Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded media

Individual work

CARLOS ORLANDO RUEDA NOYA

Group 8
Identification number
1045716292

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2024 16-04

Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What are the propagation mechanisms of electromagnetic waves?
 Difraction
 Attenuation
 Specular Reflection
 Dispersion
 Refraction
 Diffuse Reflection

2. What is meant by reflection, refraction and diffraction of electromagnetic

waves?
Reflection: It is an optical phenomenon that describes when a wave
arrives at the interface from a medium to a second one but the wave is
not refracted into the second medium, it is only reflected back into the
first medium.
Refraction:There is a complete change regarding the previous
phenomenon, in this one none of the parts of the wave are reflected, this
doesn’t occur from a specific angle, but if the angle of incidence changes
a little bit the phenomenon no longer occurs
Difraction: Means that a wave can go around an obstacle or propagate
through a small opening. Although this phenomenon is general, its
magnitude depends on the relationship between the wavelength and the
size of the obstacle or opening.
3. What is the purpose of Snell’s Law in the study of the propagation of
waves?

The law of Snell is a used to calculate the angle of refraction of light when it
crosses the separation surface between two means of propagation of light (or
any electromagnetic wave) with a different refractive index.

Application exercise:

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 8 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃+1= 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 travels

through the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and collides perpendicularly on a
 plane wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (292 + 20)𝛺. Calculate the
reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃+2
at the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Solution:
𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 8 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 = 377𝛺
𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20)𝛺 = (292 + 20)𝛺 = 312𝛺
Reflection coefficient:
𝜂2 − 𝜂1
Γ= = 312𝛺 − 377𝛺
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 = −0.0943
312𝛺 + 377𝛺

Transmission
coefficient:
𝜏 = 1 + Γ = 1 + (−0.0943) = 0.9056

Reflectance:
𝑅 = |Γ|2 = |−0.0943|2 = 0.0088 = 0.88%
Transmittance:
𝑇 = 1 − |Γ|2 = 1 − 0.0088 = 0.9911 =
99.11%
Reflected power:

𝑚𝑊
|𝑃−| = 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃+ = 0.0088 ∗ 200
1 1
𝑚2
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃−| = 1.77
1
𝑚2
Transmitted power:
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃+| = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃+ = 0.9911 ∗ 200
2 1
𝑚2
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃+| = 198.22
2
𝑚2
 Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator

Interpretation:
𝑚𝑊 For the incident wave we estimate that a power 𝑃𝑚𝑊 1 =
−

1.77 was reflected by the infinite wall and a power of 𝑃 = 198.22 ,

+

𝑚2 2 𝑚2
was transmitted through the same wall.

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃+1 = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 is

emitted by a generator through the air (𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and
collides perpendicularly on a wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20 )𝛺 and 10𝑐𝑚 thick.
 Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection 𝚪 and transmission 𝑟 seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2] the power 𝑷𝒕 that is transmitted to
the receiver.

Exercise information:
𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 8 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 200 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑋 = 10 𝑐𝑚 = 0.10 𝑚

First the phase constant:

𝜔𝜂1
𝛽=
𝐶𝑜𝜂2
Each term:
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 = 2𝜋 ∗ 8𝑥106𝐻𝑧 = 502.654𝑥105 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝜂1 = 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 120𝜋 𝛺 = 377𝛺
𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20)𝛺 = (292 + 20)𝛺 = 312𝛺
𝑚
𝐶𝑜 = 3𝑥10 8

𝑠
Substituting:
502.654𝑥105𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 ∗ 377Ω
𝛽= 𝑚 = 0.2024 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3𝑥108 ∗ 312Ω 𝑚
𝑠
For the input impedance of the wave:

𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝑗𝜂2 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑋)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂2 ∗ + 𝑗𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑋)
𝜂2
𝑟𝑎𝑑
377Ω + 𝑗312Ω ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (0.2024 ∗ 0.10 𝑚 )
𝑚
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 312Ω ∗
𝑟𝑎𝑑
312Ω + 𝑗377Ω ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (0.2024 ∗ 0.10 𝑚)
𝑚
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 376.920 − 2.904𝑗 Ω

First reflection coefficient:

𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
(376.920 − 2.904𝑗 )Ω − 377Ω
Γ1 = =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 (376.920 − 2.904𝑗)Ω + 377Ω

Γ1 = −0.000079 − 0.0038𝑗
Transmission coefficient:
𝑟 = 1 + Γ1 = 1 + (−0.000079 − 0.0038)𝑗 = 0.9999 − 0.0038 𝑗

First
transmittance:
𝑇1 = 1 − |Γ1|2 = 1 − |−0.000079 − 0.0038𝑗 |
2
𝑇1 = 0.9999

Second reflection coefficient:

𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 − 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 377Ω − 312Ω

Γ2 = =
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 377Ω + 312Ω

Γ2 = 0.0943
Second
transmittance:
𝑇2 = 1 − |Γ2|2 = 1 − |0.0943|
2
𝑇2 = 0.9911

Total transmittance of the wave to the wall:

𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑇2 = 0.9999 ∗ 0.9911
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.9911
b) Total transmitted power of the wave to the wall:

𝑚𝑊
𝑃 = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃 = 0.9911 ∗ 200
+

𝑡 𝑡 1
𝑚2
𝑚𝑊
𝑃𝑡 = 198.21 = 198.21%
𝑚2

Figure 3: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator

Interpretation: According to the concepts Ґ is the parameter that estimates

the amplitude of the reflected side of the wave.
The term of 𝑟 indicates the amplitude of the transmitted side of the wave.

𝑃𝑡 = 198.21% is the percentage of power transmitted to the receiver having that

the initial power was 200𝑚𝑊
𝑚2

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several mediums as shown

in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the wave travels through the air and strikes the surface of the
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜

sweet water at an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20) with the surface. Using

20
Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave until you
find the value of the angle 𝜃𝑏.

Information:
CCC
𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20) = (292 + 20)= 34.6°
20 20

Air: 𝜂1 = 1
Water: 𝜂2 = 1.33
Glass: 𝜂3 = 1.5
Development:

Angle of incidence in the medium of water:

𝜃𝑎′ = 90° − 34.6° = 55.4°

Replacing values in the Snell law, the angle of incidence in air:

 𝜂1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃′
𝑎2 = 𝜂 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑏
𝜂
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃′
𝑏 𝑎
𝜂2
𝜂1 1
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃′ ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 55.4°)
𝑏𝑐 𝑎
𝜂2 1.33
𝜃𝑏𝑐 = 38.23°

The angle of incidence in medium of glass:

𝜂2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑏 = 𝜂3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐
𝜂2 1.33
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛(38.23°))
𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑐
𝜂3 1.5
𝜃𝑐𝑑 = 33.28°

Angle of incidence in medium air again:

𝜂2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑏 = 𝜂3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐

𝜃′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝜂3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 1.5 𝑠𝑖𝑛(33.28°))

𝑏 𝑐𝑑
𝜂1 1
𝜃𝑏 = 55.4°

𝜃𝑏 = 90° − 55.4° = 34.6°

 Figure 5: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator

Video link

URL:

References

[1] Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press,

(pp. 519-524). Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave
Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-70)

[2] Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video].

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140