Erlina Ambarwati

 POPULASI X

Sampel/
Parameter:(µ, σ2)
X1, X2, X3, contoh
Statistik:

…..XN
(X ,.δ ) 2

n
N

∑ Xi ∑ Xi
X = i =1
µ= i =1
n
N
n

∑ − µ
N 2
∑ ( Xi − µ ) 2 ( Xi )
σ =2 i =1 δ2 = i =1

N n
9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 2
 X ≈ N (µ ,σ ) 2

δ 2 = Penduga.σ 2 .(bias )

X = Penduga.µ .(tidakbias )
n

Penduga tidak bias σ2

∑ ( Xi − µ ) 2

δ2 = i =1
n −1

X ≈ N(X , n )
δ2

9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 3

 δ
2

 Varian rerata contoh = var (x) = x

n

 Standar deviasi = δ x

9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 4

 Jika X (variabel random normal)
Transformasi

X’=a+cX ( a & c konstanta)

•Distribusi normal
•Rerata = a + c E(X)
•Varian = c2σ2x

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 5

 X − µx
Z= Z ~N(0,1)
σ

X1, X2, …..,Xn Komb. Linear: a1X1 +a2X2+…+anXn

Variabel random Berdistribusi normal
Rerata= ΣaiE(Xi), Varian= Σai2σ2(Xi)
normal independen

Area = .95

Area =.025 Area =.025

rejection region rejection region

27.23 µ0=30 32.77

non-rejection region
Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 6
 Jika Z1, Z2, …., Zn => normal standar independen

 Z12 + Z22 + ….+ Zn2 = χ2 (n)

 χ2 (n) mempunyai parameter db

 Rerata distribusi χ2 (n) dg db n : E (χ2 (n))= n

Pembandingnya Tabel χ2

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 7

  Misal Z dan χ2 (n) : var
random independen Z
t( n ) = 1/ 2
 Z dan χ2(n) : independen  χ (n) 
2

 Distribusi t mempunyai  n 
parameter = db(n)  
 Rerata =E(t(n))=0
 Pembanding: tabel t
Luas=1

Rerata = 0
9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 8
 Area = .95

Area =.025 Area =.025

rejection region rejection region

27.23 µ0=30 32.77

non-rejection region

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 9

  Jika χ2 (nY) dan χ2 (nX) : var random
independen
χ n2 χ n2
F( nY ;n X ) = Y
: X

vY vX

9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 10

 E(a) = a, jika a konstan
 E(X) = µx
 E(aX) = a E(X)
 E (X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y)
 E(X-Y) = E(X)-E(Y)

Variannya silakan dicari sendiri!

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 11

The subjects in the experiment are
randomly assigned to the treatments.
For example, ten rats are randomly
assigned to a half of dose levels of an
experimental drug under investigation.

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 12

Subjects are randomly selected from
different populations of interest.
For example, 50 male and 50 female
dogs are randomly selected from animal
shelters in large and small cities, and
tested for the presence of heartworm.

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 13

  Ho: µY= µX µY- µX =0 (kecil atau b)

 E(b)=E(µY- µX ) = E(Y-X) = E(Y) – E(X)

µY- µX ≈ Y − X
 Var (b) = var (Y – X)
= var (Y) + var (X) – 2 cov (Y,X)

Y − X −b
t hit =
δ Y2 δ x2
+
nY nX

9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 14

2. Ho : µY=2 µX => µY - 2 µX = 0
jika b = µY - 2 µX

 E(b)=E(µY- 2µX ) = E(Y-2X) = E(Y) – 2E(X)

µY - 2µX ≈ Y − 2X

 Var (b) = var (Y – 2X)

= var (Y) + 4var (X) – 4 cov(Y,X)

Y − 2X − b 1
Y − X −b
t hit = t hit = 2

δ 2
4δ 2 1
δ Y2 δ 2
+Y X 4
+ X
nY nX nY nX
9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 15
 Langkah
1. Tentukan hipotesisnya: Ho & Ha
2. Tentukan tingkat signifikansinya (α=1% or
5%)
3. Tentukan daerah penolakan (batas kritis)
4. Tentukan nilai ujinya (t, F, χ2 hitung)
5. Simpulkan berdasarkan uji dan tabel
Link to langkah uji hipotesis

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 16

 Data berpasangan
Y − X −b
t hit =
δ Y2 δ X2
+
nY nX Data tidak berpasangan:
•Varian homogen
•Varian tidak homogen

Max(δ , δ ) 2 2
Perlu
F= Y X
Uji Homogenitas varian
Min(δ , δ ) 2
Y
2
X

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 17

Motivation: true difference does not exist, BUT presence of other
sources of variation -> rejection of the Ho of no difference
The other way: true differences masked by presence of these factors

Goal: minimize extraneous sources of variation

Approach: use one sample instead of two independent samples

Sample may be:
(a) same individuals measured under two conditions
(b) paired or matched individuals in extraneous variables

Test: for a mean but using the differences between observations

Disadvatage: loss of n-1 degrees of freedom compared to

independent samples
n

d − µd0 d = ∑ (x 1i − x 2i ) / n
t= i =1
sd
sd = sd / n

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 18

 d=
∑ d
d − do
i

n
t hit = ∑ − d) 2

δd
(d
δ 2
= i

n −1
d

δ 2
δd = d
n
ttabel = t (α , db)
 ( n − 1)δ 2
+ ( n − 1)δ 2
δp = Y
2 Y X X
(nY + n X − 2)

(Y − X ) − µ 0 Y−X
t hit = =
δY − X 1 1
δP +
nY n X

bandingkan

ttabel = t (α , db) = t (α , nY + n X − 2)
Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 20
 Y−X
t hit =
δ Y2 δ X2 δ Y2 δ X2
δ 2
= +
Y −X
nY nX +
nY nX

ttabel = t (α , db)
db = k
2 2
1 1  δ / nY
2
 1  δ / nX 2

=  +
Y X
 2  
k nY − 1  δ Y / nY + δ X / n X  n X − 1  δ Y2 / nY + δ X2 / n X 
2

9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 21

t tabel jika varian dua populasi tidak
homogen

δX2 δY2
+ tY
nX tX nY
t tabel =
δX2 δY2
+
nX nY

Erlina Ambarwati 9/10/2012 22

  Dari dua kelas masing-masing diambil contoh
sebanyak 6 (kelas A) dan 5 (kelas B). Nilai
statistik yang diperoleh sebagai berikut:
Statistik A B
Rerata 70 75
Sampel (n) 6 5
Var 9,2 24,5

 Apakah nilai kedua kelas tersebut berbeda

nyata?

9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 23

 Ha : σ A2 ≠ σ B2 δ 2 24,5
Fhit = 2 = = 2,68
B

Ho : σ A2 = σ B2 δ A 9,2

Ftabel = F (0,025;4;5) = 7,39

Fhit<F tabel : varian kedua populasi indentik

9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 24

δ =
2 (5)9,2 + (4)24,5
= 16 δ 2
=4
1 1
+ δ p =4
p
(4 + 5) X A−X B
6 5

X A − X B − µ0 | 70 − 75 |
t hit = = = 2,06
δX A−X B
2,42

ttabel = t (2,5%,9) = 2,262

t. Hitung < t tabel:

nilai kedua kelas tersebut tidak berbeda nyata

9/10/2012 Erlina Ambarwati 25