y S = P+XK + Nature
AB 0 -0.707 0 1.5 1.5 1.5 Yk’ C
10 kN
2m BC 0 -0.707 0 1.5 1.5 1.5 -1.91 C
1.5 m
CD 0 0 -0.8 2 2 2 -1.91 C
DE 0 0 -0.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 -3.1 C
EF 5.714 0 -0.8 2 2 2 -2.38 T
FA 5.714 -0.707 0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.54 T
FC 10 -0.707 -0.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.81 T
AC -8.08 1 0 2.121 2.121 2.121 5.72 C
EC 1 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 -5.39 C
BF -7.14 1 0 2.121 2.121 2.121 -3.18 T
DE 3 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.693 T
0 3.968
0
Analysis of Redundant
Trusses With External Redundancy of degree 1
 W1 W2 W3

B C D

A H E

H G F

2 Unknowns 1 Unknowns 1 Unknowns

Hence 4 Unknowns and 3 Equilibrium Equations that makes this truss externally Redundant Truss
 W1 W2 W3
No of No of Equilibrium .
B C D Members (m) Conditions (r)
m = 13 r= 3
No of Joints No of External
(j) Reactions (R)
R=4
A E j=8
R= No of Reactions
H G F r = conditions of
Equilibrium

2 Unknowns 1 Unknowns 1 Unknowns

Degree of External Degree of Internal Degree of Total
Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy (T)
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
E=4–3 I = 13 – 2 x 8 + 3 T=1+0
E=1 I=0 T=1

Conclusion : Frame is Statically indeterminate externally (10 ) and Statically determinate internally
 W1 W2 W3 Conclusion : Frame is Statically
indeterminate externally and Statically
B C D determinate internally

As E = 1 hence we have to remove any one

support having one unknown
A E Consider Equilibrium of whole truss and

H H G F
find Support reactions

a
Va Ve
 W1 W2 W3 Conclusion : Frame is Statically
indeterminate externally and Statically
B P2 C P3
D determinate internally

P11 P12 P4 As E = 1 hence we have to remove any one

P1
P9 P10 P13 support having one unknown
A E Consider Equilibrium of whole truss and

H P8 H P7 G P6
F P5 find Support reactions
Mem P
AB P1
a BC P2
Va Ve CD
P3
DE
EF P4
FG P5
GH P6
Find ‘P’ HA P7
HB
BG P8
CG P9
GD P10
DF P
 W1 W2 W3 Conclusion : Frame is Statically
indeterminate externally and Statically
B K2 C K3
D determinate internally
Removing all External Loads
K11 K12 K4
K1
K9 K10 K13 Applying Unit Load at the removed support

A E Consider Equilibrium of whole truss and

H’a K8 H K7 G K6
F K5 find Support reactions
Mem K
1 AB K1
BC K2
V’a V’e CD
K3
DE
EF K4
FG K5
GH K6
Find k HA
K7
HB
BG K8
CG K9
GD K10
DF K
 W1 W2 W3 Compiling all the Results

B C D Mem P K K2
AB P1 K1 K12
BC P2 K2 K22
CD
P3 K3 K32
DE
EF P4 K4
K42
A E FG P5 K5
K52
H G F GH P6 K6
K62
HA K7
P7
HB K7 2.
BG P8 K8
K82
CG P9 K9
Correction Factor = X GD K10 K92
P10
DF P11 K11 K102
P12 K12 K112
P13 K13 K122
K132
 W1 W2 W3 Correction Factor = X

B C D

All members of same material

A E
H G F

All members of same

material and Area

If Support G yields by
δ in X direction then,

Total Force S = P + X K
Ex 1:-
 12 12 Analyze the truss as shown in the Figure.
kN kN
B C
Total External Unknowns = 4
12 No of Equilibrium .
No of
kN Conditions (r)
Members (m)
m=5 r= 3
No of Joints No of External
(j) Reactions (R)
j=4 R=4
R= No of Reactions
A D r = conditions of
Ha Ha Equilibrium

m = 2j + 3
5=2x4–3=5
Va
Degree of External Degree of External Degree of Total
Va Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r (T)
E=4–3 I = 13 – 2 x 8 + 3 T=E+I
E=1 I=0 T=1+0
T=1
Conclusion : Frame is Statically indeterminate externally (10 ) and Statically determinate interna
 12 12 Conclusion : Frame is Statically indeterminate
kN kN externally (10 ) and Statically determinate
B C
12 internally
kN Remove support D and
Replace support D by a Roller support

A D
Ha Hd

Vd
Va
 12 12 Conclusion : Frame is Statically indeterminate
kN kN externally (10 ) and Statically determinate
B P2 C
12 internally
kN Remove support D and
P4 Replace Hinge support D by a Roller support
P1 P3 Consider Equilibrium of whole truss and
P5 find Support reactions

A D
Ha
Mem P
AB -12
BC -12
Find ‘P’
CD -28
Va Vd BD 0
AC 20
 12 12 Conclusion : Frame is Statically indeterminate
kN kN externally (10) and Statically determinate
B K2 C
12 internally
kN
Remove all the Externally applied loads
K4
Apply Horizontal Unit load at D
K1 K3
K5

Consider Equilibrium of whole truss and find Support

A D reactions
H’a
1 Mem K
AB 1.333
BC 1
Find ‘K’
CD 1.333
V’a V’d BD -1.667
AC -1.667
 12 12
Compiling all the results
kN kN
B C
12 Mem P K L A S Nat
kN AB -12 1.333 4000 4000 -16 1.778 1.017 T
BC -12 1 3000 3000 -12 1 -2.242 C
CD -28 1.333 0 0 -37.333 1.778 -14.989 C
BD 0 -1.667 4000 4000 0 2.778 -16.263 C
AC 20 -1.667 5000 5000 -33.333 2.778 3.737 T
5000 5000
Total -98.666 10.111

All members of same material

A D
Ha Hd

Total Force S = P + X K
Va Vd
By ∑Fx = 0
Actual Hz. Reaction at A = 12 – 9.758
= 2.242 kN
Ex 2:-
 Analyze the truss as shown in the Figure.
B C D E No of No of Equilibrium .
Members (m) Conditions (r)
m = 15 r= 3
A F No of Joints No of External
H G (j) Reactions (R)
Ha I
j=9 R=4
10 10 kN R= No of Reactions
Va kN r = conditions of
Vh Vf
Equilibrium
All members have same Area, Lengths and Modulus of
Elasticity m = 2j + 3
15 = 2 x 9 – 3 = 15
Degree of External Degree of External Degree of Total
Indeterminancy (E) Indeterminancy (I) Indeterminancy (T)
E=R–r I = m – 2j + r T=E+I
E=4–3 I = 13 – 2 x 8 + 3 T=1+0
E=1 I=0 T=1

Conclusion : Frame is Statically indeterminate externally (10 ) and Statically determinate internally
 P2 C P3 D P4 Conclusion : Frame is Statically
B E
indeterminate externally (10 ) and
P1 P11 P14 P15 P5
P10 P12 P14 Statically determinate internally
A F
P9 P8 H P7 G P6 Mem P
Ha I
AB -11.547
10 10 kN BC -11.547
CD -11.547
Va kN DE -11.547
Vh Vf
EF -11.547
FG 5.774
As E = 1 hence we have to remove any one GH 11.547
Find ‘P’ HI 11.547
support having one unknown
IA -5.774
Consider Equilibrium of whole truss and BI 11.547
find Support reactions IC 0
CH 0
HD 0
DG 0
GE 11.547
 B K2 C K3 D K4 E
K1 K11 K14 K15 K5
K10 K12 K14
A F
K9 K8 H K7 G K6 Mem K
Ha I
AB 0.577
10 1 10 kN BC 0.577
CD 1.155
Va kN DE -0.57
Vf
EF 7
FG -0.57
GH 7
Find k HI 0.289
IA 0.866
Applying Unit Load at the removed support BI 0.866
IC -0.28
and Remove External Loads CH 9
Consider Equilibrium of whole truss and HD -0.57
find Support reactions DG 7
GE 0.577
-0.57
7
 Compiling all the Results
B C D E

A F
H G Mem P K PK K2 S = P + Nat
Ha I
AB -11.5470.577 -6.667 0.333 XK C
10 10 kN BC -11.5470.577 -6.667 0.333 -4.558 C
CD -11.5471.155 -13.33 1.333 -4.558 T
Va kN DE 3
Vh Vf -11.547-0.57 0.333 2.431 C
EF -11.547 7 -6.667 0.333 -4.558 C
As all members have same Area, Lengths and Modulus of FG 5.774-0.57 -6.667 0.083 -4.558 T
Elasticity GH 11.547 7 -1.667 0.750 2.279 T
Correction Factor = X HI 11.5470.289 -10 0.750 1.064 T
IA -5.7740.866 -10 0.083 1.064 T
BI 11.5470.866 -1.667 0.333 2.279 T
IC 0 -0.28 -6.667 0.333 4.558 T
CH 0 9 0 0.333 6.989 C
HD 0 -0.57 0 0.333 -6.989 C
DG 0 7 0 0.333 -6.989 T
GE 11.5470.577 0 0.333 6.989 T
-0.57 -6.667 4.558
7 -76.667 6.333
Total