ISBN 978-0-626-31245-9 SANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Drinking water Part 2: Application of SANS 241-1 WARNING This document references other documents normatively. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof B Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001 Tol: #27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 ‘woww.sabs.co.za © SABSSANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 Table of changes Change No.| Date Scope Foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS/TC 147, Water, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. ‘This document was approved for publication in March 2015 This document supersedes SANS 241:2011 (edition 1). This document is referenced in the Water Services Act, 1997 (Act No. 108 of 1997), Regulations relating to the compulsory national standards and measures to conserve water, ‘as published by Government Notice No. 509 (Government Gazette No. 22355) of 8 June 2001, the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, 1972 (Act No. 54 of 1972), the National Health Act, 2003 (Act No. 61 of 2003), the Constitution of RSA, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996), and the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (Act No. 32 of 2000). Reference is made in clause 8 to the “relevant national body’. In South Africa this means the South African Water Research Commission, SANS 241 consists of the following parts, under the general title Drinking water: Part 1: Microbiological, physical, aesthetic and chemical determinands. Part 2: Application of SANS 241-1 ‘Annexes A, B and C are for information only. © SABSSANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 Contents Foreword 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references. 4 3 Definitions. 4 4 Water quality risk assessment 6 4.4 General en sevnnnnnnnnnnnnnn ss . 8 4.2 Requirements for water quality risk assessments 6 4.3 Interpretation of water quality risk assessments. 8 5. Routine water quality monitoring programmes. 9 5.1 General 9 9 9 5.2 Sampling points.. ev 5.3. Determinands and frequency of analyses 6 Response monitoring... 6.1. Incident management of drinking water quality failUrES «cee see 5 incl 6.2 Microbiological determinands. 12 6.3 Chemical, physical, aesthetic and operational determinands 12 7 Verification of water quality 12 7A General 12 7.2 Calculation of risk defined compliance ne 1B 7.3 Calculation of drinking water quality compliance - 13 7.4 Performance categorization of distribution systems. 4 8 Requirements for water safety plans, a4 Annex A (informative) Example of risk and compliance calculations for a large municipality serving more than 100 000 people 16 Annex B (informative) Example of risk and compliance calculations for a small municipality ‘serving fewer than 100 000 people. Annex C (informative) Calculation of combined trinalomethane and combined nitrate plus nitrite concentrations, 43 Bibliography... © SABS 1SANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 This page is intentionally left blank 2 © SABSSANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 Drinking water Part 2: Application of SANS 241-1 1 Scope 4.1. This part of SANS 241 deals with the evaluation of water quali risks, monitoring and verification of water quality to enable the management of the identified water quality risks. It is not intended to provide a comprehensive water management plan, which is required for the implementation of a water safely plan that deals with related issues such as water quantity, finance and maintenance 4.2 This part of SANS 241 is applicable to all water services institutions or water services intermediaries (or both). Assessment of the fitness for use of drinking water against the determinands and numerical limits specified in SANS 241-1 provides the minimum assurance necessary that the water is ‘deemed to present an acceptable health risk for lifetime consumption. 4.3. It provides the key elements for implementing management actions to comply with SANS 241-1, which include the following: @) water quality risk assessment — assessment of risk from raw water through the treatment works to the point of delivery: b) water quality monitoring — establishment and implementation of operational and compliance water qual monforing programmes, including the location of sampling points, sampling frequency and jeterminands; ©) response monitoring ~ incident management and monitoring of drinking water quality when the ‘numerical limits specified in SANS 241-1 are exceeded; 4) verification of water quality — calculation of compliance with the numerical limits in SANS 241-1; and e) _awater safety plan — a comprehensive water quality management system based on the principles of preventive risk management and incorporating the outcomes in (a) to (d) above. 1.4 The provision of water deemed to have an acceptable health risk as defined by SANS 241-1 remains the ultimate responsibility of the water services institution or water services intermediary (or both). Water services institutions or water services intermediaries (or both) shall use a risk-based management approach to ensure that safe drinking water Is produced at all times and that public health is protected. © SABS 3SANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division SANS 241-1:2018, Drinking water — Part 1: Microbiological, physical, aesthetic and chemical determinands. ‘World Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for drinking-water quality, Fourth edition, Volume 1, 2011." 3. Definitions For the purposes of this document, the definitions and abbreviations given in SANS 241-1 and the following apply. 34 acceptable drinking water water deemed to have an acceptable health risk as defined by SANS 241-1 is considered to be safe for lifetime consumption implying an average consumption of 2 L of water per day for 70 years by a person that woighs 60 kg 3.2 contracted bulk customer water services authority that receives water in bulk from a water sarvices provider 3.3 critical control point step at which control can be applied and that is essential to prevent, eliminate or reduce a water safety hazard (biological, chemical, aesthetic or physical) to an acceptable level 3.4 critical distribution sample point critical sampling point that provides information on spatial and temporal risks within the distribution system. and that should include locations where the greatest water quality deterioration is anticipated NOTE Crtical distribution sample points are a subset of the distribution sample points and are used for the analysis Cf the risk defined monitoring programme as well as the annual full SANS 241 analysis, 35 distribution sample point ‘sample point identified within the network where the water quality within the distribution system zone is monitored for the prescribed process risk indicators, 3.6 distribution system ‘geographically defined area within which water intended for human consumption may come from one or more sources, 37 distribution zone area within a distribution system that could have a different water quality from other defined zones owing to geographical location, age of infrastructure, distance from the supply source, supplementation from ‘other water sources or a combination of these NOTE Specific area supplied from a borehole, treatment system, reservoir or tower. 1) bttpu/www.who int!water sanitation _health/dwq/quidelines/en/index him 4 © SABSSANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 38 enteric virus virus that infects cells of the gastrointestinal tract as primary site of replication and that is typically transmitted by the faecal-oral route 39 final water water that emanates from a treatment process (including groundwater, after disinfection) 3.10 hazard biological, chemical, physical or radiological determinand that can cause harm to public health or that affects the aesthetic quality of water significantly att monitoring programme ‘ongoing monitoring programme intended to validate the effectiveness of control measures at critical control points and to assess the quality of water based on the location of routine sampling points, sampling frequeney and determinands 3.42 point of delivery physical fixed interface between a water services provider or a water services authority (or both) and a customer mandatory indicator that provides information on the risk posed to treatment efficiency, aftergrowth in 100 000 Risk defined compliance (Equation 1) Excelent 27 28 Acute health microbiological risk = = eterminand a eS =a Unaccontabie 05; =o Excolient 97 99 Acute health chemical risk Acai Heol Good 295) 2a7 Unacceptable 295 97 Excellent 295; 2a Good 299 = 95 Unacceptable <9 95 Excollent 293 295) Operational risk determinands | Good 290 295) Unacceptable <20 <3 Excellent 293 205) Good 290 293) Unacceptable = 90 <9 Drinking water quality compliance Excalent 97 200 Acute health microbiological compliance (equation 2) Soot ss Ee Unacceptable <95 <3 Excellent 297 299 Acute health chemical compliance (equation 3) a ead 27 Unaccontable <95 <27 Excelent 295 297 Chronic health chemical = = compliance (equation 4) Good 203 295 Unacceptable <2 =25 Excellent 393 395) Operational compliance 7 > (equation 5) Soot 22 =u Unaccoptabie = 90 = 98 Excellent 293 295 Aesthetic compllance = = (equation 6) Sees 2 £8 Unacceptable <20) =38 © SABS 15SANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 Annex A (informative) Example of risk and compliance calculations for a large municipality serving more than 100 000 people ‘The water for this municipality is supplied from a eutrophic impoundment serving 1 200 000 people. The water treatment works is sophisticated and uses an aluminium chlorohydrate polymer blend to flocculate ‘and remove particulate matter before being disinfected with chlorine gas. The water is pumped to the istribution system where itis fed into 60 reservoirs supplying the community. ‘There are 96 sampling points in the distribution network, consisting of 60 at the reservoir sites plus 36 others at representative sites, including clinics, schools and municipal offices. Of these 96 sampling Points, 16 crtical sampling points have been identified. These critical sampling points are used to monitor Tisk determinands in the network and are used for full SANS 241 analysis list sampling within the distribution Hazards identified during the risk assessment are iron (aesthetic risk), turbidity (operational and Prescribed risk), colour, protozoan parasites, algal toxins (total microcystin), total organic carbon and ‘rihalomethanes. Iron and turbidity are not risks at the chronic limits and are monitored in accordance with the risks identified, namely iron at the aesthetic risk frequency specified in table 3 and turbidity at the prescribed risk frequency specified in table 1. According to table 2, at least one sample per 20 000 head of population plus 36 additional samples are equired for E.coli in the distribution system per month. Therefore the total number of samples in the system for E. coli = 1 200 000/20 000 = 60 samples. Sixty samples per month + 36 additional samples = 96 samples per month required for E.coli in the distribution system. These samples are taken at the 96 sampling points in the distribution and are taken to comply with the fortnightly requirement of table 1 A full SANS 241 analysis is required on each of the critical points at least annually, but preferably at a frequency that covers periods when the poorest water quality is anticipated or during peak demand to ‘ensure that all temporal risks are identified. Prescribed and risk defined determinands are monitored at the frequencies determined by tables 1 and 3. Compliance of each prescribed or risk defined determinand is calculated individually. Drinking water compliance calculations take all the determinands monitored on the final and distribution waters, including the risk assessment process, into consideration when calculating compliance. 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According to table 2, one sample per 5 000 head of population plus one additional sample are required for E.coli in the distribution system per month. Therefore the total number of samples in the system for E-coll= 26 40/5 000 = 5,28 samples. This is rounded up to six samples per month, Six samples per month plus one additional sample equals seven samples per month required for E.col in the distribution system. These samples are taken at the seven sampling points in the distribution system and are taken to comply with the fortnightly requirements of table 1 The boreholes are pumped into one large final water reservoir without any additional treatment and are disinfected with chlorine gas. The water is pumped to the distribution system where it is fed into three reservoirs supplying the community, which are also used as distribution sampling points. Distribution sampling points have been identified at four additional sampling sites within the network (hospital, clinic, school and municipal offices). A full set of analyses on all determinands listed in SANS 241 is conducted annually, however, owing to possible seasonal variations, most determinands are monitored on a seasonal basis, i.e. four times per annum. This sampling frequency ensures that all spatial and temporal risks are apparent and will cover periods when the most unacceptable raw water quality is anticipated or during peak demand to determine site-specific water quality risks. f the seven sampling points in the distribution network, three critical distribution sampling points have been identified. These critical distribution sampling points are used to monitor risk determinands in the network and are used for the full SANS 241 list analysis. Risks identified in the risk assessment include ‘) colour, b) chloride, ©) fluoride, d) nitrate, ©) turbidity, f)_ manganese (aesthetic risk), and '9)_ iron (aesthetic risk), (Owing to the fact that the iron and manganese have been identified as aesthetic risks and not chronic risk determinands, they are monitored at the frequency specified in table 3 for the type of risk identified. Nitrite is usually monitored at the same time as nitrate and therefore in this example, the frequency of the nitrite analysis matches the nitrate analysis, and is also a requirement for the combined nitrate plus nitrite ratio in the network. To ensure clarity and for the purposes of this example, none of the additional samples which ‘would be analysed owing toa failure are included in the calculated example. Prescribed and risk defined compliance of each prescribed or risk defined determinand is calculated individually. 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Jeysesey9 4siaf 10 "Ou wnUuNN ? Z e ¢ r t z T 37 @ saps (penujuo9) y'a e1geLSANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 ‘0uNOS JOIEM Ow JO BINIEU ou 0} GuIMO OIqeD|TGE TON En 962 zs'66 vw ow "SOU TLHOD ]EDRTAYD GHEOY O|UOIID TBIBAO 594 saz o'oo st a N ‘Auoyenb soem yout nse wnwesn % % “eusnbe x ou a(cues (uquue ted) | (wnuue sed) (wnuue sod) eoueiidwoo | —panatyoe ‘Sejdures jo ‘uonejnuop pueujuoreg, pounboy | soueydwoo vou remy. bz SNvS ul se Jejoeseyp 4st e z a g v e z t (pepnjoucs) y'e 81, OSABS 2 aEdition 2 SANS 241-2:2015 Tai6q 26) Kreipauiaju SeO/A/88 JeyEM 10 ORMINSLI SSOIRISS JOVEN AGS VA, 30K ee S96 ease WeLe aUe THO (EVOREIETO WEIBAC xo) aienb 524 £62 o0'004 3 3 N sa6eydjoo aqewos (esx noo 52 £62 00'004 9h seh d Arson seyem ours | ered aiydonoieren Tx 6) Aveuenb: 5A e562 0'001 ou oo N suo eHOL udanauisiq . (soe xe) 5A s5z a'96 6uLt d wus sod Joqen jeu 894 62 o0'004 oh oF N Iv 8@ winjununiy (nun 13) (coc xe) jevoneiedo oN £62 so'z6 $804 out uid wus 10d “oye ou 504 £62 00'001 oui eit d wus Jed “oqeM jeu 9,921 Hd F TouenbeH, * ° (unuuesod) | jy su e1qu6ou = N ecugium snes me (une 10 (nau ed eoueyiduieg | eoueiidwos | _ paratyoe ueydoo woneinauoy pueuluueeg esinbey | eauerdwoo 30N pea a @ z 2 g ¥ e z r ‘eouzlduios jeuopesado 1249 — ¢-g aIGeL. 39 @saBsSANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 (xe) Auopenb ‘uoRnGUsig (x 1) Apeyend- en ee oo'oos a 2 N “jem jeu Ne guowuny (px €) A) ‘uosnauisig (-v6w 0825) (hp) Auauend wus oneunsey en e52 oo'oo! 9 9 N em eu FOS 82 aIeS (nuns) oneunsay 24 e52 eve bbe out wie ays Jad soem an xo fuauenb sp10s 894 ee o'001 a 9 N 2A soe ooo: us us Nid ep Javea jours ‘Anzanpu0) (xo) Avauenb uoanaiasio (Ze xb) on e62 1916 ze, ve 4 Ayqquous yom pours 2709 % % ‘ovenb (uiiioriesy su eqaidi0u = N ov aus a (winuue Jed) SU PayqUEp! = A. (wnuue sod) souviduiog | e2uendwo> | pensryse ssajduses jo Suuowwows Uonelnuios puewjuusrea pauinbey | souerdwoy ou jemioy pequasend = lyz sNVS ut Se sorseseya ys | poxnbau sojdures Jo "Ou wn @ z 2 ¢ ¥ e z r ‘OSABS eoupyduios onaysee 1e12A0 — 9°8 aIGeL,Edition 2 SANS 241-2:2015 S04 6 ee's6 sl9h 894th ‘saueYdUOD (x &) Avouend = soz o'v01 2 N souls if OL 5) onousoy 50, ese ev's6 & * u 2seue8UeH (161 p0€ 5) ana opeupeoy s soz ew's6 e % u oy se uo 50, fz 00'00: a a N uzse sug 04 ez o'001 a a N en se unos 50, soz oo'001 fa x a nv % % oven june sd) ovo a a‘ ) | (wnuue saa) (wnuue sod) souetdusog | @2ueiKdwo> | penanuoe sajduies yo owen purumweiea pennbex | eauendon ou femow poquoeand= Jeyoesey9 vst yo "ou wna @ Z 7 5 = C z r (pepnjouce) 97a 81481 41 esasEdition 2 O56 $509 9929 2 3uBTHISD WEFBAOTEIOL eK 62 2896 elo ere Bou AES PK te SF 96 ease Wee $24 s62 2566 rp our 594 we 986 ove Gd 50, 662 12058 oer seh % % Tunuue zed) ‘mers eouetidwog nso sojdues pueupun ounydusos posinboy porojyoe eaueridwos | yyeyduica o-on | 4o0l jenoy 6 2 z 2 3 a eoueldwoo jyesoro/|01 — Za 9142, OSABSSANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 Annex C (informative) Calculation of combined trihalomethane and combined nitrate plus nitrite concentrations ‘The numbers in tables C.1 and C.2 are given for the purpose of demonstrating the calculations only. Table C.1 — Example of calculations for trihalomethane concentrations 1 2 3 4 5 Limit Value > | Complies ‘Compound ie ual Valueltimit Wea Chloroform 300 180 0,60 Yes Bromoforn 100 2 002 Yes) Dibromochloromethane 100 4 0,04 Yes Bromodichloromethane 60 25 0.42 Yes ‘Sum of ratios 4,08 No °F THMs are detected at levels below the quantification limit, the quantification limit shall be used inthe calculation. Table C.2 — Example of combined nitrate plus nitrite calculations 1 2 3 4 5 Compound Limit Value vaucinan Complies matt malt. Yesno Nitrate ® as N 1 4 On Yes Nitrite ® as N 09) 045, Os Yes ‘Sum of ratios 06 Yes Nitrite and the sum of nitrate plus nitrite compliance ratio is only applicable at the point of use. © SABS 43SANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 Bibliography Standards 130 Guide 73, Risk management ~ Vocabulary. 180 5667-22, Water quality - Sampling ~ Part 22: Guidance on the design and installation of groundwater ‘monitoring points. 180 24510, Activities relating to drinking water and wastewater services ~ Guidelines for the assessment and for the improvement of the service to users. ISO 24512, Activities relating to drinking water and wastewater services — Guidelines for the management of drinking water utilties and for the assessment of drinking water services. 180 31000, Risk management — Principles and guidelines. SANS 5667-1/ISO 5667-1, Water quality - Sampling ~ Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques. SANS 5667-3/ISO 5667-3, Water quality ~ Sampling ~ Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples. SANS 5667-4/ISO 5667-4, Water quality ~ Sampling ~ Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made. SANS 5667-5/ISO 5667-5, Water quality - Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment works and piped distribution systems. SANS 5667-6/ISO 5667-6, Water quality — Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams, SANS 5667-11/ISO 5667-11, Water quality - Sampling — Part 11: Guidance on sampling of groundwaters. SANS 10330, Requirements for a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system. Other publications Ashbolt NJ, Grabow WOK, Snozzi M, 2001. Chapter 13: Indicators of microbial water quality. In: Water Quality Guidelines: Guidelines, Standards and Health. Editors Fewtrell L and Bartram J. World Health Organization Water Series. IWA Publishing, London. pp 289-316. Bartram J, Corrales L, Davison A, Deere D, Drury D, Gordon B, Howard G, Rinehold A and Stevens M, 2009: Water safety plan manual: step-by-step risk management for drinking-water suppliers. World Health Organization, Geneva, Grabow WOK, Taylor MB and de Villirs JC, 2001. New mathods for the detection of viruses: call for review of drinking water quality guidelines. Water Science and Technology 43. pp 1-8 Rizak $ and Hrudy S, 2007. Strategic water quality monitoring for drinking water safety. Research Report 37, The Cooperative Research Centre for water quality and treatment ISBN 1876616628. 44 © SABSSANS 241-2:2015 Edition 2 South Africa. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and Water Research Commission. Quality of domestic water supplies - Volume 1: Assessment guide. 2nd Ed., 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), Water Environment Federation (WEF). Washington DC. htto:/www.standardmethods.org/store/index.cfm U.S. EPA's Disinfection profiling and benchmarking guidance manual (U.S. EPA, 1999) © SABS 45This page has been left blank intentionallySABS - Standards Division ‘The objective of the SABS Standards Division is to develop, promote and maintain South African National Standards. This objective is incorporated in the Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008), Amendments and Revisions South African National Standards are updated by amendment or revision. 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