SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL PACKETS

BASIC CALCULUS (GRADE 11 STEM STRAND)

WEEK 7

I. OBJECTIVES

A. Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts of
derivatives

B. Performance Standards
The learners shall be able to formulate and solve accurately situational
problems involving related rates.

C. Learning Competencies

The learners
1. illustrate implicit differentiation; (STEM_BC11D-IIIi-2)
2. solve problems (including logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions) using
implicit differentiation (STEM_BC11D-IIIi-j-1) and
3. solve situational problems involving related rates (STEM_BC11D-IIIj-2).

D. Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. illustrate implicit differentiation;
2. solve problems (including logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions) using
implicit differentiation; and
3. solve situational problems involving related rates

II. CONTENT

UNIT 2: Derivatives
Lesson 2.6: Implicit Differentiation
Lesson 2.7: Derivatives of Logarithmic and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Lesson 2.8: Problems Involving Related Rates

Learning Resources
A. Reference
• Department of Education. (2016). Basic Calculus Teacher’s Guide. (1st ed.). p169-
190
• Mercado, J., & Orines, F. (2016). Next Century Mathematics Basic Calculus. P161-
138, 144-173
• dela Cruz, P., Maderal, L., & Valdez, M. (2018). Basic Calculus for Senior High
School. p163-185

III. PROCEDURES

A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson.

CHAIN RULE
If 𝑦 is a differentiable function of 𝑢 defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 is a
differentiable function of 𝑥 defined by 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then 𝑦 is a differentiable
function of 𝑥, and the derivative of 𝑦 with respect to x is given by
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

74
B. Establishing a purpose for the lesson

Some equations can be converted to functions and some are not. The equation of a circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 can be transformed into two equations, 𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = −√9 − 𝑥 2 . For
each pf there, 𝑦 is expressed in terms of 𝑥, and so, 𝑥 and 𝑦 are linked to each other in
explicit form. We say that 𝑦 is written explicitly as function of 𝑥. However, in some
equations like 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 = 4, the variable 𝑦 cannot be expressed in terms of 𝑥, and so,
𝑥 and 𝑦 are not linked to each other in explicit form. We say that 𝑥 and 𝑦 have implicit
relation. Such equations cannot be converted into functions. Is differentiation possible to
implicit functions? How? That is what are we going to find out as the discussion progress.

Also, I want you to imagine a water droplet falling into a still pond, producing ripples that
propagate away from the center. Ideally, the ripples are concentric circles which increase
in radius (and also area) as time goes on. Thus, the radius and area of a single ripple are
changing at rates that are related to each other. This means that if we know how fast the
radius is changing, we should be able to determine how fast the area is changing at any
point in time, and vice versa.

C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

An implicit function is not explicitly defined. Determine the slope of the two equations below.

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 at (3, −1) b. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100 at point (6, 8)

Solution: The first equation is explicitly defined. The dependent variable 𝑦 is expressed in
terms of the independent variable 𝑥. The equation is in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −
4𝑥 + 2. To determine its slope, the first thing to do is to find its first derivative.

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 → 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 4
To find the slope, replace 𝑥 by the abscissa of the given point of tangency (3, −1).

𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 2(3) − 4 = 6 − 4 = 2

The second equation is not explicitly defined. The dependent variable 𝑦 is not expressed in
terms of the independent variable 𝑥. Before solving for the first derivative, write it first in the
form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100 → 𝑦 2 = 100 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑦 = √100 − 𝑥 2 = (100 − 𝑥 2 )2

Finding its derivative, apply chain rule

1 1 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = (100 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2𝑥) = 1 =
2 √100 − 𝑥 2
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

To find the slope, replace 𝑥 by the abscissa of the point of tangency (6,8).

−𝑥 −6 −6 −6 6 3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = = =− =−
√100 − 𝑥 2 √100 − (6)2 √100 − 36 √64 8 4

There is another method in solving for the first derivative in the second equation. It is called
implicit differentiation. In this method, there is no need to write the equation in the form 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥). Here are the steps:
• Differentiate both sides with respect of 𝑥. Affix 𝑦′ for every differentiation of a term
containing 𝑦. The resulting equation must contain 𝑦′.
• Group all terms containing 𝑦′ on the left side of the equation and the remaining terms
on the right side.
• Solve for 𝑦′. In case there are more than one 𝑦′ on the given, solve for 𝑦′ by factoring
out 𝑦′ from all the terms on the left side and divide the right side equation by the
resulting factor. Express the final answer in simplest form

75
Applying the steps of implicit differentiation to the second equation, let us see if we will get the
same slope.

2 2 ′
2𝑦𝑦 ′
′
2𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100 → 2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 0 → 2𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥 → =− → 𝑦′ = −
2𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦
To find the slope, replace 𝑥 by the abscissa of the point of tangency (6,8).

𝑥 6 3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = − =− =−
𝑦 8 4

Same slope was computed using the differentiation rules for algebraic functions and implicit
functions. Comparing the two solutions, implicit differentiation is more convenient to use.

To further deepen your knowledge on Implicit Differentiation, let us have more examples.

EXAMPLE 1: Differentiate 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔

Solution: 5𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(5𝑥 2 ) + (𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (16)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

10𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦′ = 0
2𝑦𝑦′ = −10𝑥
10𝑥
𝑦′ = − 2𝑦
𝟓𝒙
𝑦′ = − 𝒚

EXAMPLE 2: Differentiate 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒

Solution: 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 24
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(3𝑥 2 ) − (7𝑥) + (𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (24)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

6𝑥 − 7 + 2𝑦𝑦′ = 0
2𝑦𝑦′ = −6𝑥 + 7
−𝟔𝒙+𝟕
𝑦′ = 𝟐𝒚

EXAMPLE 3: Differentiate 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎

Solution: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 20
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 2 ) + (𝑦 2 ) − (8𝑥) + (2𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 (20)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦′ − 8 + 2𝑦′ = 0
2𝑦𝑦′ + 2𝑦′ = −2𝑥 + 8
(2𝑦 + 2)𝑦′ = −2𝑥 + 8
−2𝑥+8
𝑦′ = 2𝑦+2
−2(𝑥−4)
𝑦′ = 2(𝑦+1)
−(𝒙−𝟒) −𝒙+𝟒
𝑦′ = 𝒚+𝟏
𝒐𝒓 𝒚+𝟏

76
EXAMPLE 4: Differentiate 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒

The second term must be treated as a product of two functions of x. Use the product rule.
Solution: 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 2 ) + (3𝑥𝑦) + (𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 + (3𝑥 ∙ 1𝑦′ + 𝑦 ∙ 3) + 2𝑦𝑦′ = 0

2𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦′ + 3𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦′ = 0
(3𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑦′ = −2𝑥 − 3𝑦
−𝟐𝒙−𝟑𝒚 𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚
𝑦′ = 𝟑𝒙+𝟐𝒚
𝒐𝒓 − 𝟑𝒙+𝟐𝒚

EXAMPLE 5: Differentiate 𝒚 − (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟒

Solution: 𝑦 − (𝑥 − 3)2 = 4
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦) − (𝑥 − 3)2 = (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 ∙ 𝑦′ − 2(𝑥 − 3)(1) = 0
𝑦′ − 2𝑥 + 6 = 0
𝑦′ = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔

D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1

DIFFERENTIATION RULES FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS

DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• The derivative of arcsine u → (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑢2
𝑑 −𝑑𝑢
• The derivative of arccosine u → 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢) =
√1−𝑢2
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• The derivative of arctangent u → 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢) = 1+𝑢2
𝑑 −𝑑𝑢
• The derivative of arc cotangent u → (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2
𝑑 −𝑑𝑢
• The derivative of arc cosecant u → 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑢) =
|𝑢|√𝑢2 −1
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• The derivative of arc secant u → 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢) =
|𝑢|√𝑢2 −1

EXAMPLE 1: Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙)

Solution: 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙)

Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥
Then, 𝑢2 = 9𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 3
𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢)
𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (3𝑥))
𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ =
√1−𝑢2
𝟑
𝑦′ =
√𝟏−𝟗𝒙𝟐

77
EXAMPLE 2: Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 )

Solution: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 )

Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2
Then, 𝑢2 = 9𝑥 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥
𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢)
𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3𝑥 2 ))
−𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ =
√1−𝑢2
−𝟔𝒙
𝑦′ =
√𝟏−𝟗𝒙𝟒

EXAMPLE 3: Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 )

Solution: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 )

Let 𝑢 = 4 − 3𝑥 2
Then, 𝑢2 = (4 − 3𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑢 = −6𝑥
𝑢2 = 16 − 24𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 4
𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑦′ =
𝑑𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (4 − 3𝑥 2 ))
−𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = 1+𝑢2
−(−6𝑥)
𝑦′ = 1+(16−24𝑥2 +9𝑥4 )
𝟔𝒙
𝑦′ =
𝟗𝒙𝟒 −𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟕

EXAMPLE 4: Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙)

Solution: 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙)

Using product rule (𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥)) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2 ( )+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥)(6𝑥)
1+4𝑥 2
6𝑥 2
𝑦′ = 1+4𝑥2 + 6𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥)
6𝑥 2 [6𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥)][1+4𝑥 2 ]
𝑦′ = 1+4𝑥2 + 1+4𝑥 2
𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙)+𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙)
𝑦′ =
𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏

EXAMPLE 5: Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟐

Solution: 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 [𝒙 + 𝟐]𝟐

Using Chain Rule

78
 1
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = ∙ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)2
1 2
√1−[(𝑥+2)2 ]

1
1 1
𝑦′ = ∙ 2 (𝑥 + 2)−2
1 2
√1−[(𝑥+2)2 ]

1
1
(𝑥+2)−2
2
𝑦′ =
1 2
√1−[(𝑥+2)2 ]

1
1
(𝑥+2)−2
2
𝑦′ =
√1−(𝑥+2)
1
1
(𝑥+2)−2
2
𝑦′ =
√−𝑥−1
1
(𝑥+2)−2
𝑦′ = 2
√−𝑥−1
1
𝑦′ =
2√−𝑥−1 √𝑥+2
𝟏
𝑦′ =
𝟐√−𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐

EXAMPLE 6: Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙)

Solution: 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙)

Let 𝑢 = 4 − 2𝑥
Then, 𝑢2 = (4 − 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑢 = −2
2 2
𝑢 = 16 − 16𝑥 + 4𝑥
𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢)
𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (4 − 2𝑥))
𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ =
|𝑢|√𝑢2 −1
−2
𝑦′ =
|4−2𝑥|√(16−16𝑥+4𝑥 2 )−1
−𝟏
𝑦′ =
|𝟐−𝒙|√𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟔𝒙+𝟏𝟓

EXAMPLE 7: Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙)

Solution: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙)

Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥
Then, 𝑢2 = 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2
𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑢)
𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (4 − 2𝑥))
−𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ =
|𝑢|√𝑢2 −1
−2
𝑦′ =
|2𝑥|√4𝑥 2 −1
−𝟏
𝑦′ =
|𝒙|√𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

79
 DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(log 𝑏 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑏
EXAMPLES:
10𝑥 2
a. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟓𝒙𝟐 ) = 5𝑥 2
→ 𝑦′ = 𝑥
3𝑥 2
b. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒) = ′
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 +4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) 𝒅
c. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)) = → 𝑦′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 NOTE: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝒅𝒙
𝑑
d. 𝒚 = (𝐥𝐧 (𝟒𝒙))𝟐 = 2 ln(4𝑥) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 ln(4𝑥)
4
= 2 ln(4𝑥) ∙ 4𝑥
𝟐𝒍𝒏(𝟒𝒙)
𝒚′ = 𝒙
𝑑 𝑑
e. 𝒚 = [𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙))](𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙)) = ln(sin(𝑥)) ∙ (cos(𝑥)) + cos (𝑥) ∙(ln(sin(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos(𝑥)
= ln(sin(𝑥)) ∙ (− sin(𝑥)) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) ∙ sin(𝑥)
1
= − sin(𝑥) ln(sin(𝑥)) + cos2(𝑥) ∙ sin(𝑥)
2
𝑦′ = − sin(𝑥) ln(sin(𝑥)) + cos (𝑥) csc (𝑥)

DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLES:
a. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐(𝟓𝒙)
b. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓)
c. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑(𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)
d. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 (𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(log 𝑏 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑏
5 1
= 5x ln 2
= 𝑦 ′ = x ln 2
6 6
= (6x+5) ln 2
= 𝑦′ =
6x ln 2+5 ln 2
10x 10x
= (5x2 +4)ln 3
= 𝑦′ =
5x2 ln 3+4 ln 3
7 7
= (7x−1) ln 5
= 𝑦′ = 7x ln 5−ln 5

E. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #2

Problems involving Time Rates

Time rates problem concerns the relationship among the rates of change of several variables
with respect to time, given that of each variable is also dependent on the others. In particular, 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
is dependent on 𝑥 with respect to 𝑡, that is, 𝑑𝑡
is dependent on 𝑑𝑡
.
To be systematic in our solutions, the following are the suggested steps in solving time rates
problems.
1. If possible, provide an illustration for the problem that is valid for any time 𝑡.
2. Identify those quantities that change with respect to time and present them with variables.
(Avoid assigning variables to quantities which are constant, that is, which do not change
with respect to time. Label them right away with the values provided in the problem.)
3. Write down any numerical facts about the variables. Interpret each rate of change as the
derivative of a variable with respect to time. Remember that if a quantity decreases over
time, then its rate of change is negative.
4. Identify which rate of change is being asked, and under what particular conditions this rate
is being computed.
5. Using your knowledge in geometry and/or trigonometry, write an equation showing
relationship of all the variables by an equation that is valid for any time 𝑡.
6. Differentiate the equation in (5) implicitly with respect to 𝑡.

80
 7. Substitute into the equation, obtained in (6), all values that are valid at the particular time
of interest. Sometimes, some quantities still need to be solved by substituting the particular
conditions written in (4) to the equation in (6). Then solve for what is being asked in the
problem.
8. Write a conclusion that answer the question of the problem. Do not forget to include the
correct units of measurement.
EXAMPLE 1:
1. A ladder 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 long is leaning against the wall of a building. The bottom part
of the ladder is sliding away from the wall at the rate of 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔. How fast is the top
of the ladder sliding down when it is 𝟑 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 above the ground?
Steps 1-4: Since the horizontal dimension 𝑥 where the
bottom part of the ladder follow its direction
𝑑𝑥
(going to right), this time rate will be known as 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 (differentiating 𝑥 with respect to time, read as
=? 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 derivative of 𝑥 with respect to 𝑡). = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠.
𝑑𝑡
Since the figure formed is a right triangle, we can
say that 𝑦 is the shorter leg that is 3 𝑚 and the
hypotenuse is the length of the ladder which
𝑑𝑥 measures 12 𝑚. The unknown time rate is
𝑑𝑦
= 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
since the involve side is 𝑦 (the distance of the top
of the ladder from the ground).

Step 5: Since the figure is a right triangle, we can use the Pythagorean Theorem to write an
equation that relates all the sides of the figure.
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (12)2 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 144
The hypotenuse (length of the ladder) was substituted right away as per the suggested step that
“avoid assigning variables to quantities which are constant, that is, which do not change with
respect to time.” The value of 𝑦 is not yet substituted because it needs first to undergo
𝑑𝑦
differentiation to have , the unknown.
𝑑𝑡

Step 6: Differentiate the obtained equation in Step 5 with respect to time. Applying implicit
𝑑𝑥
differentiation, we will write 𝑑𝑡
after conducting differentiation to each variable.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 14 → 42𝑥
+ 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
Step 7: We need first to solve for the value of 𝑥 before solving 𝑑𝑡 .
Using Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = ℎ2 → 𝑥 2 + (3)2 = (12)2 → 𝑥 2 = 144 − 9 = 135 → √𝑥 2 = √135 → 𝑥 = √135 𝑜𝑟 11.62 𝑚
𝑑𝑦
Solving for 𝑑𝑡
, substitute 𝑥 = √135 𝑚, 𝑦 = 3 𝑚 to the equation obtained in Step 6.
𝑚 𝑑𝑦 𝑚2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2(√135 𝑚) (1.5 ) + 2(3𝑚) = 0 → 34.86 +6𝑚 =0→6𝑚 = −34.86 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
6𝑚 2
𝑑𝑡 = −34.86 𝑚 /𝑠 = 5.81 𝑚/𝑠
6𝑚 6𝑚
Step 8: The top of the ladder slides down at the rate of −5.81 𝑚/𝑠.

81
EXAMPLE 2:
2. A spherical balloon is being inflated at the rate of 350 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒎𝒊𝒏. How fast is the
radius of the balloon increasing when the radius is 𝟓 𝒄𝒎?
Steps 1-4

As the balloon inflates the volume of the balloon changes,

𝑑𝑉
thus 𝑑𝑡
= 350 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 (read as the derivative of volume
with respect to time) when the radius is initially 5 𝑐𝑚. The
= 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 unknown time rate is the time rate of the radius as the
𝑑𝑟
𝒅𝑽 balloon inflates which 𝑑𝑡
.
= 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒅𝒕

Step 5: Using the volume formula of sphere:

4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
𝑟 will not be substituted yet. Since we need first to differentiate it with respect to time to have the
𝑑𝑟
unknown 𝑑𝑡
.

Step 6. Differentiate implicitly the equation obtained in step 5 with respect to time.
4 𝑑𝑉 4 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 → = (3) ( ) 𝜋𝑟 2 =→ = 4𝜋𝑟 2
3 𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉
Step 7: Solve for by substituting = 350 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑟 = 5 𝑐𝑚 to the obtained equation in
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Step 6.
3
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 350 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
2
350 𝑐𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4𝜋(5 𝑐𝑚) → = = 1.11 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 100𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
Step 8: The rate at which the radius of the balloon increase when it is 5 𝑐𝑚 initially, is 1.11 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛.

EXAMPLE 3:
3. A plastic container in the shape of a cylinder is being filled with coconut juice at the
rate of 450𝝅 cubic centimeters per second. If the radius of the plastic container is
𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎, how fast is the height of the coconut juice rising.
Steps 1-4:
As the container is filled with coconut juice, the available space
𝑑𝑉
inside the container changes, thus 𝑑𝑡
= 450𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 (read as
the derivative of volume with respect to time). The radius of the
𝒅𝒉 container is 20 𝑐𝑚. The unknown time rate is the time rate of the
=?
𝒅𝒕 𝑑
height of the liquid inside the container which is 𝑑𝑡.

𝒅𝑽
= 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒅𝒕

Step 5: Using the volume formula of cylinder:

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Substituting 𝑟 = 20 𝑐𝑚 (since it will not affect the unknown time rate and it is constant)

𝑉 = 𝜋(20 𝑐𝑚)2 ℎ = 400𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 ∙ ℎ

82
Step 6: Differentiate implicitly the equation obtained in step 5 with respect to time.
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
𝑉 = 400𝜋ℎ 𝑐𝑚2 → = 400𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉
Step 7: Solve 𝑑𝑡
by substituting 𝑑𝑡
= 450𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 to the obtained equation in Step 6.

3
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 450𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
2
450𝜋 𝑐𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 400𝜋 𝑐𝑚 ∙ → = = 1.13 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 400𝜋 𝑐𝑚2

Step 8: The rate at which the height of the coconut juice inside the container increases
is 1.13 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

F. Developing Mastery

ACTIVITY 7.1

Directions: Answer the activity on your Basic Calculus notebook. Write Activity 7.1, Week 7
Quarter 3 and the date today. Show your complete solution for each item (if necessary).

I. Find the derivatives of the following using Implicit Differentiation. Show your complete
solution for each item.
1. 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = −9
2. 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 + 5 = 10𝑥
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 4
4. 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 8
5. − 7𝑥 4 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 = −13

II. Evaluate the following functions. Show your complete solution for each item.
6. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥)
7. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 2 + 3
8. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √5𝑥 2 + 2
9. 𝑦 = ln(6 − 3𝑥 2 )
10. 𝑦 = log 4 (5 − 4𝑥 3 )

III. Solve the following problems.

1. An 8 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ladder is leaning against a wall and is sliding down at a rate of 3 𝑚/𝑠.
When the top of the ladder is 4 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 from the ground, how fast is the foot of the
ladder sliding away from the wall. Based on your solution determine (a) the known
rate, (b) unknown time rate, and (c) the value of the unknown time rate.
2. A spherical balloon is being deflated and its radius is decreasing at a constant rate of
5 𝑐𝑚/𝑠. At what rate is the volume of the balloon changing when the radius is 3 𝑐𝑚?
Based on your solution, determine (a) obtained equation is Step 5, (b) obtained
equation is step 6, and (c) the value of the unknown time rate

Now, check your work by turning to the Excellent! Fair!

key to correction. (15-16 Points) (8-10 Points)

How many correct answers did you

get? Rate your result using the table Good! Poor!
given. (11-14 Points) (0-7 Points)
Turn to sec. J and
If your score is at least 8 out of 16, you answer Remedial 7.1
may now proceed to the next part of
the discussion.

83
 G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living

Derivative isn’t just limited to mathematical problems; it has a broad range of practical utility.
Nothing is useless in this world, when we say something cannot be used, we don’t know how to
use it. The one who knows its utility, will not stop thinking about it.

The uniqueness of this concept is its predictive ability to evaluate the change in quantities.
Whether its speed, momentum, temperature and even the business speculations, all the
variations can be worked out using derivative.

• Use in Physics: A moving body’s relative position can help us calculate the velocity. In
the same way, derivatives of acceleration and momentum can be found.
• Use in Chemistry: In chemistry, the concentration of an element involved in a reaction,
the change in concentration can be predicted. Similarly, to measure the rate of chemical
reactions and to check the contribution and loss of a compound during the reaction.
• Use in Economics: Nowadays, the decision making in economics has become more
mathematical. Statistical and mathematical principles are applied in making decisions
regarding possible gain or loss in investment. Confronted with massive statistical data,
dependent on lots of variables, there was a need of some tool that could assist the
analysts. Here, calculus proved to be beneficial. It implemented the derivative concepts to
predict the results of different investment possibilities. Ultimately, this enabled the analysts
to select the one possibility that might prove to be productive in terms of profitability.
Johnson, J. 2020. Derivatives and their real world applications. Retrieved from https://thriveglobal.com/stories/derivatives-and-their-real-world-
applications/

H. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson

• Steps using Implicit Differentiation are as follows.

o Differentiate both sides with respect of 𝑥. Affix 𝑦′ for every differentiation of a term
containing 𝑦. The resulting equation must contain 𝑦′.
o Group all terms containing 𝑦′ on the left side of the equation and the remaining
terms on the right side.
o Solve for 𝑦′. In case there are more than one 𝑦′ on the given, solve for 𝑦′ by
factoring out 𝑦′ from all the terms on the left side and divide the right side equation
by the resulting factor. Express the final answer in simplest form
• The derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions are:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
o The derivative of arcsine u → (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥 2 √1−𝑢
𝑑 −𝑑𝑢
o The derivative of arccosine u → 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢) =
√1−𝑢2
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
o The derivative of arctangent u → 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢) = 1+𝑢2
𝑑 −𝑑𝑢
o The derivative of arccotangent u → 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢) = 1+𝑢2
𝑑 −𝑑𝑢
o The derivative of arccosecant u → 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑢) =
|𝑢|√𝑢2 −1
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
o The derivative of arcsecant u → (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 −1
• The derivatives of logarithmic functions are:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
o 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
o 𝑑𝑥
(log 𝑏 𝑢) = 𝑢 ln 𝑏

• The following are the steps in solving Time Rates Problems:

o If possible, provide an illustration for the problem that is valid for any time 𝑡.
o Identify those quantities that change with respect to time and present them with
variables. (Avoid assigning variables to quantities which are constant, that is,
which do not change with respect to time. Label them right away with the values
provided in the problem.)
o Write down any numerical facts about the variables. Interpret each rate of change
as the derivative of a variable with respect to time. Remember that if a quantity
decreases over time, then its rate of change is negative.

83
 o Identify which rate of change is being asked, and under what particular conditions
this rate is being computed.
o Using your knowledge in geometry and/or trigonometry, write an equation showing
relationship of all the variables by an equation that is valid for any time 𝑡.
o Differentiate the equation in (5) implicitly with respect to 𝑡.
o Substitute into the equation, obtained in (6), all values that are valid at the particular
time of interest. Sometimes, some quantities still need to be solved by substituting
the particular conditions written in (4) to the equation in (6). Then solve for what is
being asked in the problem.
o Write a conclusion that answer the question of the problem. Do not forget to include
the correct units of measurement.

I. Evaluating Learning
WRITTEN WORK #7 & PERFORMANCE TASK #3
(IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION, DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION & TIME RATES)

Direction: Use yellow papers to answer the WRITTEN WORK #7 & PERFORMANCE TASK
#3. Copy all given problem set and follow the given instructions. Show your complete
solution for each item (if necessary). Label your paper using the format shown below and it
is to be submitted to your Basic Calculus teacher.
Name: ________________________ Section: 11 – STEM __
Subject: Basic Calculus Week Number: 7 Parent’s Signature: ____________

WRITTEN WORK #7
I. Find the derivatives of the following using Implicit Differentiation. Show your complete solution
for each item.
1. −3𝑥 4 + 7𝑥𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 3 = −3
2. 5𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 3 = 9

II. Evaluate the following functions. Show your complete solution for each item.
3. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (9𝑥 2 − 6)
4. 𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−15𝑥)
5. 𝑦 = ln(csc(3𝑥))
6. 𝑦 = log 3 (2𝑥 3 + 5)

PERFORMANCE TASK #3
Solve the following problems. Be guided on the rubric given. It will be applied in grading each
item.
1. Gas is being released from a spherical balloon at a rate of 30 𝑖𝑛3 /𝑠. What is the rate of
change of the radius of the balloon when the radius is 1 𝑓𝑡?
2. A beaker in the shape of right cylinder is filled with water. If its diameter is 10 𝑐𝑚 and is
being drained at the rate of 30 cubic centimeters per second, how fast is the level of water
dropping?

Rubric Indicators
Illustration 2 – the illustration is 1 – the illustration is 0 – No illustration is
(2 points) – complete and correct incomplete and incorrect drawn
if necessary
Solution (6 6 – the solution is 3-5 – the solution is 0-2 – the solution is
points) complete and correct incomplete, and some incorrect and/or no
part/s of the solution solution is written
is/are incorrect.
Final 2 – the final answer is 1 – the final answer is 0 – the final answer
Answer (2 correct, expressed in correct but not expressed is incorrect
points) simplest form and the unit in simplest form and the
is indicated (if necessary). unit is not written.

84
 J. Additional Activities / Remediation
REMEDIATION/ENHANCEMENT 7.1

Directions: Answer the activity on your notebook. Write R/E 7.1, Week 7 Quarter 3 and the
date today. Show your complete solution for each item (if necessary).

I. Find the derivatives of the following using Implicit Differentiation. Show your complete solution
for each item.
1. 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 20
2. 𝑦 + 25𝑥 2 + 4 = 3𝑥
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = 3
4. 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 = 17
5. − 2𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 3 = −12

II. Evaluate the following functions. Show your complete solution for each item.
6. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (5𝑥)
7. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 + 3
8. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √5𝑥 2 + 3
9. 𝑦 = ln(8 − 7𝑥 2 )
10. 𝑦 = log 7 (5 − 8𝑥 3 )

III. Solve the following problems.

1. A jar in the form of right circular cylinder is being filled with water at the rate of 400 cubic
centimeters per second. If the radius of the jar is 12 𝑐𝑚, how fast is the height of the water
in the jar rising? Based on your solution, what is: (a) the known rate, (b) unknown rate,
(c) the obtained equation is Step 5, (d) obtained equation in Step 6, and (e) the value of
the unknown time rate.
You may proceed to the next part of the discussion if your score is at least 8 out of 15. (please
see key to corrections)

If not, you have to go back to section A and try all over again.

If you need more help, send your teacher a message so he/she can assist you.

✓ KEY TO CORRECTIONS
ACTIVITY 7.1
1. 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = −9 Answer: 𝑦′ = 2𝑥 − 2
2. 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 + 5 = 10𝑥 Answer: 𝑦′ = −4𝑥 + 10
−𝑥
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 4 Answer: 𝑦′ = 𝑦+1
−9𝑥 2 −3𝑦
4. 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 8 Answer: 𝑦′ = 3𝑥+8𝑦

28𝑥 3 −5𝑦2
5. − 7𝑥 4 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 = −13 Answer: 𝑦′ = 9𝑦2 +10𝑥𝑦
12𝑥
6. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥) Answer: 𝑦′ = 9𝑥 2 +1 + 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥)
2𝑥
7. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 2 + 3 Answer: 𝑦′ =
√−𝑥 4 −6𝑥 2 −8
−5𝑥
8. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √5𝑥 2 + 2 Answer: 𝑦′ =
(5𝑥 2 +3)√5𝑥 2 +2
−2𝑥
9. 𝑦 = ln(6 − 3𝑥 2 ) Answer: 𝑦′ = 2−𝑥2
−12𝑥 2
10. 𝑦 = log 4 (5 − 4𝑥 3 ) Answer: 𝑦′ = 5𝑙𝑛4−4𝑥3 𝑙𝑛4

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
11. 1a. 𝑑𝑡
1b. 𝑑𝑡
1c. 1.73 𝑚/𝑠

85
 4 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉
12. 2a.𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 2b. 𝑑𝑡
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 2c. 𝑑𝑡
= 180𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 or −565.49 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠

REMEDIAL 7.1
1. 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 20 Answer: 𝑦′ = 6𝑥 − 6
2. 𝑦 + 25𝑥 2 + 4 = 3𝑥 Answer: 𝑦′ = −50𝑥 + 3
−𝑥
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = 3 Answer: 𝑦′ = 𝑦+4
−15𝑥 2 −2𝑦
4. 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 = 17 Answer: 𝑦′ = 2𝑥+12𝑦

4𝑥 3 −3𝑦 2
5. − 2𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 3 = −12 Answer: 𝑦′ =
6𝑥𝑦+6𝑦 2
15𝑥
6. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (5𝑥) Answer: 𝑦′ = + 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (5𝑥)
25𝑥 2 +1
3𝑥 2
7. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 + 3) Answer: 𝑦′ =
√−𝑥 6 −6𝑥 3 −8
−5𝑥
8. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √5𝑥 2 + 3 Answer: 𝑦′ =
(5𝑥 2 +4)√5𝑥 2 +3
−14𝑥
9. 𝑦 = ln(8 − 7𝑥 2 ) Answer: 𝑦′ = 8−7𝑥2
−24𝑥 2
10. 𝑦 = log 7 (5 − 8𝑥 3 ) Answer: 𝑦′ = 5𝑙𝑛7−8𝑥3 𝑙𝑛7
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
11. 1a. 1b. 1c. 𝑉 = 144𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 ∙ ℎ 1d. = 144𝜋𝑐𝑚2 ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
1e. = 0.88 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡

86