The Cardiovascular System Receiving chambers

The function of the cardiovascular  Right atrium

 Left atrium
system is to deliver oxygen and
Discharging chambers
nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide
 Right ventricle
and other waste products
 Left ventricle
Location
The Heart: Valves
Thorax between the lungs
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
Four valves
About the size of your fist
Atrioventricular valves – between atria and
The Heart: Coverings
ventricles
Pericardium – a double serous membrane
Bicuspid valve (left)
Visceral pericardium
Tricuspid valve (right)
 Next to heart
Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery
 Parietal pericardium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Outside layer
Aortic semilunar valve
 Serous fluid fills the space between the
 layers of pericardium The heart: Associated great vessels

The Heart: Heart Wall • Aorta- Leaves left ventricle

• Pulmonary arteries- Leave
Three layers right ventricle
Epicardium • Vena cava- Enters right
atrium
 Outside layer • Pulmonary veins (four)-
 This layer is the parietal pericardium Enter left atrium
 Connective tissue layer
The heart: conduction system
Myocardium
 Special tissue sets the pace
 Middle layer  Sinoatrial node
 Mostly cardiac muscle  Pacemaker
 Atrioventricular node
 Atrioventricular bundle
Endocardium  Bundle branches
 Purkinje fibers
 Inner layer
 Endothelium Heart Sounds

The Heart: Chambers sequence is “lub” “dup”, pause, etc

Right and left side act as separate pumps 1st heart sound

Four chambers “lub”is caused by the closing of the AV valves

longer and louder
Atria
2nd heart sound “dup” occurs when the
semilunar valves close at the end of systole
short and sharp Cardiac output (CO)
Cardiac output (CO)
- Amount of blood pumped by each side of the
heart in one minute
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in
one contraction
The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
 Stroke volume usually remains
relatively constant
 Starling’s law of the heart – the more
that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the
stronger the contraction
 Changing heart rate is the most
common way to change cardiac output
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System
Taking blood to the tissues and back
 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Capillaries
 Venules
 Veins
Capillary Beds
True capillaries –exchange vessels Oxygen and
nutrients cross to cells
Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products
cross into blood
Trachea (Windpipe)
 Connects larynx with bronchi
 Lined with ciliated mucosa
 Beat continuously in the opposite
direction of incoming air
 Expel mucus loaded with dust and other
debris away from lungs
 Walls are reinforced with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage
Primary Bronchi
 Formed by division of the trachea
 Enters the lung at the hilus (medial
depression)
 Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and
straighter than left
 Bronchi subdivide into smaller and
smaller branches
Lungs
 Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
 Apex is near the clavicle (superior
portion)
 Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior
portion)
 Each lung is divided into lobes by
fissures
 Left lung – two lobes
 Right lung – three lobes
Coverings of the Lungs
 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the
lung surface
 Parietal pleura lines the walls of the
thoracic cavity
 Pleural fluid fills the area between
layers of pleura to allow gliding
Respiratory Zone
 Structures
 Respiratory bronchioli
 Alveolar duct
 Alveoli
 Site of gas exchange
Alveoli
 Structure of alveoli
 Alveolar duct
 Alveolar sac
 Alveolus
 Gas exchange takes place within the
alveoli in the respiratory membrane
Events of Respiration
 Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in
and out of the lungs
 External respiration – gas exchange
between pulmonary blood and alveoli
Respiratory gas transport – transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide via the
Bloodstream
 Internal respiration – gas exchange
between blood and tissue cells in
systemic capillaries
Respiratory Sounds
Sounds are monitored with a stethoscope
Bronchial sounds – produced by air rushing
through trachea and bronchi
Vesicular breathing sounds – soft sounds of air
filling alveoli
Internal Respiration
 Exchange of gases between blood and
body cells
 An opposite reaction to what occurs in
the lungs
 Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to
blood
 Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue
Neural Regulation of Respiration
 Activity of respiratory muscles is
transmitted to the brain by the phrenic
and intercostal nerves
 Neural centers that control rate and
depth are located in the medulla
 The pons appears to smooth out
respiratory rate
 Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is 12–
15 respirations per minute
 Hypernia is increased respiratory rate
often due to extra oxygen needs
the large artery coming from the heart (the
ascending aorta).
From the aorta, the oxygen-rich blood is sent to
the brain and to the heart muscle itself. Blood is
also sent to the lower body.
Blood returning to the heart from the fetal body
contains carbon dioxide and waste products as
it enters the right atrium. It flows down into the
right ventricle, where it normally would be sent
to the lungs to be oxygenated. Instead, it
bypasses the lungs and flows through the
ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta,
which connects to the umbilical arteries. From
there, blood flows back into the placenta. There
the carbon dioxide and waste products are
released into the mother's circulatory system.
Oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood
are transferred across the placenta. Then the
cycle starts again.
At birth, major changes take place. The
umbilical cord is clamped, and the baby no
longer receives oxygen and nutrients from the
mother. With the first breaths of air, the lungs
start to expand, and the ductus arteriosus and
the foramen ovale both close over the first
minutes and days of life. The baby's circulation
and blood flow through the heart now function
like an adult's.

BLOOD FLOW

Oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood

are transferred across the placenta to the fetus
through the umbilical cord. This enriched blood
flows through the umbilical vein toward the
baby’s liver. There it moves through a shunt
called the ductus venosus. This allows some of
the blood to go to the liver. But most of this
highly oxygenated blood flows to a large vessel
called the inferior vena cava and then into the
right atrium of the heart.

Inside the fetal heart:

When oxygenated blood from the mother

enters the right side of the heart, it flows into
the upper chamber (the right atrium). Most of
the blood flows across to the left atrium

Through shunt called the foramen ovale.

From the left atrium, blood moves down into

the lower chamber of the heart (the left
ventricle). It's then pumped into the first part of