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TOPIC 1
Introduction of Structure Design
Basic Design Concept
Reinforced Concrete materials and Grades
Basic Structural members
Load Path
Structural Systems2.4 Principles of working loads
2.5 Ultimate and serviceability limit state
2.6 Partially safety factors
2.7 Working and factored loads

Structural Design Process

Architectural Layout
Client Requirements Conceptual
Design
Stage
Development of Design Criteria

Preparation of Structural Layout

Structural Analysis and Design

Preparation of Detail Drawings

Check and Review

Drawing Production

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Design Criteria

Relevant Design Codes of practice

Intended use of structures
Sub-soil Condition
Fire Resistance Requirement
Exposure Condition
Wind Speed
Safety and stability of the structures
Economical
Characteristic strength of reinforcement and concrete
Loading system
Other relevant design and detailing parameter-min. breath of
beams, min. thickness of slab

Concrete as
Structural Materials

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Concrete
Coarse
aggregate
cement

Fine
aggregate

Concrete
Properties
Wet and hardened tests

Wet Concrete to measure ability of concrete to flow i.e

the ease of which it can be placed, compacted, mixed and
finished.

Factors effecting workability includes:-

w/c ratio,
duration and method of transportation,
concrete consistency,
admixtures,
aggregate grading, shape and
surface texture.

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Concrete
workability

Measurement of
workability
Slump test - A good indicator of
concrete workability o
Low workability -25-50 mm
Medium -50-100 mm
High - 100-175 mm

Self-compacting concrete similar slump test is

conducted to determine segregation and flow ability
of the mix i.e. diameter of concrete flow is measured
not the slump.

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Hardened Concrete
Properties
Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength,
Modulus of Elasticity,
Creep,
Shrinkage

Concrete compressive test

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BS- Compressive
Strength
According to BS 8110
Refer to BS 1881:1983 Methods of Testing
Concrete
Measured on 28 days after casting. Why? How?
Cylinder =80 % of cube strength
Concrete grade C20, C25, C30,C35, C40, C50
which mean characteristic strength of 20, 25,
30,35,40 and 50 N/mm2 respectively.
RC density =24kN/m3

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EC-Compressive
strength
RC Density = 24 concrete +1 for steel bars = 25
kN/m3
Design is based on cylinder strength, fck
Relationship between cylinder/cube is given in
Table 3.1.
Written as C20/25, C25/30 , C90/105
(cylinder/cube)
For shear design concrete strength should not
be greater than C50/60

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Materials Strength
Characteristic strength, fk= Mean strength-1.64(standard
deviation)
= fm-1.64s

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Concrete Density

RC = 25kN/m3

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Materials Strength
Concrete
Concrete characteristic strength (fck)- 28 days cylinder
strength. Refer to EC2 Clause 3.1
Class C20/25 refers to cylinder/cube strength of 20 and 25
N/mm2 respectively

Refer to EN 1992-1-1: Table 3.1

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Steel as
Structural Materials

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Steel bar/ Reinforcements

Steel is an alloy (metal made of different elements)
made from iron and carbon
may have chromium and nickel to resist rust
made into many shapes (I-beams, pipes, wires) and joined
many ways (rivet, bolt, weld)
used as rebar or wires to strengthen concrete
embedded in concrete (reinforcing)
provide tensile strength
Good in shear
Corrodes if unprotected
Poor fire resistance- rapid loss of strength at high temperature

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Why steel??

The purpose of reinforcement steel in

RC is to accommodate tensile stresses
and to minimise the width of crack that
do develop.
Compression steel is to improve
compressive strength and also to
control creep

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Steel Properties
Steel =Reinforcement Bars
Production -1) hot rolled;
2) cold-worked
Steel (1) mild steel (BS: R)
(2) high yield (BS: Y or T types;
EC: H)
Es = 200 kN/mm2

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Steel Density

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Materials Strength
Reinforcing steel (EC)
Steel characteristic strength (fyk )- yield strength of the
steel
High strength steel (H); fyk = 500 N/mm2
Mild strength steel (R); fyk = 250 N/mm2
Steel fabric (BRC); fyk = 485 N/mm2

Ribbed high yield bars may be classified as:

Class A: which is normally associated with small diameter
mm) cold worked bars used in mesh and fabric
Class B: which is most commonly used for reinforcing bars
Class C: high ductility which may be used in earthquake
design or similar situations

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Materials Strength
Reinforcing steel
Characteristic strength is used for materials strength.
Materials strength obtained from lab tests.
(concrete-cylinder/cube crushing test; steel-tensile
tests)
Further Allowance is made in the material by using
partial safety factor for materials ( m)

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Materials Strength
Design strength
Design strength, Xd = characteristic strength of material
partial factor of safety for
materials
= ( X k )
m

Design situation c for concrete s for

reinforcing
steel
Persistent & transient 1.5 1.15
Accidental 1.2 1.0

Refer to EN 1992-1-1: Table 2.1

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Stress-strain relationship
concrete
Design curve
Actual test curve
fck
fcm 0.85 f ck 0.85 f ck
f cd 0.567 f ck
c 1.5
fcd

=0.002 =0.0035

Refer to EN 1992-1-1: Cl 3.1.5

cu2

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EC2 fcd= 0.56 fck

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Stress-strain relationship
reinforcing steel
Actual test curve

Refer to EN 1992-1-1: Cl 3.2

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Stress-strain relationship
reinforcing steel
Design curve

f yk f yk
f yd 0.87 f yk
s 1.15

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500/1.15 =435

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EC 2

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Check your
understanding
Materials -
Material Safety factors
Stress-strain for steel and concrete

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Basic Structural members?

What is a Load Path?
What is Structural systems?
Is precast and prestressed concrete is
structural systems?

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Introduction to EC

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Terminology Differences

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© The Concrete Centre, UK EC2 Design Guides

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Eurocode vs British Standard

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Introduction BS EN 1990: Basis of design

to EC2 BS EN 1991: Actions
BS EN 1992: Concrete
EC2 is part BS EN 1993: Structural steelwork
of The BS EN 1994: Composite steel and
Eurocode concrete
family that BS EN 1995: Timber
consists of BS EN 1996: Masonry
57 codes BS EN 1997: Foundations
altogether. BS EN 1998: Seismic
BS EN 1999: Aluminium

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© The Concrete Centre, UK EC2 Design Guides

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© The Concrete Centre, UK EC2 Design Guides

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National Annex (NA)

Complementary to main texts
Based on country.
Provides Nationally Determined Parameters (NDP)
allowed for reasons of safety, economy and durability.
Made decision on the main text allows alternative
methods.
The choice of Class where alternatives are given (e.g. to
allow for different environmental conditions)
Giving the choice of adopting informative Annexes

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BS EN 1990 Eurocode
Statistical approach to determine the realistic value of actions
No equivalent BS code
New definitions and symbols.
Design life of structure.
Includes partial safety factor for actions
Partial safety factor for materials are prescribe in their relevant
Eurocode.

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Design Life (EC)

From UK Annex
Use to determine the durability for the design of RC
structure (e.g. cover for 50 years= 30mm and for
100years =40mm)

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Actions

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TOPIC 2
Actions and its effects
Permanent and variables actions
Limit State Design
Partially safety factors
Combination of actions

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Design Philosophy

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Objective of Structural Design:

To produce structure that can perform

satisfactory during their intended life.

WITH

An Appropriate degree of safety

i.e. can sustain all load and deformation of normal use and have
adequate durability and resistance to the effects of misuse and
fire.

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Design Philosophy
BS 8110-1: 1997
Referring to limit State Design

Code of practice as guide to the engineer and should be used as

such: the code should never be allowed to replace engineer
conscience and competence (by experience).

When limit state is reached, a structure or part of structure is

rendered unfit for use.

Limit State is defined as a particular state in which it ceases to

fulfill the function or satisfy the condition for which it was
design.

READ CHAPTER 2-

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Basic Design methods Before ULS

Permissible stress (working at elastic stge of
material)
materials strength/SF = Design stress
Load Factor = working loads x SF (no SF for
materials)
ULS = Working load x SF and
material strength /SF

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Ultimate and Serviceability Limit

States

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Your own notes

Definition and criteria of
limit state,
Ultimate Limit States,
Serviceability Limit States.

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Partial safety factors

- Materials
- Actions

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Design Situation

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Safety factors- Actions

Depends on :-
- Design Situations
- actions
- unfavourable / favourable
- Load combinations
- Serviceability /ultimate limit states

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Actions

Fire

Characteristic value is notated as Gk and Q k for permanent

and variable actions, respectively while design value for
accidental action is Ad specified by individual projects.

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Actions (Loading)
Characteristic load does not consider
- possible increases in load
- inaccuracies in design assumption
- errors and approximations in calculations
- constructional tolerance

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Actions (Loads)
What is characteristic??

Characteristic is the actual loads that the

structure is designed to carry.
It is defined in EN 1990-4.1.2

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Actions (Loads)
Characteristic Permanent Action (Gk)
Self-weight of the structure and finishes(ceiling,
partitions, etc. )-Refer to EN 1991-1-1 Annex A
Characteristic Variable Action (Qk)
Load caused by people, furniture, equipment. Refer
to EN 1991-1-1 Table 6.2.
Characteristic Wind Action (Wk)
Depends on the location, shape and dimensions of
the building.
Accidental Actions = explosion, fire, impact

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Partial Safety Factors

So, structural member is designed for DESIGN
ACTION.

Design Action,Fd = Characteristic load x partial safety

factor for actions
=Fk f

f is given in EN 1990: Annex A1

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Variable actions
Values are not only multiply by the safety
factors but also the combination of actions

Section 6.3, EC1:Part 1-1

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factors for different load combinations

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Almost permanent

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factors for different load combinations

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Use of in Combination of Actions

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Actions (Loading)
Characteristic Permanent Action (Gk)

Material kN/m3 Material kN/m2

Bricks, common 19 Brick wall, 115 2.6
Bricks, pressed 22 mm thick
Reinforced 25 Gypsum plaster, 0.5
Concrete 25 mm thick
Glass 27 Glazing, single 0.3
Aluminium 27

Steel 77
Water 9.81-10

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Actions (Loading)
Characteristic Variable Action (Qk)
Material kN/m3
Houses 1.5
Hospital 2.0
Hotel bedrooms 2.0
Offices 2.5
Classrooms 3.0
Gymnasiums, dance hall 5.0
Flat roofs, with access 1.5

Flat roofs, no access 0.6

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Summary
Design Philosophy
Different of LS with previous methods of
Design
Components of LS-
Partial Safety Factors
Characteristic load, Working load and Factored
Loads.

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Next Class
Topic 3: Ultimate Strength Analysis for Flexure

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