Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full Download Foundations of Finance 9Th Edition Keown Solutions Manual PDF
Full Download Foundations of Finance 9Th Edition Keown Solutions Manual PDF
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Expected Return Defined and Measured
A. The expected benefits or returns to be received from an investment come from the cash
flows the investment generates.
B. The rate of return earned from an investment can be calculated as the ratio of the dollar
gain divided by the amount of the investment at the beginning of the period. We can
formalize these calculations as follows:
Holding-period dollar gain
Priceend of Pricebeginning of
period period
Pricebeginning of period
Pbegin of P
6-1
©2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-2 Keown/Martin/Petty Instructor's Manual with Solutions
C. In an uncertain world, we must use expected cash flow, CF , for computing expected
gains and rates of return. We compute an expected cash flow as follows:
Standard deviation in = r1 – r 2 r2 – r rn – r n
2
(6-9)
rates of return (n – 1)
where n = the number of possible states of the economy
ri = the rate of return in the ith period
r = the expected rate of return
(a) The risk-free rate of return is the rate of return on risk-free investments such as
short-term U. S. government securities.
(b) The risk premium is the additional return expected for assuming risk. It is
calculated as follows:
Required rate risk-free rate beta market return risk-free rate (6-13)
ANSWERS TO
END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
6-1. a. An investor's required rate of return is the minimum rate of return necessary to
attract an investor to purchase or hold a security.
b. Risk is the potential variability in returns on an investment. Thus, the greater the
uncertainty as to the exact outcome, the greater is the risk. Risk may be measured
in terms of the standard deviation of rates of return or by the variance of rates of
return, which is simply the standard deviation squared.
c. A large standard deviation of the returns indicates greater riskiness associated
with an investment. Future cash flows have a greater potential variation.
However, whether the standard deviation is large relative to the returns has to be
examined with respect to other investment opportunities. Alternatively,
probability analysis is a meaningful approach to capture greater understanding of
the significance of a standard deviation figure. However, we have chosen not to
incorporate such an analysis into our explanation of the valuation process.
6-2. a. Unique risk is the variability in a firm's stock price that is associated with the
specific firm and not the result of some broader influence. An employee strike is
an example of a company-unique influence.
b. Systematic risk is the variability in a firm's stock price that is the result of general
influences within the industry or resulting from overall market or economic
influences. A general change in interest rates charged by banks is an example of
systematic risk.
6-3. Beta indicates the responsiveness of a security's return to changes in the market return.
According to the CAPM, beta is multiplied by the market risk premium and added to the
risk-free rate of return to calculate a required rate of return.
6-4. The security market line is a graphical representation of the risk-return trade-off that
exists in the market. The line indicates the minimum acceptable rate of return for
investors given the level of systematic risk of a security.
6-5. The beta for a portfolio is equal to the weighted average of the betas of individual stocks,
weighted by the percentage invested in each stock.
6-6. If a stock has a great amount of variability about its characteristic line (the line of best fit
in the graph of the stock's returns against the market's returns), then it has a high amount
of unsystematic or company-unique risk. If, however, the stock's returns closely follow
the market movements, then there is little unsystematic risk.
6-7. Data have been compiled by Ibbotson Associates, Inc. on the actual returns for the
following portfolios of securities, plus the inflation rate, from 1926–2014.
1. Common stocks of large firms
2. Common stocks for small firms
3. Corporate bonds
SOLUTIONS TO
END-OF-CHAPTER STUDY PROBLEMS
6-1.
From our studies in statistics, we know that if the distribution of returns were normal,
then Universal Corporation could expect a return of 13 percent between 1.78 percent
(13% – 11.22%) and 24.22 percent (13% + 11.22%) of the time. On average, the firm can
expect a return of 13 percent. However, it is apparent from the probabilities that the
distribution is not normal.
6-2.
Kaifu
4% 6% 0% 2%
Average return = 3%
4
[(4% 3%)2
6% 3%
2
0% 3%
2
2% 3% ]
2
Market
2% 3% 1% 1%
Average return: 1.25%
4
[(2% 1.25%)2
3% 1.25%
2
1% 1.25%
2
1% 1.25% ]
2
6-3.
(A) (B) (A) x (B) Weighted
Probability Return Expected Return Deviation
P(ri) (ri) r (ri – r )2P(ri)
6-5.
Probability Return Probability × Return
0.40 7% 2.80%
0.25 4% 1.00%
0.15 18% 2.70%
0.20 10% 2.00%
Expected Return 8.50%
6-6. This problem has students visit websites that extend their knowledge about risk and
return. The students' answers will vary, depending on the information entered. It should
be a fun exercise that lets the students see the practical aspects of this chapter.
6-7. This problem has students visit websites that extend their knowledge about risk and
return. The students' answers will vary, depending on the information entered. It should
be a fun exercise that lets students see the practical aspects of this chapter.
6-8. This problem has students visit websites that extend their knowledge about risk and return.
The students' answers will vary, depending on the information entered. It should be a fun
exercise that lets students see the practical aspects of this chapter.
6-9
6-10. a.
Jazman Solomon
Time Price Return Price Return
1 $9 $27
2 11 22.22% 28 3.70%
3 10 –9.09 32 14.29
4 13 30.00 29 –9.38
b. A holding-period return indicates the rate of return you would earn if you bought
a security at the beginning of a period and sold it at the end of the period, such as
the end of the month or year.
6-11.
a. Zemin Market
c. Zemin's historical return of 20 percent is below what we would consider a fair return
of 25.6 percent, given the stock's high level of systematic risk.
6-13. This problem has students visit websites that extends their knowledge about risk and
return. The students' answers will vary, depending on the information entered. It should
be a fun exercise that lets students see the practical aspects of this chapter.
6-14.
a.
b.
c. Using the Excel function, Slope =linest(Nike returns,S&P returns), we find that
the slope of the characteristic line to be 0.471.
Google
Nike Returns
20.00%
Slope = Rise/Run
= 4.71%/10% =
15.00% 0.471
November
2014
returns
10.00%
5.00%
Rise =
4.71%
0.00%
-20.00% -15.00% -10.00% -5.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00%
Run = 10% S & P 500 Monthly
-5.00% Returns
-10.00%
-15.00%
-20.00%
d. Nike's returns are positively correlated to the S&P 500 returns with the
characteristic line having a slope of 0.471, which suggests that the systematic risk
for Nike is less than the general market. Moreover, the variability of returns
around the characteristic line reflects the relatively low level of unsystematic risk
for Nike's stock.
6-15.
Stock A: 5% + 0.75 (12% – 5%) = 10.3%
Stock B: 5% + 0.90 (12% – 5%) = 11.3%
Stock C: 5% + 1.40 (12% – 5%) = 14.8%
6-16.
a.
Citigroup S&P 500 Index
Month Price Return Price Return
May-14 $47.57 $1,924
Jun-14 47.10 –1.0% 1,960 1.87%
Jul-14 48.91 3.8% 1,931 –1.48%
Aug-14 51.65 5.6% 2,003 3.73%
Sep-14 51.82 0.3% 1,972 –1.55%
Oct-14 53.53 3.3% 2,018 2.33%
Nov-14 53.97 0.8% 2,068 2.48%
Dec-14 54.11 0.3% 2,059 –0.44%
Jan-15 46.95 –13.2% 1,995 –3.11%
Feb-15 52.42 11.7% 2,105 5.51%
Mar-15 51.52 –1.7% 2,068 –1.76%
Apr-15 53.32 3.5% 2,086 0.87%
May-15 54.97 3.1% 2,128 2.01%
b.
Average Return 1.37% 0.87%
Standard deviation 5.81% 2.57%
c.
Google
Citigroup Returns
20.0%
10.0%
S&P 500 Index Returns
Rise =
5.0% 17.32%
0.0%
-20.00% -15.00% -10.00% -5.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00%
Run = 10%
-5.0%
-10.0%
-15.0%
-20.0%
e. Citigroup's returns are positively correlated to the S&P 500 returns with the
characteristic line having a slope of 1.733, which suggests that the systematic risk
for Nike is much greater than the general market. Moreover, the variability of
returns around the characteristic line reflects the unsystematic risk for Citigroup's
stock.
b.
16
14
12 P
10
6
(%)
2
Risk-free rate
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
The greater the level of systematic risk, the higher the expected return is.
6-19. Eye-balling the characteristic line for the problem, the rise relative to the run is about
0.5. That is, when the S&P 500 return is 8 percent, Aram's expected return would be
about 4 percent. Thus, the beta is also approximately 0.5 (4 ÷ 8).
6-20.
Risk-Free Expected Market Risk Free
+ x Beta =
Rate Return Rate
6-21. Required return = Risk-Free Rate + [Beta × (Market Return – Risk-Free Rate)]
= 3% + [0.86 × (11.5% – 3%)] = 10.31%
6-22. If the expected market return is 12.8 percent and the risk premium is 9.3 percent, the
risk-free rate of return is 3.5 percent (12.8% – 9.3%). Therefore;
6-23. a. The portfolio expected return, r p equals a weighted average of the individual
stock's expected returns.
18.0%
Returns
16.0% 5
14.0%
1
12.0%
3
10.0% M
P
8.0%
2
6.0% 4
4.0%
2.0%
Beta
0.0%
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80
d. A “winner” may be defined as a stock that falls above the security market line,
which means that these stocks are expected to earn a return exceeding what
should be expected given their beta or level of systematic risk. In the above graph,
these stocks include 1 and 5. “Losers” would be those stocks falling below the
security market line, which are represented by stocks 2, 3, and 4. The five-stock
portfolio is slightly below the security market line as well.
e. Our results are less than certain because we have problems estimating the security
market line with certainty. The final estimate of beta depends on the methodology
used to compute beta. The number of months used to determine beta can affect its
value. We have also difficulty in exactly specifying the market portfolio. In
addition, the simplifying assumptions of the CAPM may not necessarily hold for
the investments being considered.
6-24. Portfolio Beta = (0.38 × 1.5) + (0.15 × 1.44) + (0.27 × 1.15) + (0.20 × 1.2) = 1.34
a.
S&P 500 Walmart Target
Month Price Return Price Return Price Return
2013
May 1,631 74.84 69.50
June 1,606 –1.53% 74.49 –0.47% 68.86 –0.92%
July 1,686 4.98% 77.94 4.63% 71.25 3.47%
August 1,633 –3.14% 72.98 –6.36% 63.31 –11.14%
September 1,682 3.00% 73.96 1.34% 63.98 1.06%
October 1,757 4.46% 76.75 3.77% 64.79 1.27%
November 1,806 2.79% 81.01 5.55% 63.93 –1.33%
December 1,848 2.33% 78.69 –2.86% 63.27 –1.03%
2014
January 1,783 –3.52% 74.68 –5.10% 56.64 –10.48%
February 1,859 4.26% 74.70 0.03% 62.54 10.42%
March 1,872 0.70% 76.43 2.32% 60.51 –3.25%
April 1,884 0.64% 79.71 4.29% 61.75 2.05%
May 1,924 2.12% 76.77 –3.69% 56.76 –8.08%
June 1,960 1.87% 75.07 –2.21% 57.95 2.10%
July 1,931 –1.48% 73.58 –1.98% 59.59 2.83%
August 2,003 3.73% 75.50 2.61% 60.07 0.81%
September 1,972 –1.55% 76.47 1.28% 62.68 4.34%
October 2,018 2.33% 76.27 –0.26% 61.82 –1.37%
November 2,068 2.48% 87.54 14.78% 74.00 19.70%
December 2,059 –0.44% 85.88 –1.90% 75.91 2.58%
2015
January 1,995 –3.11% 84.98 –1.05% 73.61 –3.03%
February 2,105 5.51% 83.93 –1.24% 76.83 4.37%
March 2,068 –1.76% 82.25 –2.00% 82.07 6.82%
April 2,086 0.87% 78.05 –5.11% 78.83 –3.95%
May 2,128 2.01% 75.86 –2.81% 79.29 0.58%
b.
c.
Walmart
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
‐10.00% ‐5.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00%
‐5.00%
‐10.00%
Target
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
‐5.00% ‐3.00% ‐1.00% 1.00% 3.00% 5.00% 7.00% 9.00%
‐5.00%
‐10.00%
‐15.00%
d. The returns for Walmart and Target are positively related to the market returns, but with a
lot of noise, which represents unsystematic or diversifiable risk.
f.
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
‐6.00% ‐4.00% ‐2.00% 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00% 10.00%
‐5.00%
‐10.00%
‐15.00%
When we plot the two-stock portfolio of Walmart and Target together against the S&P
500, the spread of the returns is a slightly tighter, with the exception of one really high
monthly return. In other words, more of the variation in the two-stock portfolio can be
explained by the returns of the market portfolio (S&P 500) than was the case with the
individual stock returns. That is, systematic risk has been reduce somewhat.
g.
Annualized Monthly
2013
June 2.30% 0.19%
July 2.58% 0.22%
August 2.74% 0.23%
September 2.81% 0.23%
October 2.62% 0.22%
November 2.72% 0.23%
December 2.90% 0.24%
2014
January 2.86% 0.24%
February 2.71% 0.23%
March 2.72% 0.23%
April 2.71% 0.23%
May 2.56% 0.21%
June 2.60% 0.22%
July 2.54% 0.21%
August 2.42% 0.20%
September 2.53% 0.21%
October 2.30% 0.19%
November 2.33% 0.19%
December 2.21% 0.18%
2015
January 1.88% 0.16%
February 1.98% 0.17%
March 2.04% 0.17%
April 1.94% 0.16%
May 1.97% 0.16%
i.
Avg Returns Std Deviation
Government bonds 0.20% 0.03%
S&P 500 Index 1.15% 2.68%
Walmart, Target, & govt. bonds 0.37% 3.35%
Walmart 0.15% 4.47%
Walmart & Target 0.45% 5.03%
Target 0.74% 6.42%
We see that as risk, measured by the standard deviation of returns, increased, the average
returns increased—the exceptions being the S&P 500 Index and Walmart. Of course, it is
hard to generalize based on a 24-month period.
j. Average Standard
Return Deviation Beta
Walmart 0.15% 4.47% 0.28
Target 0.74% 6.42% 0.75
If our data are representative of the rates of returns an investor would receive and the
variation of these returns, an investor would have a higher expected rate of return for
Target, the stock that exhibits greater total risk (a larger standard deviation) and greater
systematic risk (beta).
k.
Walmart
Risk-free rate 3.0%
Market return 10.0%
Beta 0.28
Required rate 5.0%
Target
Risk-free rate 3.0%
Market return 10.0%
Beta 0.75
Required rate 8.3%
ANNI kylmästi.
No olihan se…
MESTARI kaksimielisesti.
ANNI
MESTARI purevasti.
ANNI
MESTARI
Voi Anni kulta! Etkö sinä sitten ymmärrä, ettei rakkaus välitä, onko
naimisissa vai ei… Ja minkä minä nyt sille voin, että rakastan sinua
— etten saa sinua mielestäni? Eikä se sitäpaitsi niin kauhea asia ole,
kaikilla paremmilla ihmisillä on joku toinen, jota he rakastavat —
vaikka ovatkin naimisissa. Älä siis…
(Lähenee Annia.)
ANNI tuskastuneena.
MESTARI
Enhän voinut aavistaa, että sinä tulet siitä entistä katkerammaksi.
Odotin minä edes ystävällistä sanaa, katsetta — ajattelin, että sinä
sentään lopulta alat ymmärtää, tulet minun ystäväkseni… Minä
järjestäisin kaikki niin hyvin, saisit kaksinkertaisen palkan, ja…
ANNI tuskastuen.
Mihinkä niin?
(Kääntyy poispäin.)
Ihan suutelevat… No, etkö sinä siis koskaan ole sitä tehnyt?
MESTARI
Jaha! Sinä myönnät sen! Vai niin. Tuota lurjusta minä siis saan
kiittää kaikesta. Tuollaisen tähden olet sinä siis pitänyt pilkkanasi
minua, naureskellut sen kanssa takanapäin minua — minua! —
(Uhkaavasti.) — Mutta sen täytyy nyt loppua.
MESTARI kiukkuisesti.
Isä… isäkin…? Ei, ei… Mihinkä isä ja äiti sitten joutuvat tällaisena
työttömänä aikana — ja niin monta lasta… Älkää sentään eroittako
isää työstä… Hyvä mestari…
Se riippuu nyt kokonaan sinusta. Jos olet järkevä, niin ehkä annan
heidän jäädä. — (Pahanenteisesti.) — Mutta ellet… ellet sinä…
Älkää, herra mestari! Isä on ollut niin kauan täällä — koko ikänsä
ja, ja… — (Miltei vaikeroiden.) — Niin, ettekö te sitten ymmärrä, että
minä en voi, minä en voi…
MESTARI
ANNI
(Purskahtaa itkuun.)
MESTARI antaa Annin itkeä hetkisen, tuijottaa vain kummallisen
tutkivasti. Sitten hänen katseensa muuttuu neuvottomaksi, hän
lähenee, taputtaa hyväillen Annin olkapäätä ja hänen äänessään
värähtää levottomuus ja hellyys.
Auni älä itke, en voi sitä kestää… Anni ota edes tämä ja ole hiukan
ystävällinen minulle. Ota nyt Anni, äläkä itke Anni. Katsos miten
kaunis se on — perätkin ovat kullasta… Se maksaa kolmattasataa
markkaa…
ANNI nyyhkyttäen.
Miten minä voisin sen ottaa, sanoa että olen saanut sen teiltä?
Jokainen ajattelisi heti, että…
Kas niin, Anni. — Älä nyt itke. Minä en voi katsella sinua itkevänä
— se koskee niin sydämeeni. Jospa vain tietäisit, miten silloin kärsin
— ja aina… Ja sinä voisit lopettaa kärsimyksen! kun vaan tahtoisit —
voisit muuttaa kaikki hyväksi… meille molemmille…
Mutta sehän olisi valhe… minä tuntisin aina, että olen tehnyt
rikoksen. Ei, minä en voi ottaa sitä… Ottakaa se takaisin…
Anni, minä pyydän, rukoilen sinua! Ajattelu, mikä onni sinulle tulisi!
Sinä et tiedä, miten hyvin kävisi omaisillesi — etkö sinä tahdo edes
heidän parastaan…?
MESTARI
MESTARI uhkaavasti.
MESTARI raskaasti.
Tuletko siis varmasti! Jos sinä vielä tässä pettäisit minut, niin
silloin en enää armahda ketään! Tuletko?
ANNI
Minä tulen…
Anni, Anni, sinä voit pahoin… Tule ottamaan vettä… tule minun
huoneeseeni.
ANNI epätoivoisesti.
Hu, en minä huuda… kun ette vain… mestari hyvä — minä lupaan
tulla huomenna varmasti. — (Mestari vie hänet puoliväkisin sisään
sulkien oven.)
HUUTOJA
— Se on selvä se!
— Halonen myöskin!
KAARLO
HALONEN
ANNI nyyhkyttäen.
KORPI ärjäisten.
Niin, minä olen täällä… Mutta mitä sinä teet täällä? Mitä sinä olet
tehnyt…?
ANNI tolkuttomasti.
KAARLO raivoisasti.
Mitä sinä olet tehnyt? Vastaa minulle. Oletko sinä, sinä…? Onko,
onko se totta?
KAARLO
MESTARI
KORPI
HALONEN avuttomasti.
KORPI
Ahaa! Sinä kiihotat siis julkisesti lakkoon. Hyvä. Sinä siis lopetat
tehtaan työt… Mutta minä luulen, että töiden lopettaminen on
myöskin herra patruunan asia! Ilmoittakaa siis hänelle itselleen
uhkauksenne — jos hän ottaa teidät vastaan!
KORPI
KAIKKI
MESTARI pöyhkeästi.
KORPI
Mitä? Mitä? Mitä tämä oikein on? — Mitä sinä tarkoitat? Te olette
minun konttorissani! Ulos! Ulos! Ulos!
EMIL hurjasti.
Vieläkö sinä karjut! Ellet nyt ole hiljemmin, niin — niin piakkoin
tulee toiset odottamattomat hautajaiset…
KORPI
KIIHKEITÄ HUUTOJA
— Ei enää…
— Ja huomispäivänä!
— Lakkoon, lakkoon!
KORPI
HUUDOT
— Piiskuri pois!
— Pois se sika!