Chapter 16

Relations
1. Answer (3) So clearly it is one-one but not onto
R is not an equivalence relation because 0 R 1 but
1 R 0 , S is an equivalence relation.
2. Answer (3)
Given R = {(x, y) : x, yZ, x2 + 3y2 d 8} (1, 1)

So R = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (1, –1), (0, 1), (1, 0)} 0

So DR 1 ^1, 0, 1`
3. Answer (1)
5. Answer (1)
(I) If (a, b) R1 and (b, c) R1
? R = {(P, Q) | P and Q are at the same distance
Ÿ a2 + b2 Q and b2 + c2 Q
from the origin}.
then a2 + 2b 2 + c 2 Q but we cannot say
anything about a2 + c2, that it is rational or not. Then equivalence class of (1, –1) will contain
all such points which lies on circumference of
So R1 is not transitive
the circle of centre at origin and passing
(II) If (a, b) R2 and (b, c) R2
through point (1, –1).
Ÿ a2 + b2 Q and b2 + c2 Q
but we can’t say anything about a2 + c2, that i.e., radius of circle 12  12 2
it is rational or irrational.
? Required equivalence class of (S)
So R2 is not transitive
= {(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 2}.
4. Answer (4)
6. Answer (1)
Here f : R o R, f(x) = 2x – 1
Let (4, 3)  (c, d)
1
x
and g : R – {1} o R g(x) 2
x 1 c d
4d = 3c Ÿ k say
4 3
So, f(g(x)) = 2 g(x) – 1
For c, d A, k = 1, 2, 3, ...., 7
§ 1·
¨x2¸ 7. Answer (3)
2¨ ¸ 1
¨¨ x  1 ¸¸ x2(x – 3y) – y2(x – 3y) = 0
© ¹
(x – y) (x + y) (x – 3y) = 0 ...(i)
2x  1  x  1 x  1 1 ? (i) holds for all (x, x) ? R is reflexive
x 1 x 1
if (x, y) holds then (y, x) may or may not holds for
1 factors (x + y), (x – 3y) ? R is NOT symmetric
1
x 1 Similarly (x – 3y) factor doesn’t hold for transitive
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8. Answer (3) ? (2, 11)  R1 and (11, 19)  R1 but

The set A and set B are represented as : (2, 19)  R1
? R1 is not transitive
(0, 2) (A ˆB) Hence R1 is not equivalence
In R2 : (13, 3)  R2 and (3, 26)  R2 but

(–2, 4) (0, 0) (2, 0) (4, 0) (13, 26)  R2 (' |13 – 26| = 13)
? R2 is not transitive
Hence R2 is not equivalence.

12. Answer (4)

? A ˆ B = {(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0), (1, 1), (1, –1)}
The set A and set C are represented as : R = {(x, y) : yAi, iff xAi, 1 d i d k}

(1) Reflexive

(a, a) Ÿ aAi iff aAi

C
(0, 2) (2) Symmetric

A (a, b) Ÿ aAi iff bAi

(2, 0)
(b, a) R as bAi iff aAi
(A ˆC) (3) Transitive

(a, b)R & (b, c) R.

? A ˆ C = {(1, 1), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 2)} Ÿ aAi iff bAi & bAi iff cAi
? Total number relations from A ˆ B to A ˆ C = 25×5
Ÿ aAi iff cAi
? p = 25
9. Answer (3) Ÿ (a, c)R.
(x, y) R œ 0 < |x – y| d 1. Ÿ Relation is equivalence
R is symmetric because |x – y| = |y – x| 13. Answer (4)
But R is not transitive a R1 b œ ab t 0
For example
So, definitely (a, a)  R1 as a2 t 0
x = 0.2, y = 0.9, z = 1.5
If (a, b)  R1 Ÿ (b, a)  R1
0 d |x – y| = 0.7 d 1
But if (a, b) R1, (b, c)  R1
0 d |y – z| = 0.6 d 1
Ÿ Then (a, c) may or may not belong to R1
But |x – z| = 1.3 > 1
{Consider a = –5, b = 0, c = 5 so (a, b) and (b, c)
10. Answer (8)
R1 but ac < 0}
R1 – R2 = {(2, 22), (2, 23), (2, 24), (2, 25), (3, 32)
(3, 33), (5, 52), (7, 72)} So, R1 is not equivalence relation

So number of elements = 8 a R2 b œ a t b

11. Answer (2) (a, a)  R2 Ÿ so reflexive relation

R1 = {(a, b)  N × N : |a – b| d 13} and If (a, b) R2 then (b, a) may or may not belong to R2

R2 = {(a, b)  N × N : |a – b| d 13} Ÿ So not symmetric

Hence it is not equivalence relation
In R1: ' |2 – 11| = 9 d13

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14. Answer (4) Ÿ3a + (7k – 3)b = 7k1 and

R = {(x, y) : 3x + Dy is multiple of 7}, Now R to be an 3b + (7k2 – 3) c = 7k3
equivalence relation
Adding 3a + 7kb + (7k2 – 3) c = 7 (k1 + k3)
(1) R should be reflexive : (a, a)R  aN
3a + (7k2 – 3) c = 7 m
? 3a + aD = 7k
?(a, c)R
? (3 + D) a = 7k
?R is transitive
?3 + D = 7k1 Ÿ D = 7k1 –3
?D = 7k – 3 = 7k + 4
= 7k1 + 4
(2) R should be symmetric : aRb œ bRa 15. Answer (2)

aRb : 3a + (7k –3) b = 7 m b can take its values as 9, 15, 21, 33, 39, 51, 57,
Ÿ3(a – b) + 7kb = 7 m 25, 35, 55, 49

Ÿ3(b – a) + 7 ka = 7 m b can take these 11 values

So, aRb Ÿ bRa
? R will be symmetric for a = 7k1 –3
(3) Transitive : Let (a, b)R, (b, c)R
and a can take any of 60 values
So, number of elements in R = 60 × 11
= 660

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