University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

Department of Electronics Engineering

Mid Semester Exam, Spring 2021
Electrical Machines
Time Allowed: 2hrs Total Marks: 67

Q. NO. 1: (a) Give brief answers to following:

Why is electrical form of energy preferred for user utilization? (3)
Explain the reason of hysteresis in electrical machines. (4)
Explain the working of following simple DC machine as a motor and generator. (4+4)

Figure 1
(b) A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure 2. The depth of the core is 5 cm. The other dimensions
of the core are as shown in the figure. Find the value of the current that will produce a flux of 0.005
Wb. With this current, what is the flux density at the top of the core? What is the flux density at
the right side of the core? Assume that the relative permeability of the core is 800. (10)

Figure 2
Q. No. 2: (a) Give brief answers to following:
What components compose the excitation current of a transformer? How are they modeled in the
transformer's equivalent circuit? (2+2)
How does the per-unit system of measurement eliminate the problem of different voltage levels in
a power system? (3)
Why does the short-circuit test essentially show only 𝑖 2 𝑅 losses and not excitation losses in a
transformer? (3)
Why does the magnetization current impose an upper limit on the voltage applied to a transformer
core? (3)
Can a 60-Hz transformer be operated on a 50-Hz system? What actions are necessary to enable
this operation? (4)
Why can autotransformers handle more power than conventional transformers of the same size?
(3)
(b) A 200-kVA, 4400/277-V distribution transformer has the following resistances and
reactance’s: Rp = 3 ohm, Xp = 8 ohm, Rc =35 k ohm, 𝑅𝑠 = 0.005 ohm, 𝑋𝑠 = 0.0060, XM = 15k
ohm, The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high-voltage side of the
transformer.
(i) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side.
(ii) Find the per-unit equivalent circuit of this transformer.
(iii) Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 277 V and 0.85 PF lagging.
What is this transformer's input voltage? What is its voltage regulation?
(iv) What are the copper losses and core losses in this transformer under the conditions of part
(iii)?
(v) What is the transformer's efficiency under the conditions of part (iii)? (10)

(c) A 25-kVA, 4000/220-V distribution transformer has an impedance referred to the primary of
10+ j100 ohm. The components of the excitation branch referred to the primary side are Rc = 50
kohm and XM = 20 kohm.
(i) If the primary voltage is 7967 V and the load impedance is ZL = 1.0 + j0.5 ohm, what is the
secondary voltage of the transformer? What is the voltage regulation of the transformer?
(ii) If the load is disconnected and a capacitor of -j3.0 ohm is connected in its place, what is the
secondary voltage of the transformer? What is its voltage regulation under these conditions? (6)
Q. No. 3: (a) Give brief answers to following:
Why does switching the current flows in any two phases reverse the direction of rotation of a
stator's magnetic field? (3)

What is the relationship between electrical frequency and magnetic field speed for an ac machine?
(3)
THE END