University of Ljubljana

Faculty of Mathematics and Physics

Condensed matter physics

Pauli paramagnetism at low temperatures

Ringaile Marija Katiliute

Show that if T is small compared with the Fermi temperature, the temperature-dependent correction
to the Pauli susceptibility is given by
2
(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋 2 𝑔′2 (ɛ𝐹 ) 𝑔′′(𝜇)(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 𝜋 2
𝜒(𝑇) = 𝜒(0) (1 − + )
6 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) 6𝑔(ɛ𝐹 )

Where g, g‘ and g‘‘ are the density of levels and it derivatives at the Fermi energy. Show that for
free electrons this reduces to
(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋2
𝜒(𝑇) = 𝜒(0) (1 + ).
12ɛ2𝐹

𝑑𝑀
Susceptibility is determined as: χ(t)=
𝑑𝐻

Magnetization is equal to
∞
M = μB2B0∫−∞ 𝑔′ (ɛ)𝑓(ɛ)𝑑ɛ
1
Where f(ɛ) is Fermi function and it is expressed as f(ɛ)=𝑒 (𝛽−𝜇)+1, μB Bohr magnetron, g‘(ɛ ) density
of levels function.
Integral in magnetization equation is calculated as follows:
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ 𝑔′ (ɛ)𝑓(ɛ)𝑑ɛ = [𝑔(∞)𝑓(∞) − 𝑔(0)𝑓(0)] − ∫ 𝑔(ɛ)𝑓 ′ (ɛ)𝑑ɛ = ∫ 𝑔(ɛ)(−𝑓 ′ (ɛ))𝑑ɛ
−∞ −∞ −∞

At low temperatures 𝜇 = ɛ𝐹 , so 𝑔(ɛ) = 𝑔(𝜇).We will write density of levels as Teilor series:
∞
1
∫ {𝑔(𝜇) + 𝑔′ (𝜇)ɛ + 𝑔′′ (𝜇)(ɛ − 𝜇)2 +. . } (−𝑓 ′ (ɛ))𝑑ɛ
−∞ 2
∞
1
= ∫ {𝑔(𝜇) + 𝑔′ (𝜇)ɛ + 𝑔′′ (𝜇)(ɛ)2 +. . } (−𝑓 ′ (ɛ + 𝜇))𝑑ɛ
−∞ 2
∞
= 𝑔(𝜇) ∫ (−𝑓 ′ (ɛ))𝑑ɛ
−∞
∞
𝑔′′(𝜇) ∞ 2
+ 𝑔′ (𝜇) ∫ ɛ(−𝑓 ′ (ɛ + 𝜇))𝑑ɛ + ∫ ɛ (−𝑓 ′ (ɛ + 𝜇))𝑑ɛ+. .
−∞ 2 −∞
Integrals can be calculated separately:
∞
(i) ∫−∞(−𝑓 ′ (ɛ))𝑑ɛ = −𝑓(∞) − 𝑓(−∞) = 1
∞
(ii) ∫−∞ ɛ(−𝑓 ′ (ɛ + 𝜇))𝑑ɛ = 0
∞ ∞ ɛ2 𝑑ɛ ɛ ∞ (𝑘𝐵 𝑇)3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
(iii) ∫−∞ ɛ2 (−𝑓 ′ (ɛ + 𝜇))𝑑ɛ = ∫−∞ 4𝑘 𝑇𝑐ℎ2
ɛ = [𝑘 𝑇
= 𝑥] = ∫−∞
4𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝑐ℎ2
𝑥 = [ 𝑐ℎ 2 =
𝐵 2𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ..𝐵 2

𝑒 𝑥/2 +𝑒 −𝑥/2 ∞ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋2

]= (𝑘𝐵 𝑇)2 ∫−∞ (𝑒 𝑥 +1)2 =
2 3

∞ 𝑔′′(𝜇)(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋 2
Final expression: ∫−∞ 𝑔′ (ɛ)𝑓(ɛ)𝑑ɛ = 𝑔(μ) + 6

𝑔(μ) can be determine from first member of Teilor series:

𝑔(μ) = 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) + (μ − ɛ𝐹 )𝑔′(ɛ𝐹 )

(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋 2 𝑔′(ɛ𝐹 )
𝜇 = ɛ𝐹 −
6 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 )

(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋 2 𝑔′ (ɛ𝐹 ) ′
(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋 2 𝑔′2 (ɛ𝐹 )
𝑔(μ) = 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) + (ɛ𝐹 − − ɛ𝐹 ) 𝑔 (ɛ𝐹 ) = (𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) − )
6 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) 6 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 )
All results can be written to magnetization expression:
2
(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋 2 𝑔′2 (ɛ𝐹 ) 𝑔′′(𝜇)(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 𝜋 2
𝑀= 𝜇𝐵2 𝐻 (𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) − + )
6 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) 6

𝜇𝐵2 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) = χ(0), because of this relation equation needs to be divided and multiply by 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ).
Temperature is small, there for 𝑔′′ (𝜇) = 𝑔′′(ɛ𝐹 ).
2
(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 2 𝜋 2 𝑔′2 (ɛ𝐹 ) 𝑔′′(𝜇)(𝑘𝐵𝑇) 𝜋 2
𝑀 = 𝜒(0)𝐻 (1 − + )
6 𝑔(ɛ𝐹 ) 6𝑔(ɛ𝐹 )

Susceptibility expression:
(𝒌𝑩𝑻) 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒈′𝟐 (ɛ𝑭 ) 𝒈′′(𝝁)(𝒌𝑩𝑻) 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝝌(𝑻) = 𝝌(𝟎) (𝟏 − + ).
𝟔 𝒈(ɛ𝑭 ) 𝟔𝒈(ɛ𝑭 )

In free electron case we need to remember that density of levels has square root dependence of
energy 𝑔(ɛ) = 𝐴√ɛ, where A is constant.
𝐴
𝑔′ (ɛ) =
2 √ɛ
−𝐴
𝑔′′ (ɛ) =
4ɛ3/2
These results we put into susceptibility equation and get susceptibility value for free electron:
(𝒌𝑩𝑻) 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝝌(𝑻) = 𝝌(𝟎) (𝟏 + ).
𝟏𝟐ɛ𝟐𝑭