CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO POLICE INTELLIGENCE AND SECRET SERVICES

I. Sun Tzu and some of his Maxims

Sun Tzu authored the book entitled “Ping Fa (The art of war) written about 400 B.C.
which the following statement could be found.
“If you know your enemy and you know yourself you need not fear the result of a
hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory suffer defeat.
If you know neither yourself nor the enemy, you are fool who will suffer defeat in every
battle”
“What is called foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits, or from Gods, or from
the analogy to the past events nor from calculations. He wrote “It must be obtained
from men who know the enemy situation.”

II. History of Intelligence

Biblical Records
Moses
One of the first recorded formalized intelligence effort with format can be found in the
Holy Bible (Numbers 13:17). The scriptures also named the 12 intelligence agents whom the
Lord directed Moses to send into the land of Canaan and also Moses sent them to spy out the
land of Canaan (Num 13:17-20)
Moses sent the 12 agents and said unto them, get you up this way southward, and go up
into the mountain; and see the land, what it is; and the people the dwelt therein, whether they
be strong or weak, few or many, and; what the land dwell in, whether in tenths or strongholds;
and what the land is, whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or not. And be
good courage and bring the fruit of the land.”

Rahab
The harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21) who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel,
she made covenant to the agents and duped their pursuers. She was not only an impromptu
confederate or immense value for the Jewish leader of that far distant day, but also established
a plot-pattern which is still of periodic relief to motion picture procedures.

Delilah
She was an impromptu intelligence agent of the Philistines. She allowed Philistine spies
to hide in her house (Judges 16:9). Apart from her tonsorial specialty, she seduced Samson of
Israel to reveal the secret of his strength and used herself to gain intelligence from powerful
enemy. She achieved the largest effective force of her employer’s adversaries and contriving
the stroke which put that force out of action (Paquitol, B.S.)

Intelligence in Pre-Modern Era

1. Alexander the Great
 He devised the “first letter sorting and opening” to obtain information. While marching into
Asia, it is recorded there came to his hints and rumors of disaffection growing among his allies
and mercenaries.
The young conqueror thereupon sought the truth and got it by the simplest expedient. He
announced that he was writing home and recommended to his officers that they do likewise.
Then, when the couriers were landened and had set out for Greece, he ordered them quietly
recalled and proceeded to investigate all the letters that they carried. Malcontents were
detected, legitimate causes of grievances exposed.

2. Akbar
The “Great Mogul and sagacious master” of Hindustan who employed more than four
thousand agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the truth his throne might rest upon him.

3. Genghis Khan
He used intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathay. He instructed his Generals to
send spies and used prisoners as sources of information. Genghis Khan was regarded as leader
of the so called “Mongol Conquerors” and used effective propaganda by spreading rumors of
Mongol terror. They collected information on weaknesses and rivalries of Europe and usually
disguised as merchants.

4. Hannibal
The Carthaginian General considered as one of the brilliant military strategist. He developed
an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome. He roamed around the city often
disguising as a beggar to gather first hand information, Hannibal’s invasion of Italy, his brilliant
and victorious raid in the history, gained him many success and nearly bled Rome to death.

5. Frederick the Great

He was known as the father of military espionage. He established rules for obtaining and
using every grade of intelligence agents and divided his agents into four classes as follows:
a. Common Spies
Recruited among poor folk, glad to earn small amount of money or to be
accommodated as military officer.
b. Double Spies
The low informers and unreliable renegades who are significant in spreading false
information to the enemy.
c. Spies of Consequences
Couriers and noblemen, staff officers, and kindred conspirators, invariably requiring
substantial bribe or bait.
d. Intimidated Spies
Persons who were forced to undertake espionage against their will.

6. Serrorious, Quintos
He was a Roman General and possessor of white fawn used as intelligence agent. His
intelligence agents credited their information to the supernatural power of animal.
 7. Gaius Julius Caesar
During his time, his staff legion includes the “speculators” who served as information-
collecting agency. Speculators were the first intelligence personnel to appear definitely in
military organization.

8. Napoleon Bonaparte
He was a great leader who believes in the principle that “One spy in the right place is worth
20,000 men in the field”. He also organized two bureaus of interest:
a. Bureau of Intelligence
Consolidated all incoming information regarding the enemy for presentation to the
emperor and to obtain information as desired.
b. Topographic Bureau
Maintained a large map which covers the latest information regarding both enemy and
friendly forces.

9. Karl Schulmeister
He was Napoleon’s military secret service and Napoleon’s eyes. He began his career in
offensive espionage. Under a cover role, he was able to infiltrate the Austrian General
Staff and studied the characters of the Generals. His Royal foes selected to defeat him.

10. George Washington

Conspirators under oath abound in the history of every nation. He, as grandmaster,
mobilized the free masons of the colonies at the outbreak of American war independence.
Americas first military intelligence director.

11. Francis Walshingham

Under Queen Elizabeth, he organized the first National Intelligence Service. He employed
spies on the staff of the Admiral in Command of the Spanish Army and able to obtain
information regarding Spanish Army as to their ships, equipment, forces and stores. He
protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins.

12. Richelieu
He introduced the “network of covert collectors” who transmitted prompt and accurate
information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and dissidents of the kingdom.

13. Louis XIV (Sun King)

He systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal censorship and military
organization.

14. Wilhelm Stieber

He incorporated intelligence in the General staff Support System. He contributed to the
science of Military Censorship and Organized Military Propaganda. He worked as a census taker
and developed an informal format in the gathering of data.
 15. Alfred Redl
One of the most brilliant intelligence agent, even though he was a homosexual. Chief of the
Austro-Hungarian secret service and at the same time, agent of Russia (convicted of treason in
1913 – but he committed suicide). His treason led to the death of 500,000 agents and the
soldiers combine in his 13 years espionage episode.

16. Brahma Kautilya

In ancient India, he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty and established the first Mayuryan King in
the Indian throne. He recommended to his king that for the ruler to succeed, the ruler should
strike at enemies weak points by means of spies.

17. Joseph Fouche

He was known as the Father of Military Espionage in France. He was born on May 21, 1759,
near Nantes. Trained for priesthood but never took orders, instead he becomes a teacher. He
rose to become the most feared and respected intelligence director in French history. Created a
network of agents with his assistance and founded the modern system of spying on spies,
which as later known as counter espionage.

18. Gen. William Donovan

He was regarded as the Father of today’s CIA. He was the first chief of the OSS (Office of the
Strategic Service – Forerunner of CIA) when former president Roosevelt established it in June
14, 1942)

19. Edward I
In 1725, he organized systematic police system known as “Watch and Ward” and by Royal
proclamation; the Profession “State Informer” was created in 1734 enjoining all informers to
exposed criminal activities and be compensated.

20. Joseph Petrosino

He was the former head of Italian Squad. Through extensive intelligence network, he credited
to smash the Black Society.

III. Intelligence and the World War

a. World War I
1. 1900 – Europe powers developed modern staff systems and place intelligence on the
same level with personnel, operations and logistics. Intelligence then functioned in
time of peace and war. Intelligence during this period, concentrated on information
about the armed forces of the enemy and their capabilities.
2. Aircraft – was introduced as a tool of conducting aerial reconnaissance.
3. Wireless Telegraph – was used wherein codes and ciphers were applied.
4. Army Intelligence – rapidly expanded during this period.
5. “Agent Provocateur” – was employed by the Russians for the purpose of internal
security and political repression. Spying was always the specialty of the Russians.
 6. German Intelligence - gained a high reputation for offensive effectiveness
throughout Europe but declined at the outset of war.
7. British Intelligence – succeeded greatly by means of censorship and its Code Room
combined with skillful use of Covert agents.
8. United States – expanded their Naval Intelligence wherein Domestic Counter
Intelligence became a principal activity.

B. US Three Branches of Intelligence

1. Positive Branch - Its function is to collect, evaluate and disseminate intelligence
information. Prepare situation, estimate and translate documents.
2. Negative Branch – counter intelligence functions; investigate disloyalty and sedition;
investigate graft and fraud in organization.
3. Geographic Branch – produces maps, photographs and terrain studies. Sections:
administration, collection by attaches troops, codes and ciphers.

C. Intelligence during World War II

1. German Intelligence – German’s intelligence started the war with the world’s best
organized intelligence service through advance preparation of intelligence accompanied
by troop movements.
2. Japanese Intelligence – Japanese intelligence failed because it was not provided with
sufficient number of trained personnel to assemble and evaluate the mass of materials
which were collected although Japanese Intelligence was involved in short war and
defensive in nature.
3. British Intelligence – its achievement was the delay in the use of German V
bomb(Luftware / cherry stone). The operation was conducted with the OSS and through
the penetration and technical intelligence; they discovered Peenemunde, the V2 guided
missile research project on Nazi Germany.
4. United State Intelligence – in 1941, the US Office of Strategic Service (OSS) forerunner
of today’s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was established to analyze military, political
and economic information as it affected the security of the country. US JOINT CHIEF OF
STAFFS – was organized to act in support of the army and the navy in the collection and
analysis of strategic information and to be responsible for the planning and operation of
special services.
5. Chinese Intelligence – in 1932, Tai Li was organized, the China’s secret police to conduct
espionage and counterespionage against Japanese spies and Chinese communist.
6. Soviet Intelligence – AMTORG was organized for the purpose of purchasing all kinds of
materials for Soviet Union.
Smersh or “Death to Spies”
Smersh was organized during the war as counterintelligence concerned with
disaffection among Soviet troops and anti-communism in any form. There were five
divisions; Administration, operation, investigation, prosecution and personnel.
Other Significant Events in Intel during World War II
1. In 1942, a female special agent was able to transmit vital information concerning the
activities and installation of the main research station at Peenemunde. British failed in
the defeat of Gen. Montgomery’s forces at Annenheim.
2. United State Intelligence – in 1942, the US Strategic Service was established to research
and analyze military, political and economic information as it affected the security of the
country.
3. Battle of Midway – in 1942; the turning point of the US-Naval force in Pacific. The
victory gained by the Americans was due to the disrupted messages from the Imperial
Japanese Navy.
4. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto – In April, 1943, the crypto-analyst of the US Navy
Communications Intelligence intercepted a top-secret signal relaying the travel of the
admiral. En route, he was intercepted and crashed in the jungle of Bougainville.
5. U.S. Joint Chief of Staffs – was organized to act in support of the army and the navy in
the collection and analysis of Strategic Information and to be responsible for the
planning and operation of the Special Service.
6. Amphibious Warfare – U.S. greatest contribution was the development where
coordination of many types of intelligence activities was required to provide adequate
knowledge upon which is the basis of the successful operation of a complex military
transported over water with the objective of establishing itself on an enemy-held.
7. U.S. Success – in WW II was that their Personnel were drawn from the civilian populace,
business and professional men and woman.

D. POST WAR PERIOD: The Superpowers

1. Soviet intelligence
a. Soviet Intelligence System – described as the “omnipotent (common) and omnipresent
(existing)” for its vast intricate (complicated) organization involving millions of people.
b. Soviet Counterintelligence – described as the “Iron Curtain” – because no one can
across in the boarders of USSR (Union Soviet Specialist Republic) without being
detected – all communications are rigidly controlled. Its contribution to the modern
intelligence was the dissemination of false information designed to mislead and confuse
opponents and prospective victims.
c. Military Intelligence and Ministry of State Security (formerly NKGB People's
Commissariat of State Security) – It is concerned with the political events and
economic.

 Conducting intelligence activities abroad;

 Battling espionage (on both fronts: counter and offensive);
 Battling sabotage and terrorist acts organized by foreign Special Services on USSR territory;
 The penetration, and liquidation, of anti-Soviet parties and counter-revolutionary organizations;
 Overseeing ideology in Soviet society;
 The protection of high party and government officials.
 d. KGB (Komitetor Komissija Goudartsvennoy Bezopasnasti) – it is the official secret
police agency of the Soviet Union in charge of the state security (Commission of the
State Security). The KGB was the main intelligence agency of the Soviet Union. It was feared by
foreign countries and citizens alike for its expertise to gather information through spies, carry out
covert operations, and conduct domestic surveillance
2. British Intelligence System – it is composed of several intelligence agencies as follows;
a. British Military Intelligence Division (MID) – divided into 20 different departments.
b. M15 – devoted to counter espionage and security
c. Special Branch of Scotland Yard – it is charged with guarding the royal family and
Important British Officials and visiting foreign dignitaries.
3. Israel Intelligence System
a. Mossad – in charge of the National Intelligence. The Number one Intelligence
agency in the World.
b. Aman – Concerned with military intelligence.
c. Shinbet – concerned with Internal security.
IIC – Israel Intelligence Agency – Report to the prime minister
4. French Intelligence
a. Sdece De Documentation Exterieu – foreign intelligence and counterintelligence
service. This is under the Prime Minister
b. General, Charles De Gaulle – he set up the Bureau Central Renseignements et d’
Action. (BCRA Central Office for Intelligence Action) in London in 1940. It is an
expansion of the service d’ Renseignements (sr – Intelligence Service) which is part
of the old Renzieme Bureau (second Bureau) of French General staff.
c. SDECE – concerned in strategic and counter intelligence.
d. Saurete Nationale – Part of French Intelligence Service.
5. German Intelligence
Red Gestapo – the security service organized by East Germany to combat the covert
activities of the West Germany group when it was still divided by the Berlin Walls.

E. Great Betrayals
1. Judith Coplon – she was a political analyst of the Department of Justice who was
accused of taking unlawful possession of government documents and spying for a
foreign power. She was a well-known communist activist.
2. Dr. Emil Julius Klaus Fuck- he was accused of releasing American Atomic Secrets to the
Soviet in 1945 and British in 1947. He detailed knowledge of the construction of the
atomic bomb.
3. Ernst Hilding Anderson – in 1951, a Royal Navy provided military secrets to a foreign
power and was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.
 CHAPTER II
INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE UNIT

I. Definitions of Intelligence
1. According to the General Definition (Webster)
It is the capacity for understanding and for other forms of adaptive intellect behavior,
the mind in operation.
It is the power of meeting any situation especially a novel situation, successfully by
proper behavior adjustments; the ability to apprehend the relationships of presented facts in
such a way to guide actions towards goal.
Or it refers to the knowledge of an event, circumstances, etc., received or imparted; the
gathering or distribution of information; or the staff of persons engaged in obtaining such
information.

2. According to Microsoft Encarta Dictionary:

a. Ability to think and learn - refers to the ability to learn facts and skills and apply the
especially when this ability is highly developed.
b. Secret Information - intelligence refers to secret information about secret plans or
activities, especially those foreign governments, the Armed Forces, business, enemies, or
criminals.
c. Gathering of Secret Information - Intelligence may also refer to the collection of secret
military information.
d. People gathering secret information -