SAMPLING: MEANING, PURPOSE AND ALSO DESCRIBE ITS PROBABILITY

TYPE.

A Project File Submitted to

Rayat College of Law

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement of Course

B.A.LL.B Hons. for Semester Sixth

Subject: Research Methodology

Under the Supervision of: Submitted by:

DR. SONU SAINI DHRUV MITTAL

PROFESSOR, BA. LLB (HONS.)

RAYAT COLLEGE OF LAW, SEM -6TH

RAILMAJRA ROLL NO-19195

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Sonu Saini as well as our principal Dr. Monika
Sharma who gave me the golden opportunity to do this project on the topic SAMPLING:
MEANING, PURPOSE AND ALSO DESCRIBE ITS PROBABILITY TYPE, which also
helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalising
this project within a limited time frame.

Dhruv Mittal

19195

INDEX
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 Sr. No. Topic

I Introduction

II Meaning of Sampling

III Essentials of Sampling

IV Purpose of Sampling

V Types of Sampling

VI Examples

VII Conclusion

VIII Bibliography

1. Introduction

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Sampling, a fundamental aspect of research methodology, involves selecting a subset of
individuals or elements from a larger population to draw conclusions about the entire
population. It serves as a vital tool across various disciplines, including statistics, social
sciences, market research, and healthcare, enabling researchers to efficiently collect data,
make inferences, and inform decision-making processes. The essentials of sampling
encompass critical considerations, from defining the population and selecting appropriate
sampling methods to conducting data collection and analysis. By adhering to these essentials,
researchers can ensure the validity, reliability, and generalizability of their findings, thus
contributing to the advancement of knowledge and the resolution of real-world challenges.

2. Meaning of Sampling
“Sampling may be defined as the process of selecting a portion of the population or
universe in such a way that the sample represents the whole population or universe in all
respects.”
- William G. Cochran

“Sampling consists of the selection of some part of an aggregate or totality on the

basis of which a judgement or inference about the aggregate or totality is made.”
- Horace Secrist

Sampling is a fundamental concept in statistics and research methodology, serving as a

cornerstone for drawing meaningful conclusions about populations. It involves the deliberate
selection of a subset, or sample, from a larger group, known as the population, with the
intention of making generalisations or inferences about the entire population. The primary
purpose of sampling is to gather data efficiently and effectively, avoiding the impracticality
or impossibility of studying every individual or element within the population. By carefully
choosing a representative sample, researchers can analyse its characteristics and behaviours
to draw valid conclusions that are applicable to the broader population.

The process of sampling entails several key considerations, including the selection method,
sample size, and sampling strategy. Various sampling techniques exist, ranging from simple
random sampling, where each member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected, to more complex methods such as stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and

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systematic sampling. Each method offers distinct advantages and disadvantages, and the
choice of sampling technique depends on factors such as the population’s heterogeneity,
accessibility, and research objectives. Regardless of the specific method employed, the
overarching goal of sampling remains consistent: to obtain a sample that accurately
represents the population’s characteristics, enabling researchers to make reliable inferences
and predictions based on the observed data.1

3. Essentials of Sampling
The essentials of sampling encompass several critical aspects that researchers must consider
to ensure the validity and reliability of their findings:

1. Population Definition: Clearly define the population of interest, which is the

entire group from which the sample will be drawn. A precise understanding of the population
ensures that the sample adequately represents the target population’s characteristics.
2. Sampling Frame: Develop a sampling frame, which is a list or representation
of all the elements within the population. The sampling frame serves as a reference for
selecting the sample and helps ensure that every member of the population has an equal
chance of being included.
3. Sampling Method: Select an appropriate sampling method based on the
research objectives, population characteristics, and available resources. Common sampling
methods include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and
systematic sampling.
4. Sample Size Determination: Determine the appropriate sample size to achieve
the desired level of precision and confidence in the results. Sample size calculations consider
factors such as the population size, expected variability, desired confidence level, and margin
of error.
5. Sampling Technique: Implement the chosen sampling technique accurately
and consistently to minimise bias and ensure the representativeness of the sample. Follow
established protocols and procedures to select samples systematically and avoid introducing
unintended errors.

1 Babbie, E. (2016). The Practice of Social Research. Cengage Learning.

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 6. Data Collection: Collect data from the selected sample using appropriate
methods and tools. Ensure that data collection procedures are standardised, reliable, and
aligned with the research objectives to obtain accurate and valid information.
7. Statistical Analysis: Analyse the collected data using appropriate statistical
techniques to draw meaningful conclusions and make valid inferences about the population.
Apply statistical methods that account for the sampling design and potential sources of bias to
ensure the reliability of the results.
8. Interpretation and Generalization: Interpret the findings in the context of the
population and draw conclusions that are relevant and applicable beyond the sample.
Exercise caution when generalising the results to the entire population, considering the
limitations and assumptions of the sampling process.

By adhering to these essentials of sampling, researchers can conduct studies that yield
reliable, valid, and actionable insights into the characteristics, behaviors, and trends within
populations of interest.2

4. Purpose of Sampling
The purpose of sampling is multifaceted, serving critical roles across various disciplines,
including statistics, social sciences, market research, and healthcare. One primary purpose of
sampling is to efficiently collect data from a subset of the population, enabling researchers to
draw conclusions and make inferences about the entire population without the need to study
every individual or element within it. Sampling allows researchers to obtain insights into the
characteristics, behaviors, and trends of populations, facilitating informed decision-making,
policy development, and resource allocation.

Moreover, sampling plays a crucial role in improving the practicality and feasibility of
research studies by reducing costs, time, and logistical challenges associated with studying
entire populations. Conducting comprehensive studies of entire populations may be
prohibitively expensive, time-consuming, or even impossible in some cases. By selecting
representative samples, researchers can achieve comparable results to those obtained from
studying the entire population while significantly reducing the resources and efforts required.
This efficiency enables researchers to conduct larger-scale studies, explore diverse

2 Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pearson
Education.
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populations, and address complex research questions that would otherwise be impractical or
unfeasible.

Additionally, sampling serves as a means to enhance the accuracy and reliability of research
findings by minimizing biases and errors associated with data collection and analysis.
Through careful sampling design and implementation, researchers can mitigate potential
sources of bias, such as self-selection bias, non-response bias, and sampling bias, which may
distort the results and undermine the validity of the conclusions. By employing rigorous
sampling methods and adhering to best practices, researchers can improve the internal and
external validity of their studies, increasing confidence in the reliability and generalizability
of the findings. Overall, the purpose of sampling extends beyond mere data collection; it is a
fundamental tool for generating robust evidence, advancing knowledge, and informing
decision-making processes across diverse fields of inquiry.3

5. Types of Sampling
A. Probability Sampling
Probability sampling is a sampling method in which every member of the population has a
known, non-zero chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample. This approach ensures
that each element within the population has an equal or proportional opportunity to be
chosen, making the sample representative of the entire population. Probability sampling
methods are widely used in research and statistical analysis due to their ability to provide
unbiased and generalizable results when properly executed. One common type of probability
sampling is simple random sampling, where each member of the population has an equal
probability of being selected for the sample. This method is straightforward to implement and
ensures that every possible sample of a specified size has an equal chance of being selected.
Another probability sampling technique is systematic sampling, where elements are selected
at regular intervals from a randomly ordered list of the population. Systematic sampling is
efficient and easy to carry out, making it suitable for large populations.

Stratified sampling is another probability sampling method used when the population can be
divided into distinct subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics. In this approach,
samples are drawn independently from each stratum, ensuring that each subgroup is

3 Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage
Publications.
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adequately represented in the final sample. Stratified sampling allows researchers to account
for variations within the population and obtain more precise estimates for specific subgroups.
Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into clusters or groups, typically based on
geographic regions or other naturally occurring units. A random sample of clusters is then
selected, and all individuals within the chosen clusters are included in the sample. Cluster
sampling is particularly useful when it is impractical or costly to obtain a complete list of the
population, as it reduces the logistical challenges associated with data collection.

Overall, probability sampling methods offer researchers a systematic and objective approach
to selecting samples from populations, ensuring that the resulting data are statistically valid
and representative of the entire population. By employing probability sampling techniques,
researchers can obtain reliable estimates, make accurate predictions, and draw meaningful
conclusions about populations of interest.

• Simple Random Sampling

Simple random sampling is a fundamental probability sampling method used in
research and statistical analysis to select a sample from a larger population. In simple
random sampling, every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected for inclusion in the sample, and each possible sample of a specified size has
an equal probability of being chosen. This approach ensures that the sample is
representative of the entire population and minimizes bias, making it a widely used
and trusted sampling technique. The process of conducting simple random sampling
involves several key steps. First, researchers define the population of interest and
establish clear criteria for inclusion. Next, they compile a comprehensive list or
sampling frame of all individuals or elements within the population. This list serves as
the basis for randomly selecting the sample. To achieve randomness, researchers
typically use random number generators, lottery methods, or computer software to
select sample units without any predetermined pattern or bias.

One of the primary advantages of simple random sampling is its simplicity and ease
of implementation. It does not require extensive knowledge of the population or
complex sampling techniques, making it accessible to researchers with varying levels
of expertise. Additionally, simple random sampling allows for the calculation of
precise statistical measures of variability and uncertainty, enabling researchers to
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 estimate population parameters, such as means, proportions, and variances, with a
high degree of accuracy. Despite its simplicity, simple random sampling may pose
challenges when dealing with large or dispersed populations, as compiling a
comprehensive sampling frame can be impractical or costly. Additionally, the
randomness of the sample selection process may result in uneven representation of
certain subgroups within the population, leading to potential sampling errors. To
mitigate these limitations, researchers may employ stratified sampling or other
sampling methods that ensure adequate representation of all population subgroups.

Thus, simple random sampling is a powerful and widely used sampling technique that
provides researchers with a systematic and unbiased approach to selecting samples
from populations. By following established protocols and best practices, researchers
can leverage simple random sampling to obtain reliable and generalizable data,
enabling them to make meaningful conclusions and informed decisions based on their
research findings.4

• Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method used in research and statistical
analysis to select a sample from a larger population. In systematic sampling, the
population is ordered in some way, and every nth element from the ordered list is
selected for inclusion in the sample. This approach ensures that the sample is
representative of the population while also being relatively easy to implement and less
time-consuming compared to simple random sampling. The process of conducting
systematic sampling involves several key steps. First, researchers define the
population of interest and establish a sampling frame, which is a list or representation
of all individuals or elements within the population. Next, researchers determine the
sampling interval, which is the number of elements between each selected sample
unit. The sampling interval (k) is calculated by dividing the population size (N) by the
desired sample size (n). Once the sampling interval is determined, researchers
randomly select a starting point within the population and then select every kth
element thereafter until the desired sample size is reached.

4 Trochim, W. M. K., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). The Research Methods Knowledge Base. Cengage Learning.

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 One of the primary advantages of systematic sampling is its simplicity and efficiency.
Unlike simple random sampling, which requires selecting individual sample units
randomly from the population, systematic sampling involves selecting sample units at
regular intervals, making the process more streamlined and less prone to human error.
Additionally, systematic sampling ensures that every element within the population
has an equal probability of being selected for inclusion in the sample, resulting in a
representative sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the entire
population. However, systematic sampling may introduce bias if there is a systematic
pattern or periodicity in the population ordering that coincides with the sampling
interval. To minimize this risk, researchers may employ random start points or use a
random starting interval to ensure randomness in the sample selection process.
Additionally, systematic sampling may not be suitable for populations with a cyclical
or seasonal pattern, as it may lead to underrepresentation or overrepresentation of
certain elements within the population.

Thus, systematic sampling is a useful and practical sampling technique that provides
researchers with a systematic and efficient approach to selecting samples from
populations. By following established protocols and best practices, researchers can
leverage systematic sampling to obtain reliable and representative samples, enabling
them to make accurate inferences and draw meaningful conclusions based on their
research findings.5

• Stratified Sampling
Stratified sampling is a probability sampling method used in research and statistical
analysis to select a sample from a larger population. In stratified sampling, the
population is divided into distinct subgroups, or strata, based on certain characteristics
that are relevant to the research objectives. Samples are then independently drawn
from each stratum, ensuring that every subgroup is adequately represented in the final
sample. This approach allows researchers to account for variations within the
population and obtain more precise estimates for specific subgroups of interest.

The process of conducting stratified sampling involves several key steps. First,
researchers define the population of interest and identify relevant stratification
5 Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2014). Practical Research: Planning and Design. Pearson.
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 variables, such as age, gender, income, or geographic location. Next, researchers
divide the population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive strata based on these
variables. Each stratum should be internally homogeneous but differ from other strata
in terms of the variable being stratified. Once the strata are defined, researchers
randomly select samples from each stratum using appropriate sampling methods, such
as simple random sampling or systematic sampling. One of the primary advantages of
stratified sampling is its ability to improve the precision and representativeness of the
sample compared to simple random sampling or other sampling methods. By
stratifying the population based on relevant characteristics, researchers can ensure that
each subgroup is adequately represented in the sample, leading to more accurate
estimates and inferences for the entire population. Additionally, stratified sampling
allows researchers to compare results across different strata, providing valuable
insights into the relationships between variables and subgroup differences within the
population.

However, stratified sampling may pose challenges when the population is not easily
divisible into distinct strata or when information on the stratification variables is
incomplete or unavailable. Additionally, stratified sampling may require larger
sample sizes compared to other sampling methods, particularly if certain strata are
underrepresented in the population. Despite these limitations, the benefits of stratified
sampling, including increased precision and representativeness, often outweigh the
challenges, making it a valuable tool for researchers in various fields. Therefore,
stratified sampling is a powerful and widely used sampling technique that provides
researchers with a systematic and efficient approach to selecting samples from
populations. By carefully stratifying the population and selecting samples from each
stratum, researchers can obtain reliable and representative samples, enabling them to
make accurate inferences and draw meaningful conclusions based on their research
findings.

• Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling is a probability sampling method used in research and statistical
analysis to select a sample from a larger population. In cluster sampling, the
population is divided into clusters or groups, typically based on geographic regions,
administrative units, or other naturally occurring units. A random sample of clusters is
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 then selected, and all individuals or elements within the chosen clusters are included
in the sample. This approach is particularly useful when it is impractical or costly to
obtain a complete list of the population, as it reduces the logistical challenges
associated with data collection. The process of conducting cluster sampling involves
several key steps. First, researchers define the population of interest and identify
appropriate cluster units based on the research objectives and available data. Next,
researchers randomly select a sample of clusters from the population using probability
sampling methods such as simple random sampling or systematic sampling. Once the
clusters are selected, researchers collect data from all individuals or elements within
the chosen clusters, either by surveying every member of the cluster or by selecting a
random sample of individuals within each cluster. One of the primary advantages of
cluster sampling is its efficiency and cost-effectiveness, particularly when dealing
with large or dispersed populations. By selecting clusters instead of individual
elements, researchers can significantly reduce the time, effort, and resources required
for data collection, as they only need to access and survey a subset of the population.
Additionally, cluster sampling allows researchers to preserve the natural grouping or
structure of the population, making it a suitable approach for studying communities,
neighbourhoods, or other spatially defined units.

However, cluster sampling may introduce potential sources of bias if the selected
clusters are not representative of the entire population or if there is significant
variability between clusters. To mitigate these risks, researchers may employ stratified
sampling within clusters or use multi-stage sampling techniques to ensure adequate
representation of all population subgroups. Additionally, researchers should carefully
consider the size and number of clusters to achieve the desired level of precision and
reliability in the sample estimates. Thus, cluster sampling is a valuable and widely
used sampling technique that provides researchers with a practical and efficient
approach to selecting samples from populations. By selecting clusters instead of
individual elements, researchers can obtain reliable and representative samples,
enabling them to make accurate inferences and draw meaningful conclusions based on
their research findings.

B. Non-Probability Sampling

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Non-probability sampling is a sampling method used in research and statistical analysis
where the selection of sample elements is based on subjective criteria or convenience rather
than random selection. Unlike probability sampling, which ensures that every member of the
population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample, non-
probability sampling does not provide the basis for calculating the probability of selection for
each element. Instead, non-probability sampling relies on the judgment of the researcher and
may introduce various biases and limitations into the sample selection process.

One common type of non-probability sampling is convenience sampling, where researchers

select sample elements based on their accessibility and convenience. Convenience sampling
is often used in exploratory research or situations where it is difficult or impractical to obtain
a random or representative sample. While convenience sampling may be quick and cost-
effective, it can lead to biased results if the selected sample does not accurately represent the
entire population or if certain groups are overrepresented or underrepresented in the sample.
Another type of non-probability sampling is purposive sampling, where researchers
deliberately select sample elements based on specific criteria or characteristics relevant to the
research objectives. Purposive sampling allows researchers to target specific groups or
individuals that are of particular interest for the study, such as experts in a particular field or
individuals with rare characteristics. While purposive sampling may be useful for studying
unique or hard-to-reach populations, it may also introduce selection bias if the chosen sample
does not adequately represent the diversity of the population.

Snowball sampling is another non-probability sampling method used to study populations

that are difficult to access or identify. In snowball sampling, researchers start with a small
number of initial participants, who then refer additional participants to the study, who in turn
refer others, creating a snowball effect. While snowball sampling may be effective for
studying hidden or marginalized populations, it may also lead to sample bias if certain
individuals are more likely to be referred or if the sample becomes too homogeneous.
Overall, non-probability sampling methods offer flexibility and practicality in sample
selection, but they also pose risks in terms of bias and generalizability. Researchers using
non-probability sampling should be aware of these limitations and carefully consider the
potential impact on the validity and reliability of their research findings.

• Convenience Sampling
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 Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method used in research and
statistical analysis where sample elements are selected based on their accessibility and
convenience to the researcher. In convenience sampling, individuals or elements that
are readily available or easy to access are included in the sample, often without any
systematic or random selection process. This approach is commonly used in
exploratory research, pilot studies, or situations where it is difficult or impractical to
obtain a random or representative sample from the population of interest. The process
of conducting convenience sampling involves selecting sample elements based on
convenience, proximity, or availability. For example, researchers may recruit
participants from locations such as shopping malls, universities, or community
centers, or they may use online platforms and social media to reach potential
participants. Convenience sampling may also involve using individuals who are
readily accessible to the researcher, such as friends, family members, or colleagues.

While convenience sampling may be quick, cost-effective, and convenient for

researchers, it is prone to various biases and limitations. Since sample elements are
selected based on convenience rather than randomization, convenience sampling may
not accurately represent the entire population, leading to sample bias and reduced
generalizability of the findings. Additionally, convenience sampling may result in
overrepresentation or underrepresentation of certain groups within the population,
particularly those who are more easily accessible or willing to participate in the study.
Despite its limitations, convenience sampling can be useful in certain research
contexts, particularly when conducting preliminary research, exploratory studies, or
pilot testing of research instruments. Convenience sampling may also be appropriate
when the research objectives focus on specific subgroups or when obtaining a random
or representative sample is not feasible due to time, resource, or logistical constraints.
However, researchers using convenience sampling should acknowledge its limitations
and interpret the findings with caution, recognizing the potential for bias and the
restricted generalizability of the results.

• Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental or selective sampling, is a non-
probability sampling method used in research and statistical analysis where sample
elements are deliberately selected based on specific criteria or characteristics relevant
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 to the research objectives. Unlike probability sampling methods that ensure every
member of the population has a known chance of being selected for inclusion in the
sample, purposive sampling involves the researcher’s judgment and discretion in
selecting sample elements that are deemed most appropriate for the study.

The process of conducting purposive sampling begins with the identification of

criteria or characteristics that are relevant to the research objectives. These criteria
may include demographic factors, specific traits, expertise, or unique attributes that
are of interest to the study. Once the criteria are defined, the researcher selects sample
elements that meet these criteria, either through direct recruitment or by seeking out
individuals or cases that possess the desired characteristics.

Purposive sampling allows researchers to target specific groups or individuals that are
of particular interest for the study, such as experts in a particular field, individuals
with rare conditions, or cases that illustrate specific phenomena. This approach is
commonly used in qualitative research, case studies, or exploratory research where
the focus is on understanding specific contexts, behaviors, or experiences in depth.

While purposive sampling offers flexibility and allows researchers to select sample
elements that are most relevant to the research objectives, it also poses risks in terms
of bias and generalizability. Since sample elements are selected based on specific
criteria, purposive sampling may not accurately represent the diversity of the
population, leading to sample bias and limited generalizability of the findings.
Additionally, the subjective nature of purposive sampling may introduce researcher
bias, as the selection of sample elements relies heavily on the researcher’s judgment
and discretion.

Despite its limitations, purposive sampling can be a valuable tool in research,

particularly when studying specialized populations, exploring unique contexts, or
investigating complex phenomena where random or probability sampling may not be
feasible or appropriate. Researchers using purposive sampling should clearly define
their selection criteria, justify their choices, and acknowledge the limitations of their
sampling approach when interpreting the findings.

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 • Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling, also known as chain referral sampling, is a non-probability sampling
method used in research to study populations that are difficult to access or identify. This
approach relies on referrals from initial participants to recruit additional participants, creating
a “snowball effect” as the sample size grows over time. Snowball sampling is commonly
used when studying hidden or marginalised populations, such as illicit drug users,
undocumented immigrants, or individuals with stigmatised conditions.

The process of conducting snowball sampling begins with identifying a few initial
participants, often referred to as “seeds,” who belong to the target population. These seeds are
typically individuals who are knowledgeable about the population or have connections within
the community of interest. Researchers then ask these seeds to refer other individuals from
the population to participate in the study. As new participants are recruited, they, in turn, are
asked to refer additional participants, leading to the expansion of the sample through a chain
of referrals. Snowball sampling is particularly useful when studying populations that are
difficult to reach through traditional sampling methods, such as random or probability
sampling. By leveraging social networks and interpersonal connections, snowball sampling
allows researchers to access hidden or hard-to-reach populations and obtain insights that may
not be accessible through other means. Additionally, snowball sampling may foster trust and
rapport between researchers and participants, as referrals often come from within the
community itself.

However, snowball sampling also has limitations and potential biases that researchers should
consider. Since participants are recruited through referrals, the sample may be biased towards
individuals who are more socially connected or willing to participate in the study. This may
result in an overrepresentation of certain characteristics or perspectives within the sample,
limiting the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, snowball sampling may not yield a
representative sample of the entire population, as individuals who are not part of the social
network or who are unwilling to participate may be excluded from the study. Despite these
limitations, snowball sampling remains a valuable tool in research, particularly when
studying hidden or hard-to-reach populations. Researchers using snowball sampling should
carefully consider the potential biases and limitations of the method and take steps to

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minimise them, such as using multiple seeds, verifying information provided by participants,
and triangulating data from different sources to ensure validity and reliability of the findings. 6

6. Examples of Sampling
Here are some examples of sampling methods applied in various contexts:

1. Simple Random Sampling: A researcher wants to conduct a survey to assess

the satisfaction levels of customers at a retail store. They use a random number generator to
select a sample of 100 customers from the list of all customers who have visited the store in
the past month. Each customer in the list has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring the
randomness of the sample.
2. Stratified Sampling: A public health researcher is studying the prevalence of
diabetes in a city with diverse demographics. They divide the population into strata based on
age groups (e.g., 18-35, 36-50, 51-65, 65+), and then randomly select samples from each
stratum proportional to its size. This ensures that each age group is adequately represented in
the sample, allowing for more precise estimates of diabetes prevalence within each
demographic.
3. Cluster Sampling: A sociologist is conducting a study on household income
levels in a rural area with dispersed communities. Instead of sampling individual households,
they divide the area into clusters, such as villages or townships, and randomly select a sample
of clusters. Then, they survey all households within the selected clusters. This approach
reduces the logistical challenges of surveying dispersed populations while still providing a
representative sample of the area.
4. Convenience Sampling: A student is conducting research for their psychology
class and decides to survey fellow students on campus. They approach individuals who are
readily available in common areas such as the library or cafeteria and ask them to participate
in the survey. While convenient, this method may introduce bias as it only includes
individuals who are easily accessible on campus.
5. Purposive Sampling: A researcher studying the effects of mindfulness
meditation on stress levels recruits participants from a local meditation center. They
intentionally select individuals who regularly practice meditation and are interested in

6 Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education.
McGraw-Hill Education.

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participating in the study. This allows the researcher to focus on a specific subgroup of the
population that is relevant to the research question.
6. Snowball Sampling: A researcher is studying the experiences of
undocumented immigrants in a city. They begin by interviewing a few individuals who they
know through community organizations. These initial participants then refer the researcher to
other undocumented immigrants in their social networks, who in turn refer additional
participants. Through this snowballing process, the researcher is able to access a wider range
of perspectives within the undocumented immigrant community.7

7. Conclusion

In conclusion, sampling plays a multifaceted role in research, serving as a cornerstone for

generating reliable and valid insights into populations of interest. By carefully considering
the essentials of sampling, researchers can conduct studies that yield actionable findings,
inform evidence-based decision-making, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in
their respective fields. Whether employing probability or non-probability sampling methods,
researchers must strive to minimize biases, maximize representativeness, and interpret
findings with caution. Through rigorous sampling practices, researchers can unlock new
perspectives, address complex research questions, and drive positive societal impact.

7 Marshall, M. N. (1996). “Sampling for qualitative research.” Family Practice, 13(6), 522-526.
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