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All You Need To Know About Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code - IPleaders
All You Need To Know About Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code - IPleaders
All You Need To Know About Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code - IPleaders
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
3. Key components of IBC in resolution process
3.1. Adjudicating authority
3.2. Committee of creditors
3.3. Insolvency professionals
3.4. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India
4. Who can file application for corporate insolvency resolution and how
4.1. Financial creditor
4.2. Operational creditor
4.3. Corporate debtor
5. Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process
5.1. Moratorium
5.2. Liquidation
6. Achievements of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
7. Need of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (amendment), 2020
8. Conclusion
9. References
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Introduction
Insolvency and bankruptcy code is the Modi government’s most important reform. Indian
capitalism never understood bankruptcy and moreover, it is taken as a shame. This is
quite wrong, since a business can fail and there is nothing shameful in it.
Real capitalism doesn’t see shame in bankruptcy. Do you know the most powerful man in
the world got bankrupt 4 times? Yes, you guessed it right “DONALD TRUMP”.
During the period between 2008 to 2014, banks lent indiscriminately. This led to a very
high percentage of Non Profitable Assets (NPAs) which was highlighted by asset quality
reviewers of the RBI. This led to the prompt action by the government in appointing the
‘Joint Committee of Parliament’ on April 28, 2016, which in its report of 2015
recommended the IBC.
Both individuals as well as organizations can apply for insolvency. The only difference is,
for individuals, it is known as bankruptcy and for corporate it is called corporate
insolvency. It is a situation when an individual or company is not able to pay the debt in
the present or near future and the value of assets held by them are less than liability.
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 had been enacted to merge the then
existing laws related to insolvency and bankruptcy. Insolvency is a state in which
financial difficulties of a company are such that it is unable to run its business.
In order to cut down the burden of increasing non-performing assets, different kinds of
reforms were necessary. However, an immediate change in the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Laws was important. Therefore, Bankruptcy Law Reforms Committee (BLRC)
in 2014 under the chairmanship of Mr. T.K. Viswanathan, former Union Law Secretary,
was set up, in view of recommending an Indian Bankruptcy Code to replace the existing
laws and applicable both to non-financial corporations and individuals. The draft of
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code was submitted in 2015.
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Adjudicating authority
NCLT and DRT are judicially constituted special bodies for adjudicating resolution of
matters related to insolvency and bankruptcy. NCLT appeals lies to National Company
Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) and after NCLAT, the party can appeal to the Supreme
court of India. Similarly, for DRT, appeals lie to the Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal and
then to the supreme court of India. NCLT and DRT are separate tribunals. NCLT is for
companies and limited liability partnerships and DRT is for unlimited liability partnerships
and sole proprietors.
Committee of creditors
Committee of Creditors (COC) is given under section 21 of the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code, 2016. COC consists only of financial creditors. The role of the COC is
to approve and disapprove the resolution plan proposed by the resolution professional in
Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP). The minimum vote required to approve
the resolution plan is 75% in a meeting of COC. Operational creditors are allowed to take
part in the meeting of the committee of creditors but they don’t have the voting rights.
Insolvency professionals
Insolvency professionals are of two types one is interim insolvency professional and the
other is insolvency professionals. Interim insolvency professionals are appointed by the
adjudicating authority within 7 days from the day the application has been admitted by
the adjudicating authority and insolvency professionals are appointed by a committee of
creditors by a majority vote of 75% in the first meeting of the COC. If the COC is not
satisfied with the appointed interim insolvency professionals, they can replace them by
filing an application before the adjudicating authority. The adjudicating authority then
transfers the list to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) for the approval
of the list. If the board fails to respond within 10 days then the adjudicating authority
directs the interim insolvency professionals to continue with the insolvency resolution
process till the time the board confirms the list of insolvency professionals.
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IBBI plays the role of governing body for all such as insolvency resolution process,
insolvency professional agencies and information utilities. Approving the list of resolution
professionals is done by IBBI. It also enacts rules as well as enforce them to resolve
corporate insolvency, corporate liquidation, individual insolvency and individual
bankruptcy as per the insolvency and bankruptcy code, 2016. IBBI also takes part in
making new amendments to the code.
Financial creditor
Under sec. 5(7) of IBC 2016, financial creditors are basically creditors who give money to
the promoters. Banks, home buyers, etc are considered as the promotional creditors. The
following steps are followed by the debtors in case of any default.
1. The financial creditors can file an application before the adjudicating authority.
2. After furnishing the information, within 14 days the adjudicating authority has to
ascertain the default and if default has occurred then the application is admitted.
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Operational creditor
Under sec. 5(20) of IBC 2016, operational creditors are those creditors who do not give
money or cash to the promoters but they provide goods and services to the promoters.
For example, there is a company ‘X’ who manufacture cars and there is a company ‘Y’
who provide machines to company ‘X’ for manufacturing cars. Both companies make an
agreement that once the machines are delivered to the company ‘X’, then the company
‘X’ will transfer the money to the company ‘Y’ within 20 days. So, in this case company
‘Y’ is the operational creditor and the company ‘X’ is the debtor. The process is as
follows:
2. Debtor intimates the creditor within 10 days of notice of repayment of the unpaid
operational or notice of existence of disputes.
3. If the payment of dispute is not paid within 10 days then file an application before the
adjudicating authority.
4. Then operational creditors proposed for resolution professional and within 14 days the
adjudicating authority has to admit or reject the application.
Corporate debtor
Under sec. 5(a) of IBC 2016, corporate debtors are the promoters who take loans or
money from financial creditors or take goods or services from operational creditors as a
debt. The process is as follows:
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Moratorium
After the commencement of corporate insolvency resolution the NCLT orders a
moratorium on the debtor’s operations for the period of 180 days. This is termed as a
‘calm period’ during which no judicial proceedings for recovery, enforcement of security
interest, sale or transfer of assets, or termination of essential contracts can take place
against the debtor..
Liquidation
If the Resolution Process fails to find a resolution for the corporate debtor within the
stipulated timeline or if the COC does not approve the resolution plan by a vote of not
less than 66% of the voting share, the corporate debtor is liquidated.
After the adjudicating authority passes an order under section 33 of the Code, the debtor
goes into liquidation, the resolution professional who was appointed for the Corporate
Insolvency Resolution Process shall act as the liquidator for the purposes of liquidation,
subject to submission of a written consent to the Adjudicatory Authority, unless replaced.
Where the resolution professional, at any time during the corporate insolvency resolution
process but before confirmation of resolution plan, intimates the Adjudicating Authority
of the decision of the committee of creditors to liquidate the corporate debtor, the
Adjudicating Authority shall pass a liquidation order as referred to in sub-clauses (i), (ii)
and (iii) of clause (b) of sub-section (1) section 33 of the insolvency and bankruptcy
code.
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Deepening of bond markets to increase confidence among the creditors of getting the
money back from the debtors.
In 2 years of insolvency and bankruptcy code 2016, 1332 cases have been admitted
before the NCLT and 4452 cases have been disposed of at pre-admission stage. This
ultimately helped recover and settle around Rs. 2.2 lakh crore.
Helped to resolve and cure 12 big companies like Electrosteel Steels, Bhushan
Steel, Monnet Ispat & Energy, Amtek Auto and few companies have been referred
for liquidation because nobody came to buy them and a total 260 cases have been
ordered for liquidation.
a. 12 loan defaulters are Bhushan steel, LancoInfratech, ESSAR steels, Bhushan Power
and Steel, Alok Industry, AmtekAuto, Electro Steel limited, Era Infra, Jaypee Infra
Tech, ABGShipyard, Jyoti Structures and Monnet Ispat & Energy, constitute 25% of
bad loans.
Many cases are settled outside the courts by using the Alternative resolution process.
Defaulters know that if they will get into IBC they will be out of management of their
company because of section 29(a), so the companies are clearing their NPAs.
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commit defaults towards their debt obligations, the Central Government brought two
amendments for insolvency and bankruptcy code, 2016.
1. Including the raising of threshold for initiating the corporate insolvency resolution
process (“CIRP”) under Section 4 of the Code, from one lakh rupees to one crore
rupees, vide a notification issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) dated 24
March, 2020.
Conclusion
In 2016, India ranked 136 out of 189 countries in the World Bank’s index on the ease of
resolving insolvencies and as of 2019, India’s ranking in the World Bank’s index on
resolving insolvency has jumped to the 63rd rank. In India, before IBC came into
existence, the recovery rate of debt was around 26% and the time taken for closure of
cases was over four years. With the recommendation for introducing IBC, now the
average recovery rate is 43% in case of financial creditors and 49% in case of
operational creditors. IBC applies to both companies and individuals, providing them with
a time bound process to resolve insolvency. Due to the pandemic caused by Covid-19,
many companies and individuals will fail to pay their debts, which will increase the
number of Non Performing Assets. Therefore, IBC (amendments) will play a significant
role in protecting the interest of the companies (debtors) and for banks (creditors). In
the present era, there are numerous laws and forums which deal with various financial
failures and insolvency issues for a large number of bodies. However, the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code is one the best reforms by the Modi government given the way it has
been drafted, which is truly commendable.
References
https://www.livemint.com/Industry/TDenpfU0nhiXjlqAE6ZtPJ/12-large-NPA-cases-
listed-for-insolvency-yet-to-come-before.html
https://ibclaw.in/the-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-2016-ibc-download-pdf/
https://taxguru.in/income-tax/insolvency-bankruptcy-code-2016-analysis-section-10-
a.html#:~:text=Recently%2C%20on%2024%20April%2C%20a%20government%20offic
https://www.mondaq.com/india/insolvencybankruptcy/870978/personal-guarantors-
now-subject-to-ibc-a-brief-overview-of-the-insolvency-resolution-process
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