Inheritance

Biological inheritance is the process in which an offspring

get the characteristics of its parents
 Inheritance
• Find the definitions – 10 min. pair work
• You will be asked randomly.

• Genetics • Homozygous
• Allele • Heterozygous
• Genotype • Trait
• Phenotype
• Heredity
• Dominant
• Recessive • Genes
• Trait: a feature that an organism can pass on to its
young (offspring)
• Heredity: the passing of traits from parents to their
offspring
• Parental generation (P): The group of organisms used
to make the first cross in a breeding experiment.
• First filial generation: (F1): offspring of the parental
cross.
• Second filial generation (F2): offspring of F1.
• Monohybrid cross: A cross that involves one pair of
contrasting traits.
• Dihybrid cross: A cross involving two different sets of
traits.
• Genes: Are units of hereditary material found in DNA
ALLELE
Selected Hereditary Traits
Mendelian Inheritance

“Father of Genetics"
 Gregor Mendel

▪Austrian monk.

▪Studied the inheritance of

traits in pea plants.

▪Developed the laws of

inheritance.

▪Mendel's work was not

recognized until the turn of the
20th century

9
 Gregor Mendel

▪Between 1856 and 1863,

Mendel cultivated and tested
some 28,000 pea plants.

▪He found that the plants'

offspring retained traits of the
parents

10
Site of Gregor
Mendel’s
experimental
garden in the
Czech Republic

11
 Why peas, Pisum sativum?

▪Can be grown in a small area.

▪Produce lots of offspring.

▪Produce pure plants when allowed

to self-pollinate several
generations.

▪Can be artificially cross-pollinated.

 How Mendel Began his experiments

Mendel produced
pure strains by
allowing the plants
to self-pollinate
for several
generations
 Let’s make a revision
• Watch the video.
• Write down the terms that you learned.
• Write a meaningful summary with the terms
that you have written down.
• Answer the following questions.
– What is monohybrid cross?
– How a Punnet Square is drawn? (Watch out for
the 4 steps part in the video)
Mendel’s Laws
Booklet 2 page 22-23
 1. Law of Dominance
• In a cross of parents that are pure for
contrasting traits, only one form of the
trait will appear in the next generation.
• All the offspring will be heterozygous and
express only the dominant trait.
RR x rr yields all Rr (round seeds)
P Purple p white

P PP x pp

Pure Baskin
F Pp
traits
19
 yellow
1. Law of Dominance
Y green
dominant
homozygous Yvigg
domins

I
i

jpg y

20
 2. Law of Segregation
Meiosis
• During the formation of gametes (eggs or
sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait
separate from each other.
• Alleles
t
for a trait are then "recombined" at
fertilization, producing the genotype for the
RIndammij
Fzation
traits of the offspring. over
crossing

i
EFFIE
21
Applying the Law of Segregation

Genotype Heterozygous

Peno
type

Nappa

22
 3. Law of Independent Assortment

• Alleles for different traits are distributed to

sex cells independently of one another.
• This law can be illustrated using dihybrid
crosses.

t
NÉE
23
 Types of Genetic Crosses
▪ Monohybrid cross - cross involving a single
trait
e.g. flower color
▪ Dihybrid cross - cross involving two traits
e.g. flower color & plant height
tall
PPTt X Pp Tt
short
PT Pt pt pt
Monohybrid
Crosses
 P1 Monohybrid Cross
• Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Round seedsx Wrinkled seeds
• Cross: RR x rr

Genotype: Rr
r r
Phenotype: Round
R Rr Rr Genotypic
Ratio: All alike

R Rr Rr Phenotypic
Ratio: All alike
 P1 Monohybrid Cross Review

▪ Homozygous dominant x Homozygous

recessive
▪ Offspring all Heterozygous (hybrids)
▪ Offspring called F1 generation
▪ Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL ALIKE
 F1 Monohybrid Cross
• Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
• Rr x Rr

Genotype: RR, Rr, rr

R r
Phenotype: Round &
wrinkled
R RR Rr
G.Ratio: 1:2:1

r Rr rr P.Ratio: 3:1

28
 F1 Monohybrid Cross Review
▪ Heterozygous x heterozygous
▪ Offspring:
25% Homozygous dominant RR
50% Heterozygous Rr
25% Homozygous Recessive rr
▪ Offspring called F2 generation
▪ Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1
▪ Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1
29
 F2 Monohybrid Cross Review
▪ Homozygous (for dominant or recessive trait) x
heterozygous(hybrid)
▪ Offspring:
50% Homozygous RR or rr
50% Heterozygous Rr
▪ Phenotypic Ratio is 1:1

30
What Do the Peas Look Like?

31
 untie

…And Now the Test Cross

Purple Pp PP x pp
• Mendel then crossed a pure & a hybrid
from his F1 generation
• This is known as an test cross
• Test cross is between an unknown
genotype x homozygous recessive
• The aim of test cross is to reveal the
genotype of a parent that has a dominant
phenotype. (For example: The parent is DD
or Dd).
32
 Test Cross
• Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Wrinkled seeds x Round seeds
• rr x Rr

R r Genotype: Rr, rr
Phenotype: Round &
r Rr rr Wrinkled
G. Ratio: 1:1
r Rr rr P.Ratio: 1:1
33
 Dihybrid Cross
• A breeding experiment that tracks the
inheritance of two traits.
• Mendel’s “Law of Independent Assortment”
• a. Each pair of alleles segregates independently during
gamete formation
• b. Formula: 2n (n = # of heterozygotes)

34
 Question:
How many gametes will be produced for the
following allele arrangements?

• Remember: 2n (n = # of heterozygotes)
• 1. RrYy RY Ry ry ry
• 2. AaBbCCDd 8

• 3. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq

35
 Answer:
1. RrYy: 2n = 22 = 4 gametes
RY Ry rY ry

2. AaBbCCDd: 2n = 23 = 8 gametes
ABCD ABCd AbCD AbCd
aBCD aBCd abCD abCD

3. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq: 2n = 26 = 64
gametes

36
 Dihybrid Cross
• Traits: Seed shape & Seed color
• Alleles: R round
r wrinkled
Y yellow
y green
•

RrYy x RrYy

RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry

All possible gamete combinations

37
Yi
É Dihybrid Cross
RY Ry rY ry

RY

Ry

rY

ry

38
 Dihybrid Cross
RY Ry rY ry

Round/Yellow: 9
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy

Round/green: 3
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy

wrinkled/Yellow: 3
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
wrinkled/green: 1
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy 9:3:3:1 phenotypic
ratio
39
Dihybrid Cross

Round/Yellow: 9
Round/green: 3
wrinkled/Yellow: 3
wrinkled/green: 1
9:3:3:1

40
 Test Cross with dihybrid traits
• A mating between an individual of unknown genotype
with a dominant phenotype and a homozygous
recessive individual. The aim is to learn the genotype
of the individual.
• Example: bbC__ x bbcc

• BB = brown eyes
• Bb = brown eyes
• bb = blue eyes

• CC = curly hair bC b___

• Cc = curly hair
• cc = straight hair bc

41
 Test Cross
• Possible results:

bC b___
C bC b___
c

bc bbCc bbCc or bc bbCc bbcc

42
 Summary of Mendel’s laws
PARENT
LAW OFFSPRING
CROSS

DOMINANCE TT x tt 100% Tt
tall x short tall

Tt x Tt 75% tall
SEGREGATION
tall x tall 25% short

9/16 round seeds & green pods

RrGg x RrGg 3/16 round seeds & yellow
INDEPENDENT
round & green pods
ASSORTMENT 3/16 wrinkled seeds & green
x pods
round & green 1/16 wrinkled seeds & yellow
pods
43
Incomplete Dominance
and
Codominance
Booklet 2 pages 26-27

44
 Incomplete Dominance

• F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in

between the phenotypes of the two parental
varieties.
• Example: snapdragons (flower)
• red (RR) x white (rr) r r

• RR = red flower R
• rr = white flower
R
45
 Incomplete Dominance

r r

Rr Rr produces the
R
F1 generation
R Rr Rr All Rr = pink
(heterozygous pink)

46
P generation

Red Whit
RR e
rr

Gametes R r

F1 generation
Pink
Rr

1
– 1
Gametes R – r
2 2

Sperm
1 1
–
2 R –
2
r

F2 generation 1 RR rR
–
2 R
Eggs
1 Rr rr
–
2
r
 Codominance
• Two alleles are expressed in heterozygous
individuals.
• Example: blood antigen
M MM M antigen
N NN N antigen
MN MN M and N antigen

48
 allele possibility
Alf
multiple
Codominance fork
• Neither allele is dominant over the other
• Expression of both alleles is observed as a distinct phenotype in
the heterozygous individual
• Observed for type AB blood
 Multiple Allele
Booklet 2 page 30

If there is more than two alleles of a character

in a population, such as blood group A,B and O.

1. type A = IAIA or IAi

2. type B = IBIB or IBi
AB
3. type AB = I I
4. type O = ii
 Multiple Allele
• A diploid individual can carry any two of these alleles
• The ABO blood group has three alleles, leading to four
phenotypes: type A, type B, type AB, and type O blood
 Another Multiple Allele Problem

• Example: male Type O (ii)

x
A B
female type AB (I I )
IA IB

i I Ai I Bi 1/2 = IAi
1/2 = IBi
i I Ai I Bi

52
 Multiple Allele
• Question:
If a boy has a blood type O and his sister
has blood type AB, what are the
genotypes and phenotypes of their
parents?

• boy - type O (ii) X girl - type AB (I I )

AB

53
 Multiple Allele

• Answer:
AOxBO
IEEE t
Titta d

121 AO Bo
BB DD orDd
IA i add
with A o
A B
IB I I Parents:
genotypes = IAi and IBi
phenotypes = A and B
i ii

54
 BLOOD GROUP TEST

X antigen + X antibody = Agglutination

Blood
Group
(Phenotype) Genotypes Red Blood Cells

O ii

I AI A
A or Carbohydrate A
I Ai

I BI B
B or Carbohydrate B
I Bi

AB I AI B
Blood Antibodies Reaction When Blood from Groups Below Is Mixed
Group Present in with Antibodies from Groups at Left
(Phenotype) Blood
O A B AB

O Anti-A
Anti-B

A Anti-B

B Anti-A

AB —
 Rh Factor:
Rh factor is an antigen on RBC’s. Rhesus factor
(Rh+) is an inherited dominant characteristic.
Rh antigen is represented by D.
If RBC has antigen Rh + (either DD or Dd)
If RBC doesn’t have antigen Rh – (dd)
 Rh Imcompatibility or Rh Disease
• It is common in newborn babies
called erythroblastis fetalis.
• If a Rh – mother is carrying Rh +
fetus this case might occur. In the
later stages of pregnancy, muscular
contraction of placenta may cause
limited exchange of blood.
• Fetus Rh+ RBC’s pass to mother and
she produces anti-D in plasma
• Maternal anti-D can cross placenta
so in the future pregnancy Rh+ fetus
will be at risk.
 Question:
If mother is heterozygote (for both traits) A Rh+,
the father is heterozygote (for both traits) B Rh+.
What is the probability of having a ABRh- child?

A0Dd X B0Dd

½. ½ . ½ . ½ =1/16
É