CHINGA BOYS HIGH SCHOOL FORM 4 APRIL 2024 HOLIDAY

ASSIGNMENT
ENGLISH

Read the poem below and answer the questions that follow.
 FORM 4 2024 MATHEMATICS HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT
1. Without using mathematical tables or calculators, evaluate: (3mks)
0.38 x 0.23 x 2.7
0.114 x 0.0575
2. Determine the equation of the line through the point A (5,3) and parallel to the line y = 2x + 3.
(3mks)
3. The figure below is a sketch of the net of an open box. The dimensions are in centimeters.

a. State the value of y. (1mk)

b. Calculate the surface area of the box (2mks)

4. Given that 3 - 4m = 2 -9, find the value of m. (2mks)

m m

5. The table below shows speeds of vehicles measured to the nearest 10Kph as they passed a certain point.
Speed (Kph) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Frequency 1 4 9 14 38 47 51 32 4

i. Calculate the mean speed of the vehicles. (3mks)

ii. State the modal speed. (1mk)
(3mks)
6. Given that A = 4 3 and C = 14 7 , find B if2A + B = C
-1 2 -4 2

7. The unshaded region in the figure below is bounded by lines L1, L2 and L3. State the three inequalities that define the region.
(3mks)

8. Simplify: √54 + 3√3 (3 mks)

√3
9. In the figure below, O is the centre of the circle. A, B, C and D are points on the circumference of the circle. Line AB is parallel to
line DC and angle ADC= 55O.
 Determine the size of angle ACB. (2mks)
10. The results of a survey activity are shown in the field book below.

Y
250
240 70D
C 80 170

70 60B
A 60 50
X
If all the measurements are in metres, calculate the area of the field in :
(i) m2 (3mks)
(ii) Ha (1mk)
11. Construct a circle centre x and radius 2.5cm. Construct a tangent from point p, 6cm from x to touch the circle at R. measure the
length of PR. (3mks)

12. Given that a= 2 , b= -5 and c = 0 , find a+b+c to 4 sf (3 marks)

-3 4 -2
13. A solid metal cone has a diameter of 14cm and a height of 24cm. calculate the surface area of the cone.
(2mks)
14. Without using a calculator, evaluate : (3mks)
2 ½ - 1 1/5 of 2
¼ - (-½)3.
15. Use mathematical tables to evaluate: (4mks)

3√0.8423 x 72.5
930.5
16. After how many y years would kshs. 15000 amount to ksh 24015.50 at a rate of 16% p.a. compound interest (3mks)
17. Three years ago, Juma was three time as old as Ali. In two years time, the sum of their ages will be 62. Determine their present
ages. (3mks)
18. Evaluate:
1/ of (2 ¾ - 5 ½ ) x 3 6/ ÷ 9/ (3mks)
3 7 4
19. Find the height of an isosceles triangle if the equal sides are each 26cm and the base is 48cm long. (2mks)
20. A straight line L1 has a gradient of – ½ and passes through the point P( -1, -3). Another straight line L2 passes through the points
Q( 1,-3) and R (4,5), find:
a. The equation of L1. (2mks)
b. The equation of L2. (2mks)
21. Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square. (3mks)
2x2 – 5x + 3 =0
22. Make A the subject of the formula. (3mks)

T= 2m√L - A
n 3K
23. In the figure below, chords AB and XY interest in a circl at R. Given that AR = 4cm, XR = 5cm and RY=3cm. find AB.
(2mks)
24. Given the matrix M = 3 -5 Find the inverse of M and hence or otherwise, solve the
5 -2
simultaneous equations. (3mks)
3x – 5y = -9
5x – 2y = 16
25. Solve the equation 2 - 1 =1 (3mks)
x-1 x +2 x
26. Solve for x in the equation: (3mks)
Log (x-1) = log 12 – log (x-2)
27. Using binomial expression, expand and simplify ( 1 – 2x)3 up to the term x3. (1mk)
b. Use the simplified expansion in (a) above to calculate to 4 decimal places the approximate value of (0.98)3 (3mks)
28. A trader bought two brands of sugar labeled Grade A and Grade B. Grade A sugar costs sh 60 per kg and grade B sugar costs sh
50 per kg. he mixed them in a ratio such that after selling the mixture at sh 81 per kg, he made a profit of 50%. Determine the ratio
in which he mixed grade A sugar to grade B. (3mks)
29. A quantity P is partly constant and partly varies as the square of Q when Q=2, P= 40 and when Q=3 P=65. Determine the value of
P when Q=4. (3mks)
30. A cold water tap can fill a bath in 6 minutes while a hot water tap can fill it in 12 minutes. The drainage pipe can empty the bath in
8 minutes. All the three are opened fully for 3 minutes and then the hot water tap is closed. How many more minutes will it take to
fill the bath? (4mks)
31. The figure below shows the cross section of a cylinder of a petrol tanker. Its length is 7M and internal diameter 2.1M. The depth of
the petrol it contains is 0.525M, AB being the horizontal level of the petrol.

Calculate:
a. <AOB where O is the centre of the circular section. (3mks)
b. The area of sector AOB. (2mks)
c. The shaded area. (3mks)
 d. The mass of the petrol in the tanker, given that one cubic metre of petrol has a mass of 700kg.
(2mks)
32. On the grid provided draw the graph of y = 2x2+ 3x + 1 for -4≤x≤3. (6mks)

b. Use your graph to solve the equation.

i. 2x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 (2mks)
ii. x2 - x – 45 = 0 (2mks)
33. Atieno and Muthoni invested in a matatu business. They bought a min bus whose carrying capacity was 26 passengers. 25 of
whom would be paying. They put the mini bus on a route connecting two towns A and B, where the fare was sh. 120 one way.
Every day the matatu made 3 round trips between the two towns. On each day, fuel used was shs. 2500. The driver and conductor
were paid shs. 450 and sh. 250 respectively. A further shs. 3500 was set aside daily for mainatainance, insuarance and loan
repayment.
a) How much was:
i. The amount of the day’s collections. (2mks)
ii. The net profit. (2mks)
b) The agreement between Atieno and Muthoni was that they would be sharing each day’s profit in the ratio 3:4.
Calculate how much each got on a day when the mini bus was 75% full per round trip.
(6mks)
34. The length of 40 athletes in a country athletics competition were as shown in the table below:
Height (cm) Frequency (f)
150-159 2
160-169 8
170-179 10
180-189 Y
190-199 6
200-209 2
a. Find the value of y. (2mks)
b. State the modal class (1mk
c. Calculate the mean height of the athletes. (4mks)
 d. On the grid , draw a histogram to represent the information shown above.
(3mks)
35. A line L passes through points (-2,3) and ( -1, 6) It is perpendicular to a line at (-1, 6)
a. Find the equation of L. (2mks)
b. Find the equation of P in the form y = mx+ c. (2mks)
c. Another line Q is parallel to L and passes through point (1,2). Find the equation of Q.
(3mks)
d. Find the point of intersection of lines P and Q. (3mks)
36. The figure below is a right pyramid VEFGH with a square base of 8cm and a slant edge of 20cm. points A,B,C and D lie and plane
ABCD is parallel to the base EFGH.

a. Find the length of AB. (2mks)

b. Calculate to 2 decimal places.
i. The length of AC. (2mks)
ii. The perpendicular height of the pyramid VABCD. (2mks)
c. The pyramid VABCD was cut off. Find the volume of the frustrum ABCDEFGH correct to 2 decimal places.
(4mks)
37. The diagram below shows a design model of a race course drawn to scale of 1cm represents 50km. it consists of two circles
centre A and B radii 0.5cm and 0.8cm respectively. The distance between their centres is 3.0cm,

Calculate in km:
i. The length of CD. (2mks)
ii. The length of DEG (take π = 3.142) (2mks)
iii. The length of HIC (take π = 3.142) (2mks)
iv. During a race, the course is managed by race officials placed 500M apart and each is paid Ksh. 2300 per day. How
much is needed to pay race officials for one day’s event.
(4mks)
38. A bus left Nairobi at 6.00a.m and travelled towards Kapsabet Boys at an average speed of 100km/hr. At 6.30 am, a van left
kapsabet Boys and travelled towards Nairobi to receive the bus with a number of students moving at an average speed of 125km/h
given that the distance between Nairobi and Kapsabetis 500km Calculate:
a. The time the two vehicles met. (4mks)
 b. On meeting the bus proceeded with its journey but the van had a break of 30 minutes before proceeding for Kapsabet
Boys. Calculate:
i. The time the bus arrived at Kapsabet Boys. (3mks)
ii. The time the van arrived at Kapsabet. (3mks)

39. Personal tax relief p.a is sh 12672 p.a

Income (K£per annum) Rate (Sh per pound)

1-5808 2
5809-11280 3
11281-16752 4
16753-22224 5
Excess over 22224 6

a. Mr. Omondi earns a basic salary of sh 15000 per month. In addition, he gets a medical allowance of sh 2400 and a
house allowance of sh 12000. Use the tax brackets above to calculate the tax he pays in a year. (10mks)
40. A student at Anestarschool tossed a coin three times and recorded the results on every successive toss.
a) By use of a tree diagram, show all the possible outcomes. (3mks)
b) Find the probability of getting:
i. One head (1mk)
ii. Two heads and a tail, in the order. (1mk)
iii. Two heads and a tail, in any order. (1mk)
iv. Three heads. (1mk)
v. At least one head. (1mk)
vi. No head. (2mks)
41. The diagram below shows a frustrum made by cutting off a small cone on a plane parallel to the base of the original cone. The
frustum represents a bucket with the open – end diameter of 28cm and the bottom diameter of 21cm. The bucket is 20cm deep as
shown. Calculate to one decimal place, the capacity of the bucket in litres. (10mks)

42. Town B is 180km on a bearing of 050O from town A. another town C is on a bearing of 110O from town A and on a bearing of 150O
from town B. A fourth town D is 240km on a bearing of 320O from town A. using a scale drawing 1cm to represent 30km, calculate
to the nearest kilometer:
a) The distance AC (2mks)
b) The distance CD (2mks)
c) The distance BC. (2mks)
43. In the figure below OPQ is a triangle in which OS= 1/3 OP and OR = 1/3OQ. T is a point on QS such that QT = ¾ QS.
 a) Given that OP = p and OQ=q, express the following vectors in terms of p and q.
i. SR (2mks)
ii. QS (2mks)
iii. PT (2mks)
iv. TR (2mks)
b) Hence or otherwise show that the points P,T and R are collinear. (2mks)
44. The first term of an arithmetic progression is 2, the sum of the first 8 terms of the AP is 240.
i. Find the common difference of the AP. (2mks)
ii. Given that the sum of the first n terms of the AP is 1560, find n. (2mks)
b. The 3rd, 5th and 8th term of another AP form the first three terms of a G.P if the common difference of the AP is 3. Find
i. The first term of G.P (4mks)
ii. The sum of the first 9 terms of the GP to 4 s.f (2mks)
45. James is a sale executive earning a salary of ksh. 20,000 and commission of 8% for the sales in excess of kshs. 100,000. If in
January 2010 she earned a total of ksh. 48,000 in salaries and commissions.
a. Determine the amount of sales he made in the month. (4mks)
b. If the total sales in the month of February and March increased by 18% and they dropped by 25% respectively. Calculate:
i. James’s commission in the month of February. (3mks)
ii. His total earning in the month of March. (3mks)
46. At the beginning of the year 2000, Gachago bought two houses, one in Thika and another one in Nakuru each at sh. 1,240,000.
The value of the house in Thika appreciated at a rate of 12% p.a.
a. Calculate the value of the house in Thika after 9 years to the nearest shillings. (2mks)
b. After n years, the value of the house in Thika was 2,741,245 while the value of the house in Nakuru was 2917231.
i. Find n (4mks)
ii. Find the annual rate of appreciation of the house in Nakuru. (4mks)

KISWAHILI KIDATO CHA NNE

1. Anwani ya riwaya ya nguu za jadi ni ya kijazada. Thibitisha kwa kurejelea riwaya nzima.
(alama 20)
2. Jadili jirui mwandishsi wa riwaya ya nguu za jadi ameangazia dhana ya matumaini. (alama 2)
3. Fafanua nafasi ya wazazi katika jamii kwa mujibu wa riwaya ya nguu za jadi. (alama 20)
4. Fafanua namna umaskini umejitokeza katika riwaya ya nguu za jadi. (alama 20)
5. Eleza umuhimu wa mandhari ya kanisa. (alama 20)
6. Eleza umuhimu wa nandari ya ofisi ya chifu mahabaha. (alama 20)
7. Binadamu ni viumbe saliti. Thibitisha kwa kurejelea riwaya ya Nguu za Jadi. (alama 20)
8. Maisha ni madiliko. Tetea kauli hii kwa kurejelea riwaya ya nguu za jadi.
9. Fafanua umuhimu wa hotuba ya lonare kwa wananachi. (alama 20)
10. Jadili namna matukio mbalimbali yamesadifu katika riwaya ya nguu za jadi. (alama 20)
11. Mwandishi wa riwaya ya nguu za jadi amewachura wananume kama wakombozi wa jamii.
Fafanua. (alama 20)
12. Fafanua mbini-ishi ambazo wahusika katika riwaya ya nguu za jadi wametumia kukabiliana
 na madhila yanayowakumba. (alama 20)
13. Jadili jinsi mabadiliko yanavyojitokeza katika maisha ya wahusika Mashauri na ngoswe.
(alama 20)
14. Fafanua jinsi mwandishi anavyotumia mbinu ya kisengerenyuma katika riwaya hii.
(alama 20)
15. Mtemi lesulia ni adui wa maendeleo ya Matuo. Fafanua ukweli wa kauli hii. (alama 20)
16. Fafanua sifa na umuhimu wa wahusika hawa
(a) Sihaba
(b) Mwamba
(c ) Mrima
(d) Chifu mshabaha

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR APRIL HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT

1. Make short notes on the topic : METALS
2.
1. Hydrogen is a group I element:
(a) It is the lightest known element but cannot be used in hot air balloons. Explain (1 mark)
(b) State any one use of hydrogen gas which is also a use of carbon (II) oxide gas (1 mark)
2. A piece of burning magnesium was lowered into a gas jar of nitrogen gas, and it was observed to be burning even brighter.
(a) Explain this observation (1 mark)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction which took place in the gas jar in (a) above (1 mark)
(c) Water was added to the product formed above and the resultant solution was tested with litmus paper. State and explain the
observation that was made. (2 marks)
3.
(a) What is a saturated solution? (1 mark)
(b) Describe a laboratory procedure that can be used to determine that a given solution is saturated. (2 marks)
4. Trona is a double salt that contains sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. It exists in alkaline lakes, mixed with
sodium chloride. Name the method of separation that is used to obtain
it from its mixture with sodium chloride. (1 mark)
5. Using the listed reagents only, describe the steps that can be used to obtain a dry sample of lead (II) sulphate in the laboratory:
lead (II) carbonate powder, sodium sulphate solution, and dilute
nitric (V) acid solution. (3 marks)
6. Iron (II) bromide can be prepared in the laboratory by passing dry bromine vapour over hot iron wool.
(a) Name this method of salt preparation (1 mark)
(b) Iron (II) bromide must be prepared in a dry environment. Explain. (1 mark)
(c) During this preparation, calcium oxide is preferred to anhydrous calcium chloride as a drying agent. Explain.
(1 mark)
7. When iron filings and sulphur powder are put together in a glass beaker, the resultant substance is only said to be a mixture. When
the beaker is heated gently, a red glow is observed, and the resultant substance is now said to be a compound.
(a) Explain these observations. (2 marks)
(b) State any characteristics of the type of change that occurs when the glass beaker is heated
(2 marks)
8.
(a) State Charles’ Law. (1mark)
(b) An L.P.G. gas cylinder had gas which occupied 300cm when the warehouse temperature was
3

47oC. what volume will the gas occupy when the warehouse temperature is reduced to the s.t.p. in readiness for refilling?
(2 marks)
9. 15cm3 of an acid with the formula H2Y required 25cm3 of 0.1M NaOH for complete neutralization.
(a) How many moles of sodium hydroxide reacted with the acid? (1 mark)
(b) Calculate the concentration of the acid in moles per litre. (2 marks)
10. An oxide of element Q has the formula Q2O3.
(a) State the valency and oxidation number of element Q (1 mark)
Valency________________________Oxidation number _____________________________
(b) What is the most likely structure of the compound Q2O3? (1 mark)
11. Distinguish the term ‘allotrope’ from ‘isotope’. (2 marks)
12. A hot piece of aluminium metal was lowered into a gas jar of chlorine gas. The resulting residue was mixed with water and filtered.
3 drops of methyl orange indicator were added to the filtrate.
(a) State and explain the observation made when methyl orange was added to the filtrate. (2 marks)
(b) Name the process that occurred when the residue was added to water (1 mark)
13. A hydrated salt has the following composition by mass: Iron 20.2%, Oxygen 23.0%, sulphur 11.5% and the rest is water.
Determine the formula of the hydrated salt (Fe = 56, S = 32, O = 16,
H = 1) (3 marks)
14. A sample of the compound CH3CCH was burnt in the laboratory. State and explain the observations made during the burning
process. (2 marks)
15. Concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to potassium manganate (VII) crystals in flat bottomed flask. The gas produced was
bubbled through water.
(a) State the colour of solution formed (1 mark)
(b) Blue litmus paper was dipped into the solution. State and explain the observation made.
(2 marks)
(c) Write an equation for the reaction that occurred in (b) above. (1 mark)

16. Solid W is a white crystalline substance. It readily dissolves in water to form a colourless solution. It melts at low temperature
to yield a liquid that does not conduct electricity. Its solution does not cause a bulb to light when inert electrodes are introduced.
State and explain the most likely structure of solid W. (2 marks)
17. Study the compound shown and use it to answer the questions that follow.

(a) To which homologous series does the compound belong? (1 mark)

(b) State the IUPAC name of the compound (1 mark)
(c) Draw the structure of any isomer of the compound. (1 mark)
18. A form three student weighed a piece of plain paper and wrote his name on it using a pencil of pure graphite. He then re-weighed
the paper and obtained the following results:
Mass of plain paper = 1.042g
Mass of paper after writing = 1.143g
Determine the number of carbon atoms present in the pencil marks (C = 12.0, L = 6.023X1023)
(2 marks)
19. The scheme below shows a series of reactions, starting with a solid W.

(a) Identify solid W (½ mark)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs between solid W and dilute hydrochloric acid
(1 mark)
(c) Write the formula of the complex ion present in solution Y. (½ mark)
20. The setup below was arranged and used to study the characteristics of a Bunsen burner flame.
(a) What does the experiment show? (1 mark)
(b) Name the type of flame labelled flame 1. (1 mark)

(c) What type of flame is shown by flame 2? Explain. (2

marks)
21. Some potassium carbonate of unknown mass was dissolved in water and the solution made up to the 250cm3 mark. 25cm3 of this
solution neutralized 20cm3 of 0.25M nitric (V) acid solution. Determine the unknown mass of potassium carbonate used. (K = 39, O
= 16, C = 12) (3 marks)
22.
(a) State Gay Lussac’s Law. (1 mark)
(b) What volume of a hydrocarbon gas (CH4) would remain if a burner containing 40cm3 of the gas burns in 40cm3 of enclosed
air? (Assume oxygen is 20% by volume of air) (2 marks)
23. During the laboratory preparation of carbon (II) oxide, an acid G is added to solid substance L. The product is bubbled through
concentrated potassium hydroxide solution, and carbon (II) oxide gas collected over water.
(a) Name:
(i) Acid G _____________________________________________________________(1 mark)
(ii) Solid L _____________________________________________________________(1 mark)
(b) What is the role of the concentrated potassium hydroxide solution? (1 mark)
(c) What would be observed if the concentrated potassium hydroxide solution was replaced with calcium hydroxide solution?
(1 mark)
24. Organic compounds CH3CH2OH and CH3CH2CH2CH3 have close molecular masses. However, CH3CH2OH exists as a liquid at
room temperature, while CH3CH2CH2CH3 exists as a gas at room temperature. Explain this observation (2 marks)
25. Element R has two isotopes 69 31 R and 71 31 R the percentage composition of the isotope with lower mass is 60%.
(a) Calculate the R.A.M. of R. (2 marks)
(b) Isotopes have similar chemical properties but may have different physical properties. Explain this observation. (2
marks)
26. A 5.0g of an alloy of platinum and zinc was reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid. 840cm 3 of hydrogen gas was evolved at
s.t.p. Calculate the percentage of zinc in the alloy. (Zn = 56,
molar gas volume at s.t.p. = 22400cm3). (3 marks)
27. When a few drops of aqueous ammonia are added to a copper (II) nitrate solution, a pale blue precipitate is formed. On addition of
more aqueous ammonia, a deep blue solution is formed.
(a) Identify the pale blue precipitate (1 mark)
(b) Write the formula of the complex ion present in the deep blue solution (1 mark)
28. The diagram below shows a part of the Solvay Process

(a) Write the overall equation for the reaction that takes place in A (1 mark)
 (b) ________________________________________________________________________
(c) Name solid E (1 mark)
(d) ________________________________________________________________________
(e) State any one use of solid H (1 mark)
(f) Name any one apparatus/material that can be used in the laboratory to carry out the process that takes place in chamber B
(1 mark)
PHYSICS
1. Two magnets A and B in the figure below were brought from a point high above a table towards a steel pin.

State with reason which magnet will attract the pin at a bigger height above the table. (2mks)
2. The figure below shows container loader which uses electromagnet to offload containers from a ship.

(i) Why should the container be made of iron or steel (1mk)

(ii) State two ways in which the loader can be made to lift heavier container (2mks)
3. Explain why sound cannot be heard from far when one shouts in a forest (1mk)
4 Two 12V lead acid accumulators are Rated 60Ah and 70Ah. State two physical differences between the accumulators (2mks)
5 When a new dry cell is connected in series with a 2.7  resistor, a current of 0.5A flows in the circuit. Determine the internal
resistance of the cell. (3mks)
6. The diagram below shows part of a wave form. The numbers on the diagram show scales in meters. If the speed of the wave
is 20ms-1, determine the frequency and wavelength of the wave. (3mks)

7. A gold leaf electroscope is positively charged as shown in the diagram below where C is the cap and L is the gold leaf. State and
explain what happens to L when a positively charged rod is brought near C without touching it. (2mks)

8. a) State two ways of increasing the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor (2mks)
b) The figure below shows a capacitor network setup.
 Calculate the charge stored by the 1.5 µ. F capacitor. (3mks)
9. (a) (i) State Snell’s law of refraction of light (1mk)
(ii) Give two advantages of totally internally reflecting prisms over plane
mirrors. (2mks)
(b) A ray of light is incident on a kerosene water interfaces as shown in figure 7
Fig. 7

Given that the refractive index of water and kerosene are 1.33 and 1.44 respectively,
Determine
(i) the refractive index for the kerosene – water interface (3mks)
(ii) determine and show on the figure the path of the rays of light between the Kerosene-water surface (3mks)
(iii) Why do the colours of the light separate at the kerosene layer. (1mk)
iv) State and explain the observation that the eye above the two surfaces would see (2mks)
10. a) With an aid of a ray diagram show how a convex lens can be used as a magnifying glass(3mks)
(c) Two converging lenses whose focal lengths are f1=5cm and f2=10cm are arranged to have a common axis as shown in figure
below.

A point object is placed 10cm from L1. Given that the final image is formed 20cm to the left of L21 calculate the separation d of the
lenses (3mks)

(a) (i) What is the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves? (1mk)
(ii) State two distinctions between the way sound waves and electromagnetic waves are transmitted
(2mk)
(b) A mineworker stands between two vertical cliffs 400m from the nearest cliff. The cliffs are X distance apart. Every time he
strikes the rock once, he hears two echoes, the first one after 2.5s , while the second follows 2s later. From this information; calculate:
(i) The speed of the sound in air (2mk)
(ii) The value of X (3mk)
(c) In an experiment to observe interference of light waves a double slit is placed close to the source. See figure 5
 ii) Describe what is observed on the screen (2 mks)
(i) State the function of the double slit (1mk)
(iii) State what is observed on the screen when
I. The slit separation S1S2 is reduced (1mk)
II. White light source is used in place of monochromatic source. (1mk)
11. (a) State Ohm’s law (1mk)
(b) The figure below shows the voltage – current relating for a certain battery used in an electrical circuit.

Given that the equation of the graph is V = E – Ir , from the graph , determine
(i) The e.m.f of the battery. (1mk)
(ii) The internal resistance of the battery used. (3mks)
c) The figure below shows a circuit with a coil used to warm oil in a beaker.

(i) Explain how heat is produced in the coil (2mks)

(ii) Given that the reading of the ammeter is 2.4A determine the resistance of the coil. (3mks)
(iii) How much heat is produced in the coil in a minute? (3mks)
(iv) Give two changes that can be made in the set up in order to produce more
heat per minute. (2mks)
12. The figure below shows a D.C electric motor.

(a) Name the parts labeled X1 and X2 and state their functions. (2mks)
(b) What is the purpose of parts labeled Y1 and Y2? (1mk)
(c) When the switch k is closed state the forces acting on the sides of the coil and the direction of movement of the coil
(2mks)
 (d) What can be done to increase the speed of rotation of the motor? (1mk)
13. Use the domain theory to explain briefly why a ferromagnetic material gets saturated when magnetized. (2mks)
14. Determine the ammeter reading when the potential difference of 3.0 volts is supplied across PQ in figure 3. (3mks)

15. The chart below shows an arrangement of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Name the possible radiations represented by letter B. (1mk)

16. A student stands at a distance 400m from a wall and claps two pieces of wood. After the first clap the student claps
whenever an echo is heard from the wall. Another student starts a stopwatch at the first clap and stops it after the twentieth clap.
The stopwatch records a time of 50 seconds. Find the speed of sound. (3maks)
17. a) Differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves. (2mks)
b) Figure 5 shows a transverse stationary wave along a string

Figure 5
i). Label the nodes and antinodes on the diagram above. (2mks)
ii). If the distance between an anti-node and consecutive node is 1.0 x 10-3m, determine the wavelength of the stationary wave.
(2mks)
c). Five successive wave frequency in a ripple tank are observed to spread a distance of 6.4cm. If the vibrator has a frequency of 8
Hz, determine the speed of the wave. (3mks)
d). The figure 6 below shows a displacement-time graph for a wave motion

Figure 6
What is the frequency of the wave? (3marks)
18. (a) What do you understand by the term e.m.f of a cell?. (1mk)
(b) A cell of e.m.f E and internal resistance r is used to pass a current through various resistors R Ohms and the values of
current recorded in the table below.
R(Ohms) 1.6 2.1 2.5 3.6 5.0 8.0
I(A) 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.37 0.34
1/i(A )
-1

i. Complete the table for the values of 1/i giving your answer to 3d.p. (3mks)
 ii. Plot a graph of 1/i versus R. (5mks)
19. a) State three factors that determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. (3marks)
b) Three capacitors of capacitance 200µƒ, 300µF and 600µƒ are connected together in a circuit.
 Draw a circuit diagram to show the arrangement of the capacitors which gives an effective capacitance of 100µƒ. (2marks)
c) The figure 6 below shows a circuit where a battery of e.m.f 6V , switches X and
Y, two capacitors of capacitance 2 µF and 4 µFare connected.
6V

Y
2µF

4 µF
Figure 6

 Determine the charge stored in the 2 µF capacitor when switch X is closed and switch Y is open.
(3marks)
 When switch Y is finally closed and switch X is open, determine the potential difference across each capacitor. (3marks)
 Briefly explain how the lightening arrester works. (3mks)

20. The figure below shows a circuit that may be used to charge a capacitor

i) Explain the observation on the millimeter when the circuit is switched on. (3mks)
21. An electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is greater than that of microwaves has a wavelength of 306.1224 m. Take
speed of light in air, c = 3 x108 m/s.
(a) Identify the radiation. (1mark)
(b) Calculate its frequency. (2marks)
22. Figure 2 below shows a bar magnet attracting steel pin as shown

Figure 2 N

S
Steel pin

X Y

State and explain what would happen when a North pole of a bar magnet is brought near the tips of steel pin X and Y.
(2marks)
23. Determine the equivalent resistance between P and Q for the following resistors shown in Figure 3.
(2marks)
Figure 3 30Ω

19Ω Q
P
70Ω
 24. Two heating coils A and B connected in parallel in a circuit produces power of 36W and 54W respectively. What is the ratio of
their resistance? (2marks)
25. State the condition necessary for interference to occur. (lmk)
26. Figure 5 below show a conductor carrying electric current place between two magnetic poles.
Figure 5

N S

Complete the diagram by sketching the magnetic field and also show the direction of the force on the conductor.
(2 marks)
27. A Bunsen burner flame brought near to the cap of a charged electroscope causes the divergence of the leaf to decrease.
Explain these observation. (2mks)
28. (a) State one factor that affects the force between two charged bodies. (1mark)
(b) To investigate charge distribution on metallic surfaces, electric charges were collected from different parts of the surfaces
using a proof plane as shown in figure 6 below:

Figure 6 Proof Plane

A
D
B
Metallic
C
conductor

Insulator
The proof plane was then placed on the cap of a neutral electroscope.
(i) State and explain the leave divergence of the electroscope as the proof plane is placed at various points round the
Fig. (i)surface in figure (i) above.
spherical (2marks)
Fig. (ii)
(ii) State with reason which part of the conductor in figure (ii) gave the greatest deflection of the electroscope.
(2marks)

(b) State two uses of capacitors. (2marks)

29. (a) State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. (1mark)

(c) An a.c generator produces an e.m.f of 50.0V which is used to operate a circuit that requires a minimum of 250.0V. If the power of
the generator is 200W, determine the:
(i) Current generated by the a.c source. (2marks)
(ii) Current supplied to the circuit by the transformer assuming 100% efficiency. (2marks)
(iii) Ratio of turns in the coils of the transformer, primary: secondary. (2marks)
(d) Explain how power loses in a transformer are minimized. (2marks)
(i) Eddy currents
(ii) Hysteresis losses
30. (a) A disc of a siren with 100 holes is rotated at constant speed making 0.5 revolutions per second. If air is blown towards the
holes, calculate:
(i) The frequency of the sound produced. (2marks)
(ii) The wavelength of the sound produced, if the velocity of sound is 340 m/s. (2marks)
(b) A ship sends out an ultrasound whose echo is received after 5 seconds. If the wavelength of the ultrasound in water is
0.05 m and the frequency of the transmitter is 50 KHz, calculate the depth of the ocean. (3marks)
 (c) A ray of light is incident at right angles to the face AB, of a right angled isosceles prism of refractive index 1.6 as shown in
Figure 8 below.
Figure 8 Liquid
A B

Liquid

Liquid
B
If the prism is surrounded by a liquid of refractive index 1.40, determine:
(i) The angle of incidence on the face BC. (1mark)
(ii) The angle of refraction on the face BC. (3marks)
31. A student finds that at a distance of 25 cm, the words in a book looked blurred.
(i) What eye defect does the student suffering from? (1mark)
(ii) In which direction does he/she move the book to be able to see the words clearly from the distance? (1mark)
(iii) Which lens can be used to correct the eye defect? (1mark)

BIOLOGY
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS ON AN A4 BOOK FOR ESSAYS.
1. Describe the structure and functions of various organelles in a mature animal cell. (20mrks)
2. Describe how leaves of mesophytes are adapted to their functions. (20mrks)
3. Explain the digestion that takes place when one eats an egg and ugali. (20mrks)
4. Describe how the various parts of the human digestive system are adapted to their functions. (20mrks).
5. (a) Distinguish between digestion and assimilation of food. (2mrks)
(b) Describe the use of each of the following in human beings. (18mks)
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and water.
6. Explain four factors that help in the movement of water and mineral salts up the xylem of a plant. (12mrks)
7. (a) Explain why xylem vessels are efficient for transportation of water and mineral salts. (12mrks)
(b)Giving reasons, state four precautions that should be taken when using a portometer. (8mrks)
8. (a) Define the following terms (2mrk)
(a) Transpiration (b) Translocation
(b)Identify and explain the environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration. (18mrks)
9. Explain how structural features in terrestrial plants affect their rate of transpiration. (16mrks)
10. Describe how oxygen is transported to the cells through the blood. (12mrks)
11. Trace the path taken by glucose molecule from the ileum to the kidney. (15mrks)

GEOGRAPHY FORM FOUR

READ AND WRITE THE NOTES
(I) TRADE
(II) TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

TRADE
-Buying and selling or exchange of goods and services.
Types of Trade
a. Domestic/Internal/Home/Local trade
-Buying and selling of goods within a country’s borders.
It’s classified into:
 Wholesale Trade-purchasing of goods in bulk from producers and selling them to retailers.
 Retail Trade-buying goods from wholesalers and selling them to individual consumers.
b. Regional Trade
-Trade between countries found in the same geographical region.
c. International Trade
-Exchange of goods and services at the global level.
It’s classified into:
  Export Trade-selling of goods and services to foreign countries. Examples of major exports from Kenya are coffee, tea, cut
flowers, tourism, fluorspar, miraa, vegetables, etc.
 Import Trade-buying of goods and services from other countries. Examples of imports to Kenya are crude oil, vehicles,
electronics, sugar, skilled labour, fertilisers, rice, vehicle parts etc.
 Bilateral Trade-exchange of goods and services between two countries.
 Multilateral Trade-exchange of goods and services between many countries.
 Visible Trade-trading in tangible goods.
 Invisible trade-trading in services.
Balance of Trade
Difference in value of countries visible exports and imports.
It’s of 2 types:
o Adverse Balance of Payments-in which value of visible imports exceeds that of visible exports.
o Favourable Balance of Trade-in which value of visible exports exceeds that of visible imports.
Balance of Payment
Difference in value between visible and invisible exports and imports.
Factors Influencing Trade
1. Difference in natural resources which makes it necessary to trade with other countries or areas in order to obtain goods and
resources which are not found in their area.
2. Population whereby large population or one with high purchasing power provides a large and ready market for goods and
services encouraging trade.
3. Trade occurs when there is demand and supply of goods and services.
 If the supply is low and the demand is high, prices go up stimulating trade.
 When the supply is more and the demand is low, prices go down discouraging trade.
4. Adequate and efficient means of transport and communication encourage trade because bulky goods can be transported
quickly and over long distances from producers to consumers. Poor transport discourages trade due to the difficulty in getting
goods to the market in time. Goods can be supplied faster when traders communicate with suppliers without having to travel a
lot which reduces travelling cost and hence increasing profits.
5. Trade restrictions can encourage or discourage trade. They are of two types:
 Tariffs- taxes or duties levied by a country on a particular type of commodity imported in order to protect its domestic
industries.
 Quotas-specified quantities of goods which must not be exceeded during importation or exportation.
 Trade Agreements-agreements made between countries regarding which commodities are exported or imported from
specific countries.
 Total Ban-complete restriction of importation of a particular commodity in order for a country to protect its domestic
industries or due to political hostility.
6. Trading Blocks or economic Unions/Associations among countries aimed at promoting regional trade among members states
can encourage trade between members and discourage trade with non members.
 Free Trade Associations-liberalise trade among member countries by lowering and abolishing tariffs.
 Common Market Associations-liberalise trade among members and raise tariffs for non members.
7. Trade can only take place between countries only when they are in good terms. Hostility leads to total ban as was the case
with s. Africa during apartheid and Iraq when it attacked Kuwait and failed to destroy weapons of mass destruction.
8. Existence of aids to trade e.g.
 Banking facilitates storage and transfer of money used in trade transactions
 Insurance protects businesses against theft and destruction from fire which instils confidence among investors.
 Warehouses are essential for storage of large quantities of goods for sale.

Significance of Trade to Kenya

1. Many Kenyans are employed in domestic trade such as in wholesale and retail shops and in sectors dealing with foreign trade
such as customs and clearing and forwarding firms.
2. It’s a source of revenue for the government by charging sales tax such as V.A.T. on manufactured goods sold locally and
tariffs at the point of entry into the country.
3. Foreign trade enables a country to earn foreign exchange which is used to import goods that a country needs, setting up of
industries, developing transport and communication, providing social services etc.
4. Leads to development of settlements e.g. many towns started as a small market and more people moved there when trading
activities increased.
5. International trade ensures availability of a wide range of goods for consumers to select from in order to satisfy their needs.
6. It leads to development and improvement of transport infrastructure such as roads and railways in order to enhance
transportation of goods and people.
 7. Leads to development of industries because as the goods are bought demand for goods increases hence more industries are
set or existing ones increase their activities in order to satisfy the increased demand.

Problems Facing Trade in Kenya

1. Kenya largely depends on agricultural exports which are sometimes affected by climatic variations and diseases and pests
leading to low production, and hence low foreign currency.
2. Kenya’s exports are of low value as they consist of raw materials or semi processed commodities which fetch low prices
because they have to be processed further and also due to being bulky a lot of money is required for their exportation making
returns accruing from exportation to be low.
3. Local manufactures suffer unfair competition from foreign firms e.g. from COMESA some of which don’t attract tariffs,
diversion of goods intended for neighbouring countries to the local market and counterfeit goods which compete with genuine
ones.
4. There is ignorance about Kenyan goods where by some Kenyans believe that goods from overseas are of superior quality so
they prefer imported goods instead of local ones.
5. Unexpected trade restrictions are sometimes imposed on Kenyan exports e.g. in 2000 E.U. banned fish importation from
Kenya.
6. Inadequate transport and communication as most roads are poor and impassable during rainy season meaning goods can’t
reach the market and hence increased costs for such goods.

The Future of International Trade in Kenya

The future of it is bright because of the following:
1. Kenya has signed trade agreements with various countries of Europe, asia, America and Africa.
2. It’s a member of COMESA which has increased the volume of regional trade.
3. There is revival of E.A.C. which has also increased the volume of regional trade.
4. Peace agreement between Sudanese government and S.P.L.A. has also led to increase in regional trade.
5. Kenya is exploring markets in the Far East countries.
6. Kenya has trade attaches abroad who help promote Kenyan goods there.
7. She has trade organisations such as Kenya External Trade Authority (K.E.T.A.) which carries research on factors which have
limited access to top markets in U.S.A. and japan and Kenya Bureau of standards which ensures quality of goods is
maintained by the manufacturers.

The Role of Regional Trading Blocks

The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
- It was established in 1994 to replace Preferential Trade Area (P.T.A.).
- It has 22 member states e.g. Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, etc.

Objectives of COMESA
 To reduce and eliminate trade barriers on selected commodities to be traded with member states.
 Abolish restrictions in administration of trade among member countries.
 Fostering relations, peace and political stability for member states.
 Raise the standard of living within member states.
 Promote goods being produced in the member states.
 Establish and foster co-operation in all fields of economic activity.

Achievements
 Increased volume of trade.
 Increased accessibility to markets in member countries.
 Free movement of goods among member countries due to elimination of trade barriers.
 Increased efficiency in production as each member is allowed to specialise in what she produces.
 Improvement of transport and communication facilities.
 Increased political and economic cooperation among member states.

The Southern African Development Community (SADC)

- It started as Southern African Development coordination in 1980 in Lusaka Zambia and transformed into SADC after collapse
of apartheid.
- It has 14 member states e.g. Tanzania, DRC, S. Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, etc.
Objectives
 Encourage self reliance among member states in the face of instability posed by apartheid regime of S. Africa.
  Promote and defend peace and security.
 Promote regional integration.
 Eradicate poverty.
 Facilitate trade and economic liberalisation.
 Promote self sustaining development on the basis of interdependence on member states.
 Promote and maximise utilisation of natural resources and effective protection of environment.

Achievements
 Promotion of regional industries based on domestic and regional raw materials.
 Reliability and development of regional transport and communication infrastructure.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

- Was established in 1976 by the treaty of Lagos.
- It has headquarters in Lagos Nigeria.
- It has 15 member states e.g. Nigeria, Liberia, Ghana, Benin, Guinea, Sierra Leone, etc.

Objectives
 Promote mutual trade by eliminating trade restrictions among members.
 Create a monetary union.
 Impose uniform tariffs for imports from non-member countries.
 Give special treatment to goods imported from member states.
 Promote free movement of people to and from member countries by eliminating visas.
Achievements
 Brought peace to troubled countries like Liberia and Sierra Leone.
 Promotion of trade in the region through the peace achieved.
 Development of schools to train people on peace keeping e.g. The National War College.
 Free movement of goods among member states.

The European Union (EU)

- An organisation of European countries dedicated to increasing economic integration and cooperation among members.
- It was formerly inaugurated in 1993 and has headquarters in Brussels in Belgium.

Objectives
 Promote cooperation in economic, trade, social, security and judicial matters.
 Implementation of economic and monetary union.

Achievements
 Signing of many trade agreements between EC and other countries.
 Free trade among members as a result of abolishing trade barriers.
 High agricultural production as farmers receive guaranteed prices which have enabled them to increase efficiency.
 Free movement of factors of production which include capital and labour.

Problems Facing Regional Trading Blocks

 Civil wars taking place in some countries which has caused insecurity in turn affecting trade between countries.
 Political differences among leaders of member states may affect cooperation among member states.
 Some countries produce similar goods making the volume of trade to be low and less rewarding.
 Free trade affects local industries as the imported goods without taxes are usually cheaper than locally produced goods.
 Free trade denies countries revenue they would have earned from taxing imported goods.
 Poor transport and communication limits inflow of goods and services.
 Some member states don’t remit their annual subscriptions which affects the operations of the organisations.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Transport is the act of moving items and people from one place to another while communication is the process of transferring
information between individuals, groups and places.

Factors influencing Transport and Communication

 Existence of sets of corresponding places with surplus (supply) and deficits (demand) for goods, services and information.
  Alternative sources may hinder transport and communication e.g. a nearby source of market of a required commodity or
source of information or means of communication.
 Infrastructure depending on how it is can lead to establishment of efficient or inefficient transport and communication network.
 Politics where by the government may ban use of certain means of communication e.g. as was the case with Google in China
or where the government may decide to be the leading provider of transport and communication facilities.

Modes of Transport
There are 3 common modes of transport namely land, water and air transport.

Land Transport
-The type that involves movement of people and goods on land.
Types of Land Transport

i. Human Porterage
-Movement of people from one place to another carrying light goods on their back, hands or shoulders or by using hand carts, trolleys,
bicycles or motorcycles.

ii. Use of animals

-Use of domesticated animals to carry goods and people on their back or pull loaded carts (drought animals).

Advantages of Human and Animal Transport

 It’s the cheapest and can be used by all classes of people since no fuel is used. Animals require very low maintenance costs
as they feed on vegetation.
 Relatively safe because few accidents occur during transportation.
 Doesn’t pollute the environment as it doesn’t use fossil fuels.
 They are flexible in that they can be used to transport goods in areas without good road network.
 It’s convenient in that it’s readily available whenever required.

Disadvantages
 Goods can be stolen or destroyed by wild animals and extreme weather conditions because they are exposed.
 They are a very slow means of transport hence time consuming, tedious and boring.
 They can’t transport large quantities of goods because human and animal energy get exhausted with time.
 They can cause congestion on busy urban roads which may delay other forms of transport.

iii. Road Transport

-Means of transportation of people and goods by motor vehicles on roads.

Types of Roads
- All weather roads- which are used all year round i.e. tarmac and murrum roads.
- Dry weather roads- which are used reliably during dry seasons.
- Motorable trucks- which are used by people on foot and by vehicles on dry season. A truck is a path or rough road made by
people, vehicles or animals.

Principal Trans-Continental Highways in Africa

- Great North Road connecting Cape Town and Cairo through Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Ethiopia.
- Trans-Africa Highway from the Port of Mombasa to Dakar in Senegal through east and Central Africa.
- Dakar-Djamena Highway through Core De Ivoire , Nigeria and Chad.
- Trans-Sahara Highway from Lagos to Tripoli through Algeria.

Advantages of Road Transport

 It’s a faster means of transport compared to human and animal transport.
 It’s cheaper compared to railway transport because construction of roads is cheaper than that of railways.
 It’s available at ones convenient time.
 Roads can be constructed in stages improved and even repaired while they are being used.
 It’s flexible in that road connections are available all over the country.

Disadvantages
 Traffic congestion and jams when there are many vehicles on roads which leads to delays and fuel wastage.
  It’s expensive over long distances and when transporting bulky goods.
 Vehicles can carry a limited number of people and amount of goods at a time making them expensive and uneconomical.
 Vehicles face a higher risk of theft and accident compared to rail, water and air transport.
 It’s adversely affected by weather e.g. during heavy rains, roads become impassable and foggy conditions hinder visibility
making it easier for accidents to occur.
 Vehicles pollute the environment by their exhaust fumes and noise which they produce.

v. Railway Transport
Means of transporting people and goods using trains or rails.
It’s managed by The Kenya Railway Corporation established in 1979 after the collapse of the East African Railways and Harbours
Corporation.

Advantages of Railway Transport

 Less expensive compared to road transport because it can carry a large number of people and heavy and bulky goods in one
trip.
 They are reliable as they follow a fixed time schedule and electrified trains are effect for passenger transport.
 There is no congestion or jam because there is only one train on a given truck at any particular time.
 Passenger trains are comfortable for passengers travelling over long distances in that they have facilities such as
accommodation, dining and toilets accommodation.
 Safer than motor vehicles because they are less prone to accidents.
 They provide continuous service because they can work in all weather unlike motor vehicles which can stick in mud during
rainy season.
 Have less maintenance costs because they don’t require frequent repairs like roads.

Disadvantages
 Very slow means of movement especially of perishable and urgently required goods.
 Expensive to construct as much iron and steel is used to construct railway lines and trains.
 Inflexible in that railway lines aren’t available all over the country and their direction cannot be changed.
 Are affected adversely by terrain as where there are steep gradients, tunnels and winding tracks have to be used which adds
to the cost of setting up railway system.
 Specific gauge of railway line can only be used by a specific design of train unlike roads which can be used by many varieties
of vehicles.
 Varied gauges makes interconnection between countries impossible, resulting in difficulties in trans-shipment.
 Trains can’t use rails while they are being constructed unlike roads which can be used while they are being constructed,
improved or even repaired.

Examples of Railway Links in Africa

 Tazara railway- connects Zambia Copper Belt with the sea port of Dar-es-salaam.
 Benguela Railway- runs from Zambia Copper Belt to Angola.
 Kenya Uganda Railway- runs from Mombasa to Kisumu. It has an extension from Nakuru through Eldoret to Malaba then
through Tororo to Kampala.
 Kenya’s other railway branches are Voi to Taveta, Konza to Magadi, Nairobi to Nanyuki, Gilgil to Nyahururu, Nakuru to Eldoret
and Kisumu to Butere.

Why There Are Few Railway Links among African Countries

 Administration by different colonial governments who constructed railway links only within areas of their jurisdiction.
 Political differences which led to mistrust and hostility which works against effort to construct railway jointly.
 Countries have railways of different gauges making connection to be difficult.
 Little interstate trade which doesn’t warrant construction of railways to transport bulky goods.
 Countries lack sufficient capital to establish railways.
 Mountainous landscape and swampy terrain which hinder the development of rails to link the countries.

Problems Which Kenya Experiences In the Rail Transport

 Competition from other modes of transport which are cheaper and flexible.
 Frequent accidents from derailments due to inadequate servicing which has led to high maintenance costs and losses when
goods are looted.
 High maintenance and expansion costs causing little expansion of rail lines.
  Mismanagement of rail services leading to deterioration at lower income.
 Vandalism during political unrests and by people dealing in scrap metal.

iv. Pipelines
-Means of movement of fluid or gas products such as water, gas and oil through pipes from one place to another. Pumping stations are
constructed along the pipelines to keep the product flowing steadily.
In Kenya the main oil pipeline extends from Mombasa through Nairobi to Kisumu and Eldoret where there are main oil depots. The
pipeline is managed by Kenya Pipeline Corporation.

Advantages of Pipelines
 No delay as there is a constant supply of commodity.
 Convenient in that amounts of commodity can be transported within a short period.
 There are low operating costs in that minimal labour is required in operating pipelines and also the cost of maintenance of
pipelines is lower than for other means.
 They aren’t affected by bad weather like other means of transport.
 It doesn’t pollute the environment like other means of transport except in cases of leakages which are rare.

Disadvantages
 Selective in that they can be used to transport fluids and gasses and can transport only one type of commodity at a time.
 Inadequate supervision of the pipes can result in excess wastage from a leakage along a line. This may also result in terrible
fire disasters if the leaking oil gets ignited.
 It requires a heavy capital outlay for the construction of a long-lasting pipeline.
 Insecure in that they may be sabotaged if they run across a number of countries when there are political differences or when
one country decide to withhold the product.
 It requires constant supply of the commodity for it to be economically j
 Pipelines may cause pollution if they burst spilling oil, gas or sewage and the problem would be grave if it occurred under
water.
 Inflexible in that they remain permanently in one position and rerouting becomes impossible and further distribution of the
substance from depots has to be done by roads and railways.

Water Transport
It involves movement of goods and people over waterways/ water bodies.
Water transport is classified into two: Sea Waterways/ marine water transport and Inland water ways.

Sea Waterways/ Marine Water Transport

-Involves movement of goods and people over seas. There are the following types of vessels used in sea transport:

i. Liners
They are ship with the following characteristics:
 Operate along fixed routes and time schedules.
 They transport both people and goods.
 Fixed rate of freight charges.
There are two types of liners:
 Passenger Liners
 Carry people and small valuable items.
 Have luxurious facilities e.g. cinemas, shops, banks, hotels, etc.

 Cargo Liners
 For carrying both goods and people.
 Have loading and unloading facilities.
 Slower in speed
 Less prestigious
 Smaller in size compared to passenger liners.
 Some carry different products while other carry specialised goods e.g. petroleum.

ii. Tramps
- They are ships meant for transporting cargo.
  No fixed routes or schedules.
 Are slower in speed
 Have lower freight charges compared to liners

Improvements in Ocean Transport

- Refrigeration facilities to enable transportation of perishable goods.
- Containerisation (parking of goods in standard sealed metal containers which are unsealed at the destination).

Advantages of Containerisation
 Safety and security because containers are sealed which protects goods from destruction by bad weather and from being
stolen.
 Easy to handle because containers are fitted with special devices like hooks and rings which makes loading and unloading
easy.
 Time saving because goods are put in one container than being carried in several boxes which makes loading and unloading
easy.
 It’s economical in terms of space because containers have a standard shape which reduces wastage of space by allowing
tight packaging of goods.
Ocean/ Sea Routes/ Ocean Trade Routes
Are well marked routes through which Ocean traffic passes. They are also called ocean trading routes because they have come about
as a result of trading activities among various regions.
Major ocean routes are concentrated in the northern hemisphere due to the following:
 High degree of industrialisation
 Intensive trading activities
 High population
 Availability of ocean terminals in developed countries of Europe, N. America and parts of Asia.

World major Sea Routes

Panama Canal Sea Route- connects Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Cape of Good Hope Sea Route- serves eastern and western coasts of Asia, New Zealand and Australia.
 North Pacific Sea Route- serves industrialised countries of Asia e.g. Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, S. Korea and W.N.
America.
 N. Atlantic Sea Route- connects W. Europe to E.N. America.
 Mediterranean Asiatic Sea Route- connects Europe to Africa and the Far East countries.
 Trans-Atlantic sea Route- connects Europe to E.S. America.

Inland Water Ways

-Movement of goods and people over rivers, lakes and canals.

Examples of Navigable Rivers of Africa

 Section of R. Congo
 R. Nile from Uganda to Khartoum
 R. Ogowe in Gabon.
 Sections of R. Niger
 Tana
 Zambezi

Examples of Navigable Rivers in Other Parts of the World

 R. Rhine and its tributaries main, Meuse and Ruhr.
 Mississippi and its tributaries Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas and Tennessee.
 Mackenzie, Yukon, Nelson and Albany in N. America.
 Most important water way in N. America is the St. Lawrence Sea Way .
Examples of Lakes which are inland water ways are such as Victoria (largest inland waterway in E. Africa, Tanganyika, Malawi, Albert
and also man-made lakes such as Kariba, Nasser, Volta and Kainji.

Factors Which Have Hindered Development of River Transport in Africa

 Inadequate capital to develop waterways, ports and for the purchase of vessels.
 Fluctuation of water levels which makes sailing difficult as a result of rivers passing through dry areas.
  Presence of rapids and waterfalls which hinders the vessels’ movement.
 Siltation of rivers which makes their channels shallow hence hindering movement of vessels.
 Presence of floating vegetation which makes it difficult for vessels to sail due to narrowing of the river channel.
 Most rivers pass through unproductive zones hence it’s uneconomical to develop river transport.
 Rivers flow across political boundaries which may require negotiation in order for the countries involved to use them for
transport.
 Inadequate technology.

Reasons many rivers in Africa are not navigable

 The rugged nature of the African landscape with steep slopes, e.g. the East African highlands
 Shallow, narrow and fast-moving water that is not suitable for navigation. For example, navigability on River Zambezi is
affected by its narrowness and swift-flowing waters
 Presence o rock obstacles or outcrops that hinder the movement of vessels. This creates waterfalls, cataracts and rapids
which reduce navigability of the rivers. River Congo has been affected by the Buyoma and Inga falls
 The rivers are also affected by siltation, especially at their mouths and also along their courses, due to soil erosion. This
reduces the ideal depth required for the vessels to move
 Most rivers suffer seasonal fluctuation of the water regimes as they pass through some regions that receive low rainfall
 Inadequate economic resources in most of the areas served by the rivers
 Some rivers have floating vegetation or swamps which make the navigable channel very narrow.

Canal Transport
A canal is a water channel that is cut through land for boats or ships to travel along. Some canals join large water bodies like seas and
oceans.

Examples of Canals
 Suez Canal which joins Mediterranean and Red Sea.
 Panama Canal which connects Caribbean Sea with Pacific Ocean.
 Dortmund-Ems Canal which joins R. Rhine to the N. Sea.
 Soo canals which connects connecting L. Superior to L. Huron.

The Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Sea Way

- It’s the most important sea way in N. America shared by U.S.A. and Canada.
- It’s located along the boundary between the two countries.
- It stretches over 3680km from Atlantic Ocean to the interior of N. America up to L. Superior.
- It comprises of St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario.
Shortcomings of the seaway before development
 It had obstacles of rock outcrops, rapids, waterfalls and small islands.
 Shallow sections due to silting
 Narrow sections (bottle necks).
 Freezing of water in winter.
 Presence of fog and mist at the mouth of St. Lawrence River.
St. Lawrence Sea Way Project was started by U.S.A. and Canadian governments in 1954 to construct and improve navigability of St.
Lawrence River.
Objectives of the Project
 Promote trade and industrialisation between the two countries.
 Remove silt between L. Erie and Huron.
 Regulate the flow of St. Lawrence River through dam construction.
 Smoothen river channel by removing rapids, small islands, rock outcrops etc.
 Regulate different water levels along the sea way through dredging to widen and deepen shallow sections within the lakes and
the river.
What the Seaway Project Was Involved In
 Dredging of the shallow sections to deepen to accommodate large shipping vessels.
 Formation of water reservoirs behind dams to drown rapids allowing ocean vessels to move along the routes.
 Installation of radar and light on ships to improve the navigation of ships in order to avoid accidents.
 Blasting to remove the rocky islands and narrow sections along the sea route.
 Construction of canals to join the lakes and bypass obstacles e.g.
 Soo Canals to join L.Superior and Huron.
 Welland Canal joining L. Erie and Ontario to bypass Niagara Falls.
  New York State Barge Canal to connect L. Erie to Hudson River.

Benefits/Role of St. Lawrence Seaway to the Economies of U.S.A. and Canada

 Source of foreign exchange for the two countries because many tourists are attracted hereby the scenery e.g. Niagara Falls.
 Dams along the seaway are used to produce H.E.P. which stimulated growth of industries.
 Fishing is undertaken in dams and lakes along the water way.
 Development of agricultural activities along the seaway e.g. villages which practice horticultural farming.
 It’s a source of employment e.g. tour guides, security, transport, etc.
 Source of revenue to U.S.A. and Canada from toll charges paid by ships which go there.
 Lakes and the seaway are sources of fresh water for domestic and industrial purposes.
 Increased trade between the two countries and other countries of the world.
 Reduction of transport costs to and from the interior of the continent.
Advantages of Water Transport
 Offers less friction to the movement of vessels as it’s the case with roads.
 Are natural and free transport routes requiring less artificial infrastructures
 Less expensive because large loads can be carried at minimal costs and water routes require minimal maintenance.
 It’s a reliable mode of transport since there is very little traffic congestion on waterways because the waterway is large.
 Goods are protected because they are transported in containers or tankers.
 It’s a safe mode of transport for delicate goods.
Disadvantages
 Many water ways are affected by water fluctuation like low volumes and high volumes which make them to flow swiftly which
make them unnavigable.
 Water transport is the slowest and unsuitable for perishables, casualties and medicines.
 Great loses are incurred during accidents such as fire outbreaks, typhoons, tsunamis and mechanical breakdown due to the
large carrying capacity of the vessel.
 High capital is required in the purchasing of modern shipping vessels and maintenance of parts.
 Ocean transport is available only to people who live near water ways unlike roads which are flexible.
 Insecurity in the oceans where pirates steal from and attack sailing ships.
 Sea vessels greatly contribute to water pollution as most of the wastes are thrown into the sea.

COMMUNICATION
Types of Communication
o Verbal communication-communication by word of mouth e.g. telephone, face to face and radio.
o Written communication-communication by writing e.g. letters. Magazines, newspapers and journals.
o Audio-visual communication-communication by using a combination of sounds, signs and pictures e.g. gestures, beating
drums, smoke, shouting in a special way, television, etc.

Telecommunication Services
-Communication over a distance using cables or wireless communication e.g.
o Telephone-converts sound into electronic signals and back to sound waves at the receiving end.
o Facsimile (fax)- send information through telephone lines by converting written information into electronic signals and back to
written at the receiving end.
o Internet-global network of computers linked via telephone and enables individuals to send e-mail. It is the fastest, cheapest
and connected all over the world.
Role of Transport and Communication in the Economic Development of Africa
 Development of trade because buyers are able to move to markets, traders are able to move to market centres where
products are in high demand and order goods for sale without necessarily going to the suppliers which reduces transport costs
and hence increases profits.
 Development of infrastructure by making tourist attractions accessible.
 Promotion of industrial development/establishment of more industries since areas with good transport and communication
networks are likely to attract investors to set up industries and finished goods are able to reach consumers easily.
Communication enables industrialists to know where raw materials are available without having to move a lot.
 Promotes international understanding because it enables citizens of different countries to be in close contact enabling them to
learn about and appreciate each others culture resulting in good relationship.
 Many people are employed in the transport and communication sectors e.g. drivers, mechanics, engineers, journalists,
broadcasters, computer programmers etc.
 Settlements develop where transport routes converge e.g. Khartoum at the confluence of blue and white Nile and Mombasa.
  Transport opens up remote areas for exploitation of natural resources such as minerals, fish, tourists’ attractions because
labour can be easily ferried to such areas and resources can be taken easily to processing sites.
 transport and communication are sources of revenue to the government e.g. tax levied on air time, license fees charged when
one wants to start T.V. or radio station, etc.

Problems Facing transport and Communication in Africa and their Possible Solutions
 Some countries are landlocked i.e. located far inland away from oceans e.g. Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, etc. the solution is to
develop good relations among the nations in the continent so that countries which have access to the sea permit their
landlocked neighbours to have direct access to the sea routes.
 Regions having rugged relief due to presence of features like mountains e.g. mountains Kenya and Kilimanjaro which makes
construction of roads and railways difficult and expensive. Presence of rapids and waterfalls which causes swift movement of
water makes development of river transport difficult. The solution is constructing passes and tunnels through ridges and
slopes and building of bridges across rivers and valleys to allow construction of roads and railways.
 Shortage of navigable rivers because rivers have navigable stretches, presence of obstacles and fluctuations of water
volumes, narrowness and shallowness all of which makes navigation difficult. Solution is widening and deepening of river
channels through dredging and construction of dams across rivers to improve navigation.
 Vandalism of communication facilities such as telephones and their cables which hinders communication. The solution would
be prosecution of people caught in possession of communication materials.
 Lack of adequate capital for establishment and maintenance of transport and communication infrastructure e.g. vehicles,
locomotives, aircraft, satellites, computers, etc. The solution is joint partnership between African countries with donors in order
to finance establishment of communication infrastructure and also.
 Political instability in countries such as Somalia which have affected transport and communication. The solution would be to
set peace mission in the affected countries in order to restore stability.
 Communication experiences language barriers due to many ethnic groups with majority who only communicates through
vernacular making international communication difficult. Solution is adoption of major international languages like French and
English to help Africa engage in international communication.
 High cost of travelling due to high cost of fuel causing the low and middle class persons to travel less which reduces profits
realised in the transport sector. The solution is management and conservation of energy to save on the available resources
and alternative sources of energy.
 Deep rooted colonial heritage where colonialists constructed railways of different gauges which makes extension of railways
into neighbouring countries difficult. Efforts are being made by several African countries to change the pattern of roads and
railways and joint construction of roads and railways.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

1. State the four types of elections in the USA
2. Outline the qualifications for a presidential candidate in the USA
3. Explain the functions of the US Congress
4. Outline the functions of the US President
5. Explain how the powers of the US president are checked
6. State the functions of the Vice President of the USA
7. State the functions of the Civil Service in the USA
8. Name the two types of Courts in the USA
9. State the functions of the US Supreme court
10. Explain the doctrine of separation of powers as applied in the USA
11. State the functions of the US Federal government
12. State the functions of the State governments in the USA
13. Outline the advantages and the disadvantages of the Federal system of government
14. Name the types of elections in Britain
15. Outline the functions of the Monarch in Britain
16. Name the two houses of parliament in Britain
17. State the ways in which one could become a member of the House of Lords
18. State the functions of the House of Lords
19. State the functions of the House of Commons
20. Explain the functions o the Prime Minister in Britain
21. Outline the functions of the Cabinet in Britain
22. Explain the ways in which the independence of the Judiciary is guaranteed in Britain
23. Describe the structure of the Judiciary in Britain
 24. Define the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy as applied in Britain
25. Explain how the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy is upheld in Britain
26. Explain the factors limiting parliamentary supremacy in Britain
27. Give the privileges which members of the legislature in Britain enjoy
28. Name the houses of parliament in India
29. Name the types of elections In India
30. Name the political parties in India
31. State the functions of the government of India
32. State the functions of the India’s legislature
33. Outline the functions of the India’s Prime Minister
34. State the qualifications for one to be elected president in India
35. Describe the structure of the court system in India
36. Explain the functions of the Judiciary in India

CRE FORM FOUR APRIL HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT 2024

PAPER 1
1. (a) Identify eight activities performed by God in the second account of
creation (Gen 2:4 – 25). (8mks)
(b) Outline similarities between traditional African view of evil and the
Biblical concept of sin. (7mks)
(c) State five consequences of evil in the society today. (5mks)

2. (a) Explain the significance of the night of Exodus to the Israelites. (7mks)
(b) State seven circumstances under which covenants were made in the
Africa traditional societies. (7mks)
(c) Give six importances of the Ten Commandments today. (6mks)

3. (a) Explain four ways in which King Solomon fulfilled Samuel’s prophecy
about kingship in Israel. (8mks)
(b) Outline God’s promises to King David through Prophet Nathan. (6mks)
(c) Give six ways in which Christians can deal with challenges they face
in modern day society. (6mks)
4. (a) Identify six categories of prophets. (6mks)
(b) Explain four reasons why God was to pass judgment on Israel and
other nations. (8mks)
(c) Give ways through which Christians fight hypocrisy in the church. (6mks
5. (a) Outline the message of Jeremiah in his letter to the exiles Jer.29:1 – 14. (7mks)
(b) Identify four similarities in the life and experience of Nehemiah and Jesus. (8mks)
(c) Give five reasons why it is difficult to have reforms in Kenya. (5mks)
6. (a) Outline four duties of healers as counsellors in traditional African communities. (8mks)
(b) State six ways in which people show their appreciation to God as the
source of life in traditional African communities. (6mks)
(c) State six factors which have led to decline of observance of taboos
in traditional African communities. (6mks)
7.a) Explain the causes of the original sin as recorded in Genesis 3? (6marks)
b) What were the consequences of Adam and Eve’s disobedience? (8marks)
c) What Biblical evidence shows that God has a plan for the salvation of mankind? (6marks)
8. a) Outline the conditions that God gave the Israelites during the renewal of the Mosaic covenant? (7marks)
b) Identify the worship practices that Israelites adopted in the wilderness? (7marks)
c) What was the Israelites new understanding of God in the wilderness? (5marks)
9. a) What factors led to the spread of idolatry in Israel? (7marks)
b) Explain the importance of the Jerusalem Temple? (7marks)
c) How can Christian fight moral corruption in society today? (6marks)
10. a) State and interpret the visions of Amos? (10marks)
b) Explain Amos’ teaching on the Day of the Lord? (10marks)
c) What lessons can Christians learn from the call of Amos? (4marks)
11. a) What problems did Nehemiah face during his mission of rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem? (7marks)
 b) State eight leadership qualities that were expressed by Nehemiah? (8marks)
c) Give five reasons why some Christians find it hard to pray? (5marks)
12. a) State six roles of medicine men in the Traditional African Societies? (6marks)
b) What factors have led to the diminishing importance of medicine men today? (7marks)
c) In what ways do the young generation still show respect to the old aged? (7marks)
PAPER 2
1. (a) Give the terms used by Isaiah in reference to the Messiah. (6marks)
(b) State the extraordinary events surrounding the birth of Jesus. (7marks)
(c) Give seven reasons why some Christians find it difficult to trust in God. (7marks)
2. (a) Describe the healing of the paralytic(Luke 5:1-11) (8marks)
(b) Identify six teachings on prayers from the Lord’s Prayer? (6marks)
(c) List six reasons why some Christians find it difficult to pray? (6marks)
3. (a) Outline seven preparations Jesus made for his triumphant entry to Jerusalem? (7marks)
(b) Give seven reasons why Jesus was in a conflict with religious leaders in Jerusalem. (7marks)
(c) Give reasons why Christians must accept suffering. (6marks)
4. (a) Identify seven reactions of the disciples of Jesus to his arrest. (7marks)
(b) Cite six ways in which Jesus revealed himself to the disciples on the way to Emmaus. (6marks)
(c) Mention seven challenges that modern Christians face in their ministry as servants of God. (7marks)
5. (a) Give five symbols used to illustrate the unity of believers? (5marks)
(b) Explain the factors that caused disunity in the early church? (8marks)
(c) Outline seven ways in which churches discipline those who cause disunity in the church today? (7marks)

6. (a) List various forms of punishment in the society today? (6marks)

(b) Name seven practices in African Traditional Communities that promoted law, order and justice? (7marks)
(c) Give seven ways of curbing ethnicity in Kenya today? (7marks)
7. (a) Identify seven similarities between the annunciation of the birth of John
the Baptist and that of Jesus. (7mks)
(b) Describe the events that took place after the birth of John the Baptist
Luke 1: 57 - 67. (8mks)
(c) What lessons do Christian learn from the story of shepherds during the
birth of Jesus Christ. (5mks)
8. (a) Describe the call of Levi in Luke 5: 27 – 32. (6mks)
(b) Give reasons why Jesus appointed the twelve apostles. (8mks)
(c) Give reasons why a person should be converted to Christianity. (6mks)
9. (a) Explain the significance of miracles in the ministry of Jesus. (8mks)
(b) Give reasons why Jesus was not anxious to disclose his messiah ship. (6mks)
(c) Identify instances when Jesus was tempted during his life. (6mks)
10. (a) As a gift of the Holy Spirit, identify the components of love in 1 Cor 13. (7mks)
(b) State six Christian criteria for discerning the gifts of the Holy Spirit. (6mks)
(c) What are the causes of disunity in the church today. (7mks)
11. (a) Explain the traditional understanding of marriage. (8mks)
(b) Identify six forms of irresponsible sexual behaviour in the society today. (6mks)
(c) State six ways in which the church can help single parents. (6mks)
12. (a) Identify six practices that promote law and order in traditional African
communities. (6mks)
(b) Explain how science and technology has helped in evangelization. (7mks)
(c) Show how Christians contribute to the conservation of the environment. (7mks)

FORM FOUR TERM 1 2024 BUSINESS STUDIES

1. Identify four gaps that may create a business opportunity in a market. (4mks)
2. Name four ways of differentiating products in a monopolistic competition. (4mks)
3. State any four adverse effects of Inflation in an economy. (4mks)
4. Outline four circumstances under which short message service(SMS) may be used in communication (4mks)
5. Mwiti has a retail shop in Meru town valued at Ksh. 1,500,000. He insured the business with an insurance company for ksh.
1,000,000 against fire. After six months fire broke out and destroyed 80% of the business. Determine the amount of
compensation that he can claim from insurance company. (4mks)
6. Give four reasons why shopping malls have become popular in Kenya. (4mks)
 7. Highlight four essentials of warehousing facilities. (4mks)
8. State four ways in which the nature of goods would influence the choice of transport. (4mks)
9. Give four reasons why railway transport is not popular among the Kenyans.(4mks)
10. Using the following transactions, state the name of the account to be debited and account to be credited.
Transaction Account debited Account credited
Made cash sales of ksh.2,000
Purchased machine by cheque
Paid a creditor sh.3,000 in cash
Withdrew sh.10,000 for business use
11. State four measures that Kenya government may take to attract firms to an area. (4mks)
12. From the descriptions given below, indicate the type of insurance policy described in each case.
(4mks)
a. Taking a policy to cover against loss arising from dishonest worker
b. Taking a policy to cover against loss of profit arising from business closure
c. Cover workers who may be injured when they are officially on duty
d. Cover a motor vehicle against all possible risks
13. State four factors that may lead to a decrease in level of National Income in a country. (4mks)
14. Outline four principles of public expenditure.
15. Highlight four office etiquette qualities that a school secretary should observe while carrying out her work. (4mks)
16. State four circumstances under which a producer would sell goods directly to a consumer. (4mks)
17. Outline four distinctions between perfect competition and monopoly.(4mks)
18. Outline four circumstances under which a partnership may be dissolved. (4mks)
19. The following Trail Balance relates to Jomba Traders for the year ended 31 December
2020.
Jomba Traders
Trial Balance
As at 31.12.20.20
Dr Cr
General expenses 120,000
Rent expense 45 000
Telephone expense 40.000
Salaries 360,000
Sales 4,500,000
Purchases 2,900,000
Discount received 38,000
Sales returns 40,000
Motor vehicles 800,000
Debtors 200,000
Land and buildings 2,000,000
Cash at Bank 150,000
Cash in hand 20,000
Capital 2,000,000
Drawings 120,000
Creditors 257,000
6,795,0006,795,000
Additional information
Stock as at 31 December 2020 was sh. 100,000
Required
(i) Prepare trading, profit and loss a/c for the year ended 31.12.2020
(ii) Calculate return on capital and current ratio (10mks)

20. Explain five factors which lead togrowth in the level of National Income. (10mks)
21. Jilocompany wishes to have its manufactured goods distributed all over the country. Advise thecompany on five channels to
usein distributing the good. (10mks)
22. With the aid of a diagram, explain the effects of an increase in supply to equilibrium price and quantity of commodity. (10mks)
23. On 1st January 2022 Manga traders had 180,000 cash in hand and a bank credit balance of Shs.57,500. During the
month the following transactions took place.
3rd Jan: Cash sales Shs. 2,800
4th Jan: A debtor settled his accent of sh. 90,000 by cheque
10th Jan: Paid Salaries shs. 40,000 in cash.
12th Jan: Took cash sh. 35,000 to settle on personal debt.
23rd Jan: Received a chequeshs. 8460 from Ouru distribution after deducting 6%cash
discount.
24th Jan: Deposits shs. 10,000 in the bank from office cash.
25th Jan: Purchased stock worth shs.8,950 on credit from Ngumo distributors
26th Jan: Cash sales banked directly shs.38,000
27th Jan: A cheque received on 4th from a debtors was dishonored. The bank charged
him 2,500.
29th Jan: Settled creditors account shs. 6,000 by cheque less 3% cash discount.
31st Jan: Bank all cash except shs.40,000
Required: Prepared a three column cash book duly balanced (10mks)
24. Explain five characteristics of an underdeveloped economy. (10mks)
25. Ekerubo shop sells all its goods at a margin of 20 % for the year ended 30th April
2016,the trading activities were as follows;
Purchases Shs. 800,000
Sales Shs 950,000
Net profit 5 % of sales
Closing stock Shs. 200,000
Calculate; (10mks)
(i) The gross profit
(ii) The opening stock
(iii) The mark-up percentage
(iv) The net profit

COMPUTER STUDIES FORM 4

1.
(a) Distinguish between Computer Aided Instruction and Computer Aided Learning(2mks)
(b) Describe three advantages of using computers in banking(3mks)
2. Identify two reasons why a computer needs to be connected to a stable power supply(2mks)
3. Mention four things that are likely to cause strain- in the computer room(2mks)
4. State any four components found on the computer motherboard(2mks)
5. Give four human attributes used during biometric analysis(2mks)
6. George connected new multimedia speakers to his computer and tried to play his favorite music CD, but no sound came out.
Suggest four problems that might have occurred (2mks)
7. Give any two peripheral devices which get their power supply through ports(2mks)
8. List any three techniques used by the operating system to perform job scheduling (3mks)
9. Raphael selected a paragraph in word processing. Explain what happened after pressing the following keys on the keyboard
(3mks)
(i) Ctrl + X
(ii) Ctrl + U
(iii) Ctrl + V
10.
(a) Outline three qualities of a good programmer (3mks)
(b) State four computer related courses offered at National polytechnics in Kenya(2mks)
11. List any two methods used to secure data in a database (1mk)
12. A school intends to set-up an e-learning system. Briefly describe four problems that are likely to be encountered (2mks)
13. State the difference between pasteboard and printable page(2mks)
14. Outline four features of spreadsheet that are useful in financial modeling(4mks)
15. Briefly describe the two most common protocols for the internet(3mks)
16.
(a) Mention three characteristics of web scripting language (3mks)
(b) List three things which are considered as improper use of language rule which may cause syntax errors (3mks)
(c) Mumias sugar company pays casual employees based on the number of hours worked as follows
Less than 10 hours @ khs.100/= per hour
Up to 15 hours @ khs150/= per hour
 More than 15 hours @khs200/= /per hour
(i) Write a pseudo code that will prompt the user to input the name, rate hours worked. The pseudo code should output the
name, hours worked and the wage paid for five employees (4mks)
(ii) Draw a flowchart for the pseudo code (5mks)
17.
(a) List two advantages of digital signals over analogue signals (2mks)
(b) If ASCII-7 represent letter B as 1000010 suggest how letter P will be represented (2mk)
(c) Convert 57.410 to its Octal equivalent (3mks)
(d) Determine the value of X in this equation (3mks)
X2 + 11012=1068
(e) Convert 7AEH to a decimal number(2mks)
(f) Use twos compliment to subtract 15 from 7 (2mks)
(g) State two use of hexadecimal notation in a computer (1mk)
18.
(a) List two protocols that operate at the application layer (1mk)
(b) Describe three main features of single mode fibre optic cable (3mks)
(c) Describe three factors to consider when choosing transmission media (3mks)
(d) Explain two techniques used to control data flow between the nodesin an Ethernet topology (2mks)
(e) Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow

(i) Identify the topology represented by the diagram above (1mk)

(ii) Give two advantages of the above topology (2mks)
(iii) Explain how MSAU is used in (i) (1mk)
(f) State two limitation of networking (2mks)

19.
(a) Highlight three circumstances that necessitate the development of new information systems (3mks)
(b) Describe three factors that cause system entropy(3mks)
(c) State two tools that a system analyst may use to design a system (1mk)
(d) Outline three factors that should be considered when sourcing for hardware and software resources required for a new system
(3mks)
(e) Name two circumstances in which it is better to use a Questionnaire than an Interview for gathering information(2mk)
(f) State three reasons why users may resist the introduction of an information system in their place of work (3mks
20.
(a)
(i) What is robot (1mk)
(ii) Mention four advantages of robot (2mks)
(b) Describe three major components of expert system (3mks)
(c) Describe the trends in computer technology base your argument on size, memory and speed (3mks)
(d) What is flaming (1mk)
(e) State four limitations of natural language processing (2mks)
(f) Discuss the effects of ICT on employment (3mks)

FRENCH FORM FOUR

Write compositions beginning as follows:
(a) La plageétait desserté ……………………………………………………..……….(15 pts)
(b) C’tait un bon après-midi quand nous……………………………………………..…(5 pts)
(c) Votre soeurestperdu. Ecrivezun announce. (10pts)
AGRICULTURE FO RM FOUR