Criticisms Against Dwight Waldo in the Context of His Works

In general, the concepts, processes, factors related to public administration from a

questioning perspective. There are some criticisms against D. Waldo, who
analyzed it in his works. For example; Richard Stillman by asking questions
continuously, not making precise, clear and explicit definitions, and the answers
he gave to the questions. It has been criticized for only partially addressing the
facts. In addition to this, Brian R. Fry he is a critic and commentator rather than an
"innovative-creative" influence in the field of public administration that the
bureaucracy and democracy must be preserved. Brian Fry has criticized D. Waldo's
view that one should have bureaucracy and democracy, but that does not specify
how the conflict between the two can be resolved or how the balance between
the two can be achieved;
that although public administration is not a profession, it is not a profession in the
sense that public administration operates like a profession. And although he
advocated the involvement of the administration in politics, in his works, politics-
administration the most significant aspect of D. Waldo's work, inferring that some
values persist in his dualism.
That the problem was his indecision.
D. Waldo brought many works on public administration to the literature. The basic
arguments of classical management the Administrative State, which criticizes and
takes the understanding of management to new dimensions; the Administrative
State, where decision-making is made by disregarding values democratic
governance, which is the beginning of the Simon-Waldo quarrel, arguing that it is
not possible.
The Development of Public Administration Theory, which depicts public
administration as both a process and a discipline.
Examination of Public Administration are some of them. Values, processes and
elements of public administration, Waldo, who tried to reveal definitions through
questioning and analysis, constantly asked questions and did not give clear
answers to questions.
Does not give clear definitions, does not make clear definitions, and is more of a
critic and commentator than an innovator.
The New Public Management Movement: Minnowbrook Conference
(1968-1988)
After the 1960s, the world entered a period of great transformation in social,
political, technological and economic terms. American political scientist Dwight
Waldo, who called this period a period of 'turbulence', pointed out that the
process was also closely related to public administration. In this period, the failure
of the classical public administration approach to produce solutions paved the way
for the emergence of new searches. The American New Public Management
Movement (NPMM), which came to the agenda within this framework, has been
directed to create a new trend with the Minnowbrook Conference, which has
been convened three times so far under the leadership of Waldo and his students.
Underlining that this movement was developed to correct the existing order
rather than destroying it, Waldo emphasized that public administration should be
at the center of social change and should act in parallel with this change.
This movement, which emerged out of social and political ferment, is a rebellion
of the youth and part of the counterculture of the non-Marxist left. According to
him, this movement, which he calls 'New Romanticism', is based on the idea that
human beings are inherently good. but is made worse by institutions.

The movement also explored in depth the principles of the New Public
Management (NPM) approach, whose main themes are organizational
participation, decentralization and representative bureaucracy, and promoted
participation as both a political and organizational process. This was seen as
particularly necessary in terms of political participation, the distribution of power
and the participation of citizens in governance. First of all, organizational
participation, as an incentive for change within the organization, is almost a
hostile element for the bureaucratic mechanism. Waldo (1968: 66) saw the
conflict between bureaucracy and democracy as a dilemma. From his point of
view, on the one hand, power is seen as a dangerous commodity that needs to be
fragmented and dispersed, while on the other hand it is recognized that it can
serve good intentions if properly channeled. This undoubtedly necessitates the
promotion of decentralization in administrative terms. Decentralization as an
element of decentralization, like participation, acts to decentralize power and
ensure citizen participation in organizational processes. Finally, representative
bureaucracy is characterized by customer-oriented management and
is a principle that aims to ensure representation. This
Within the framework of this understanding, it is noteworthy that the NRP refers
to elements such as decentralization and devolution.
Rationalism, modernity, positivism, partly liberalism and utilitarianism H. George
Frederickson, one of the founding fathers of the NRP and a student of Waldo's,
who seems to have taken a stand against morality, argued that classical public
administration;

1) How to deliver more and better services with existing resources,

2) How to improve service quality by spending less money,

and emphasizes that in addition to these questions, a new question is sought to be

answered with the understanding of HRD. And this question is 'presented

Do services ensure social justice and equality?' The movement, which is concerned
with building a better public administration by departing from the foundations of
the Scientific School and the Behavioral School, in this context seeks ways to
change the current policy and structure to achieve the concept of social equality.

systematic obstacles to equality. 'Social equality' here

should never be confused with the concept of equal opportunities. By social

equality is meant

The concept advocates the elimination of the gap between the small shareholders
and the large shareholders in the distribution of resources in the capitalist system.
The concept of equality of opportunity, on the other hand, not only bridges this
gap, but also contains the potential to widen it further. For example, the concept
of free education is not a policy of 'social equality' in this context. As much as this
policy offers advantages to the poor, it also offers the same advantage to the
wealthy. Thus, the gap does not close, the wealthThere is no loss to the owners of
the NRP.
In the shaping of the movement, especially those who could not get enough share
from social welfare in America, the failed and socially costly Vietnam War, and the
resulting negative social conditions such as poverty played a major role. While the
first two conferences of the movement were mostly local discussions on public
administration for a single nation, the third conference was therefore composed
of more global issues within the framework of the above-mentioned problems

The members of the movement, who blended liberal and individualist approaches
with collectivist and egalitarian approaches, gave public administrators an active
role in eliminating social inequality. The movement, which envisages the active
participation of the public administrator especially in the making of public policies,
has also taken a stance against the politics/administration distinction in the
classical public administration approach. At this stage, the movement sees the
public bureaucracy as a tool for ensuring social justice and equality and places a
great responsibility on it.
Emphasizing the necessity of a new bureaucracy and strong government in order
to provide a better quality of life, the NRP distinguishes itself from other
movements by using

lists the main arguments as follows

1) Less comprehensive but more concerned with the 'public',
2) It is less descriptive and more suggestive of solutions,
3) Less organization/institution-based and more service delivery/customer-based
focused,
4) Less neutral but more normative,
5) Finally, it is no less scientific than the other movements.

The prefix 'new' to this movement stems from the efforts of the representatives
who believe that the values of the modernist classical understanding of public
administration, which focuses on efficiency and effectiveness, are lacking, to
include social justice and equality among the core values of public administration.
In other words, a new normative approach is at stake. In this context, the NRP is
often referred to as a 'new' prefix, as opposed to another
The NPM is regarded as a stage on the way to the current RPI movement. In this
context, while rejecting some of the values of the classical understanding of public
administration, the PRSP did not put forward a completely different theory, it only
aimed to correct the faulty aspects of the old system by blending the concepts of
social justice and equality. Therefore, although there has been a change in public
administration
Although it envisioned change, it was not shaped within a different paradigm.