Chapter 5.

- 1 -

Chapter 5. Integrals.

§ 5.2. The definite integrals


1. Express the limit lim   ln    ∆ as a definite integral on  .
→ ∞   

Sol. Note that for    on   

 
lim     ∆ 
→ ∞   
   


where   ∈         and ∆         .
 
Thus lim   ln    ∆ 
→ ∞   
  ln     .



  

2. Show that  ≤
  
cos   ≤  .

   
Sol.  ≤ cos  ≤  for all  ∈      .
   

       



Then         ≤ cos  ≤         .
    

   

Chapter 5. - 2 -

§ 5.3. The fundamental theorem of calculus.


 

1. Evaluate the integral  

   
 .


Sol. Note that sin    ′   .
   

 
 


   
   
    sin            .
   
  if 
 if  ≤  ≤  
2. Let     


  if    ≤ 
and        .

  if 
(a) Find an expression for    similar to the one for   , and sketch the graph of  and  .
Sol.


 if   


     if  ≤  ≤ 




       .


             


if ≤
 if 
graph
(b) Where is  differentiable? Where is  differentiable?
Sol.  is differentiable at everywhere except       .
 is differentiable at everywhere.
(In fact since  is continuous at everywhere,  is differentiable at everywhere.)


  
3. (a) Find the derivative of the function     

  
.

Sol. Note that for a continuous function  on    ,




         for all ∈   .


By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

                     
′                .
                 

tan

(b) Let      sin
 . Find  .

tan
Sol. We rewrite       sin
 .

By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

tan
 ′     sin
     tan   sec    sin   cos   

 
  tan     sin     sec   tan     cos sin  .
 
Chapter 5. - 3 -

 sin 
  

(c) Find  
     .
   

Sol. By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

sin sin
 



  

        

    

 sin sin
  
 
 
and            
 
      
       
sin

 
  
 
      cos     sin   .

   .
  
(d) Prove that if  is continuous, then  
       
 

                 and            .

    
Sol. Let    
    

By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

  
′                       and
 
′        ,


Then ′    ′   for all , and so          for all .

Since      ,    and      for all .

4. Let  be continuous on      . Show that there exists a number  ∈      such that



    
    .


Sol. Let       .


By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,  is continuous on 

and differentiable on   , and ′      
By the Mean Value Theorem, there exists  ∈    such that,
      
′     .

Since ′       and     ,
 
    
      
        
   
   .


5. Evaluate the limit and justify your answer.



(a) lim 
→  
 
   



 
Sol. Note that lim 
 lim    (by L'Hospital's rule),
  
→  →   
and using L'Hospital's rule and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
 
 
lim 
→      lim 
  

   lim 
→  

→

 .

    lim       
  
 
  
Hence lim   
  
→    →  
Chapter 5. - 4 -

     
  ln   sin   
(b) lim 

→      
 

sin 

sol) Note that for a continuous function  ,

 
 
lim 
→      lim 
  
     
→ 

(by L'Hospital's rule and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus).

  ln   sin    
Put      sin   and      .
 
     
  ln   sin    
lim 

→      
 


sin     lim 
→    
  



 lim    
→  
           .


   cos

6. Let     

   
, where      
  sin  . Find  ′    .

Sol. By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have

 ′
 ′     and  ′      sin cos    sin   .
    

′   
   
Since      , and ′     ,  ′     

 .

 
 
   
 

 
 
 
7. Show that the function      

  
   

  
 is a constant function on   ∞ 

and find the constant.

Sol. Note that    is continuous on   ∞ .
By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
  
 ′            for all   .
  
 

Therefore,    is constant on ∞ , and so

  
         


    tan

 
    ⋅    .
 
Chapter 5. - 5 -

§ 5.5 The substitution rule

1. Evaluate the integrals.


sec   
(a)  
 

 
Sol. Let    . Then     and
 

sec    
  
   sec    tan     tan    .




(b) 

 


Sol. Consider 

.

Let       . Then    and

    


        ln     ln      .
    


 
Note that  tan      .
 
  
Thus 

  tan


 

  tan 

   ln        .



tan 
(c) 
 


Sol. Let   tan   . Then     and

 

tan   
 
 
      
 



    tan       .

2. Evaluate the integrals.



(a) 

 
 ln 



Sol. Let   ln . Then     and

 
 
 


ln 
  

 
    


   
  .

 sin   
(b) 

  



Sol. Let   sin   . Then     and

  
 
 sin       
 

         .
 
  
        
Chapter 5. - 6 -



(c) 
 
 


 
 
Sol. Note that 
  

   
   
 

.



Let     
 , then     and
 

 
  
 
  
         ln  
  

  ln  .


3. (a) If  is continuous on      , use the substitution      to show that

 

 
  sin     
   sin  .


Sol. Let     . Then    and

 

  sin         sin   

  
 

    sin      
 sin      sin .

 
Thus    sin       sin .
 


 sin 
(b) Use part (a) to evaluate the integral 
  cos 

. 

  
 sin  sin 
Sol. Note that 
  cos 

          sin   
  sin  





where      .

 
Since    is continuous on [-1, 1], by (a) we have
  
 sin  

  cos 

     sin        sin  
   

sin  sin  
 

 
  sin 

     .
   cos 



Let   cos . Then   sin  and

 
 sin   sin 

  cos 

     
 
  cos  


 
   
 
  

  
 
  

  


 
   tan       .

   
        
   

 
4. (a) Let  be continuous on      . Prove that            .
 

Sol. Let     . Then    and

   
                     .
   
Chapter 5. - 7 -


sin   



(b) Using (a), show that   
   .
 sin   cos  

sin  



Sol. Put    .
 sin    cos  

Let     . Then    and




 
sin      
cos  
 


       


 
  cos    sin  


 sin      cos     
 

cos  



  .
 cos   sin  


  
sin   cos   
  

 
 

          
 sin   cos 

 cos   sin  

 

and so we have    .
