MATH2021

Week 4 Lecture 2

The University of Sydney

2024 Semester 1
• Last time:
• Polar coordinates
• Change of variables in 2D

• Today:
• Green’s theorem
Orientation of a simple closed curve

• A simple closed curve C surrounding a region R in the xy-plane is said to have positive orientation if
R lies on the left as you traverse C.

• A simple closed curve C surrounding a region R in the xy-plane is said to have negative orientation if
R lies on the right as you traverse C.

hey Orient .
,

< of C
,
Green’s Theorem

• Theorem (Green’s Theorem): Let C be a positively oriented simple closed curve surrounding a
region D ⇢ R2 .
If F = P i + Qj is C 1 in D and on C, then
I I ZZ ✓ ◆
@Q @P
F · dr = P dx + Qdy = dA.
C C D @x @y
=
8D

boundary of D
'

Rmk ; -
Green 's Then says we can
compute certain

fine integrals as double integral or vice versa

.

or

Green 's Them information

relates
boundary
É
•

to interior information .
Green’s Theorem in curl form

@Q @P
• Claim: = (r ⇥ F) · k
@x @y

¥ THE [É É ¥ ] oi ☐
ftp.xE-dyF )£
-

= do =

Fix,y, EH1Y ) O

Es
☒ E) 1--2×1=2 dyfi
'

'
.
✗ • -

• Theorem (Green’s Theorem in curl form): Let C be a positively oriented simple closed curve
surrounding a region D ⇢ R2 .
If F = P i + Qj is C 1 in D and on C, then
I
F · dr =
ZZ
(r ⇥ F) · k dA.
i
C D
Illustrating Green’s Theorem

• We postpone the proof of Green’s Theorem.

T C
• ex We verify Green’s Theorem for a special case:

F= yi + xj and D = {(x, y) 2 R2 | x2 + y 2  1}. D

Green 's -1hm

: § E- DE
=\ ☒ E)
✗ .

I dA =/ d- 4P)dA

f ~
☐

In

Goal ; check I
,
=
I2 .
 ' '
'

Ii : ( =
JD : ✗ +
Y = 1

✗ " t
by
=

param .
1 t :O → at

IY =
Sint

-
'

,
I ,
=

§ E.dz =
§ Pdx + Q dy

C C

=
§ 1- y ) dx 1- ✗
dy
c

"

=) 0
1- Sint) C- Sint dt ) + lost ) ( cost dt )

=
IF dt = 4T .
 In :=
f) ↳Q Jyp )
•

DA
D

=
f) 4×1×1 -

tyty ) ) DA

=
IS a DA
p

Area
ff 21T
=
2 ID )
= 2 DA = ,

i. I, I in this example
=
,
.
%
 H
ex Evaluate C
yex dx 2xy 2 dy, where C is the square with vertices at
(1, 1), ( 1, 1), ( 1, 1), and (1, 1).I C has positive orientation
assuming .

|^[
R
>✗
I=§
C
Pdx + ady ,

where P =
Yet 0=-2×1 ?
,

R is the [ -1
square I -1,1 ] ✗
,
I ] ,

C = JR .
Then
by Green 's Them
,

§ P dx + Q dry =
f) ✗ ✗
Q -

dy P ) DA

C R

=) / [2×1 -
↳ y
'

) -
2,1 yet ) ) DA

= ) ) ( wi -
ei ) DA

R
 "
=

%) .

,
( →
y
'
-

E) dxdy

I " "

[ [ é ] dy
'
= →✗
y
-

✗ =
-1
,

f. I f- e' + e- 1) dy
'
=
44 -

=
E- f- y
'
]
'
+ [ let -

e.) D;
,

"

§
=
de -

de "
"
-

.
④ Prae Week 4 Problem 4
Lecture summary

After today’s lecture, you should be able to:

• Apply Green’s Theorem.