MATH2021

Week 5 Lecture 1

The University of Sydney

2024 Semester 1
• Last week:
• Polar coordinates
• Change of variables in 2D
• Green’s Theorem

• This week:
• Green’s Theorem and geometric interpretation of curl
• triple integrals
• change of variables for triple integrals
Geometric meaning of curl

• Let F = (P (x, y), Q(x, y)) be a vector field: R2 ! R2 .

• Recall the (scalar) curl of F is defined by

@Q @P
curl F =
@x @y

• Green’s Theorem: If D ⇢ R2 with positively oriented boundary @D, then

I ZZ
F · ds = curl F dA.
@D D
Geometric interpretation

• The quantity F · ds is the projection of F onto ds.

simple I
• Given a Aclosed curve C,
• F · ds is called the flux of F along C.
C e. g. when
• zero flux along C as=) no rotation; i.e. F · ds = 0 () F ? ds
-

• positive flux along C ←

=)> counter-clockwise rotation
• negative flux along C ←
=) clockwise rotation
Geometric interpretation

.•÷¥µ
• Using Green’s Theorem: Flux along @D:
I ZZ
±
F · ds = curl F dA.
@D D

Shrinking the disk D to a point (x, y), we get

-

• curl F = 0 =) no rotation
• curl F > 0 =) counter-clockwise rotation IX. 7)
• curl F < 0 =) clockwise rotation
The magnitude of curl F indicates how fast it rotates.
ex F = (x, y)

Y 1×1
✗ curl (E) =
2×4 ) -

dy
9 T
→ = 0 -
O
T T →

←-→→> ×
= 0

← 12
← no rotation
t ↳
ex F = ( y 2 , x2 )
"
3
" "" " " " "

"
)
'
=
2×1×2 ) -

by 1- y
2

1
= zx + ZY

0
= 2 lxty )

curl E) = 0
-1
9
e.
.

y = -
✗

> ☐
it × > °
-2

Y = ✗ curl #-) =
4×1 so
if ✗ < o

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 > if × > o
1
°

Y curl (E) ax
Y= = 0 =
-

Y < 0
if ✗ so
Triple integrals

• Triple integrals are defined similarly to double integrals.

• Consider a scalar function f (x, y, z) defined on the rectangular box

B = [a1 , a2 ] ⇥ [b1 , b2 ] ⇥ [c1 , c2 ]

= {(x, y, z) 2 R3 | x 2 [a1 , a2 ], y 2 [b1 , b2 ], z 2 [c1 , c2 ]}.
2-

.
Triple integrals

• Partition the box B using subintervals

a 1 = x 0 < x1 < x 2 < · · · < x m = a 2 ,

b1 = y0 < y1 < y2 < · · · < yn = b2 ,
c1 = z0 < z1 < z2 < · · · < zp = c, 2.

• Let
x = xi xi 1, y = yj yj 1, z = zk zk 1,

ÉEi
"

where 1  i  m, 1  j  n, 1  k  p.
• For each i, j, k, choose

rijk 2 [xi 1 , xi ] ⇥ [yj 1 , yj ] ⇥ [zk 1 , zk ] = Bijk .

Let V = x y z be the volume of the small box Bijk .

Triple integrals (over rectangular boxes)

• The triple integral of f (x, y, z) over B ⇢ R3 is defined by

ZZZ m X
X p
n X " "

f (x, y, z) dV = lim f (rijk ) V three limits

B V !0
m,n,p!1 i=1 j=1 k=1
m X p
n X
X
= lim f (rijk ) x y z.
x!0,m!1
y!0,n!1 i=1 j=1 k=1
z!0,p!1

provided this limit exists.

Fubini’s Theorem for triple integrals

• Theorem (Fubini): If f (x, y, z) is continuous on B = [a1 , a2 ] ⇥ [b1 , b2 ] ⇥ [c1 , c2 ], then

ZZZ Z c2 ✓Z b2 ✓Z a2 ◆ ◆
f dV = f (x, y, z) dx dy dz
B c1 b1 a1
Z a2 ✓Z c2 ✓Z b2 ◆ ◆
= f (x, y, z) dy dz dx
a1 c1 b1
Z b2 ✓Z a2 ✓Z c2 ◆ ◆
= f (x, y, z) dz dx dy
b1 a1 c1

and three other orders of dx dy dz.:

dx dz
dy

dy dx dz

dz dry dx
 RRR
ex Let f (x, y, z) = xyz 2 and B = [0, 3] ⇥ [0, 2] ⇥ [0, 1]. Compute B
f dV .
"

f)I YE dv

=) [ §
✗ '
✗ yz dx dy d 't

B
O
O o

""

! f [×¥É"É
'
'
dy at
=

""

=L [ 1k¥
'
'
dz =
[1,2-3] •

L
7=0

(92-2) = 3 . %

Rm± Try integrate in some other order

.
Triple integrals over non-rectangular volumes /solids

• Theorem: If f (x, y, z) is continuous on

R = {(x, y, z) 2 R3 | a  x  b, g1 (x)  y  g2 (x), h1 (x, y)  z  h2 (x, y)},

I
then

I
ZZZ Z b Z g2 (x) Z h2 (x,y)
f dV = f (x, y, z) dzdydx.
R a g1 (x) h1 (x,y)

h£
2- =L Hill
y ,

" 2- ^

É=É;
" " "

>
✗
↳
Geometric/physical meaning of triple integrals

RRR
• The volume of a solid R is given by 1 dV .
R

RRR
• If f is any quantity X per unit volume of something (e.g. density or cost), then f dV is the
V
total of quantity X over R.
ex Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron with vertices (0, 0, 0),
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).

If/ dv

¥÷É¥÷
I
,

-2=1
R
xtyt
- where R is give by :

. .
"

R={ lx.y.zic-RI.ro
'
t Y E Z E l - ✗ -

Y
,

✗
l ✗
O E Y E -

,fY=
"

>
o Ex El , }
✗
⑤
y=O
( continue in next lecture .
)
Lecture summary

After today’s lecture, you should be able to:

• Understand the geometric meaning of flux
• Compute triple integral of f (x, y, z) over a rectangular box.