Geography Prelims2024IasHub KING R QUEEN P

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A defined zone which has a certain depth in which there is continuous

Channel
flow of water under normal conditions.
Drainage The flow of water in well defined channel is known as Drainage .
The network of channels which drains a region is known as Drainage
Drainage System
System.
Drainage Basin The drainage basin is the area drained by the river and it’s tributaries.
The river drains the water collected from a specific area. This area is
Catchment / Catchment Area
known as the Catchment Area or Catchment .
Watershed divides the one catchment area from other catchment
Water Divide / Watershed
area. It is also known as Water divide.
The seasonal flow of water in a river is known as River regime. Hence,
if the water availability is uniform around the year, it is known as
River Regime Uniform River Regime. Whereas rivers where the water is seasonal, it
is known as Non-uniform River Regime. Such seasonal rivers are also
known as Ephemeral rivers.
Rivers which don’t reach the ocean . In desert or arid regions, such
Inland Drainage
rivers lead to the formation of Salt Lakes or Playa Lakes .
Himalayan Rivers Peninsular River
These rivers originate from Himalayan These rivers originate from the
Name
mountains covered with glaciers. Peninsular Plateau
Himalayan rivers have large catchment Peninsular rivers have small

Basins
areas and basins catchment areas and basins
Perennial: They receive water from Seasonal: They are dependent on

Nature of flow
glaciers and rainfall. monsoon rainfall.
Himalayan rivers flow through deep I- Peninsular rivers flow through

Valleys
shaped valleys called gorges. comparatively shallow valleys.
Superimposed and rejuvenated,

Antecedent & consequent leading to
Type of drainage resulting in trellis, radial
the dendritic pattern in plains.
and rectangular patterns.
Himalayan Rivers Peninsular River
Himalayan rivers are in their Peninsular rivers have reached
Stage
youthful stage. maturity.
The hard rock surface of the

Himalayan rivers meander when plateau permits little scope for
Meanders they enter plains owing to a sudden the formation of meanders.
reduction in speed. Hence, these rivers have more or
less a straight course.
Some Peninsular rivers, such as

Himalayan rivers form big deltas. Narmada and Tapi,
Deltas and Estuaries E.g., The Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta form estuaries. Other rivers such
is the largest delta in the world. as Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna
and Cauvery form deltas.
Left Tributaries: Zaskar, Jhelum, Chenab, Satluj, Ravi, Beas, Soan, Dras and
Suru
Right Tributaries: Shyok, Nubra, Gilgit, Kabul Sakardu, Gomal, Hunza,

Khurram, Shigo etc.
Origin Bokhar-Chu Glacier of Tibet
– Singhi Khamban (in Tibet)
Other Names – Sindhu (Hindi and Sanskrit)
– Sinthos (Greek)
River Type Antecedent
– Total: 2,880 km
Length
– India: 709 km
– Total: 2,880 km
Catchment Area
– India: 709 km
Left Tributaries: Zaskar, Jhelum, Chenab, Satluj, Ravi, Beas,

Soan, Dras and Suru
Tributaries
Right Tributaries: Shyok, Nubra, Gilgit, Kabul Sakardu, Gomal,
Hunza, Khurram, Shigo etc.
JHELUM river is the only
river which meanders at
its youth stage when it
enters DAL LAKE.

• Alaknanda river rises from the Satopanth Glacier in Badrinath. Both merge at Devprayag and
thereafter is called Ganga. Before Alaknanda meets Bhagirathi, it is joined by 4 rivers at 4 Prayags
which are:
- Vishnuprayag, confluence of Dhauliganga river (Dunagiri Glacier, Almora) and Alaknanda river.
- Nandaprayag, confluence of Nandakini river (Nanda Devi Sanctuary) and Alaknanda river.
- Karnaprayag, confluence of Pindar river (Pindari Glacier, Kumaon Himalayas) and Alaknanda river.
- Rudraprayag, confluenceFREE UPLOADED
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राजपूAlaknanda river.
Left bank Tributaries: Dibang, Lohit, Dhansiri, Kelong, Kapili , Dikhu
Right BankTributaries: Kameng, Manas, Raidak, Subansiri , Teesta

Origin Kailash Range of Tibet
Length 2900 km (total)
1. Yarlung Tsangpo (Tibetan name)

Other names 2. Dihang (in Arunachal Pradesh)
3. Brahmaputra (in Assam)
4. Jamuna (in Bangladesh)
Total: 12 lakh km2
Catchment Area
India: 3.21 lakh km2
Left Tributaries: Dibang, Lohit, Dhansiri, Kelong, Kapili ,
Dikhu
Tributaries
Right Tributaries: Kameng, Manas,
Raidak, Subansiri , Teesta
1Q) Which of the following state is not one of the party’s states
of Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal.
A. Maharashtra
B. Andhra Pradesh
C. Karnataka
D. Tamilnadu

Krishna River
•The Krishna is an east-flowing river.
•Originates at Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra and merges with the Bay of Bengal
•Flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
•Together with its tributaries, it forms a vast basin that covers 33% of the total area of the
four states.
•The principal tributaries joining Krishna are Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima,
Tungabhadra and Musi.
•Most of this basin comprises a rolling and undulating country, except for the western
border, which is formed by an unbroken line of the Western Ghats.
•The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterite and
lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils and saline and alkaline soil

1Q) Which of the following state is not one of the party
states of Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal.
A. Maharashtra
B. Andhra Pradesh
C. Karnataka
D. Tamilnadu

1Q) Answer: D
•The Krishna is an east-flowing river.
•Originates at Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra and merges with the Bay of Bengal
•Flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
•Together with its tributaries, it forms a vast basin that covers 33% of the total area of
the four states.

Constitutional Provisions related to Interstate water dispute
•Article 262 of the Constitution deals with the adjudication of water
disputes. The provisions in this regard are:
•Article 262 (1) Parliament may, by law, provide for the adjudication of any
dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the
waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river valley.
•Article 262 (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament
may, by law, provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court
shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint as is
referred to in clause (1).

2Q) Consider the following statements.
1.Article 262 of the constitution empowers the state legislatures to make laws for
the adjudication of inter-state water dispute.
2.The Inter-State Water Disputes Act 1956 was enacted to deal with inter-state
water disputes.
3.The Government of India can constitute a tribunal to hear the disputes concerning
claims of water sharing.
4.The members of tribunal are appointed by the Chief justices of India.
Which of the statement given above is / are correct.

A) 1, 3 & 4 only
B) 1, 2 & 3 only
C) 2, 3 & 4 only
D) All of the above

2Q) Answer: C
•Article 262 of the Constitution deals with the adjudication of water disputes. The
provisions in this regard are:
•Article 262 (1) Parliament may, by law, provide for the adjudication of any dispute or
complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any
inter-State river or river valley.
•Article 262 (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may, by law,
provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction
in respect of any such dispute or complaint as is referred to in clause (1).
•The members of tribunal are appointed by the Chief justices of India.

3Q) Consider the following statements :
1) The Ken-Betwa Link Project is the first project under the National
Perspective Plan for interlinking of rivers.
2) Both Ken and Betwa rivers are tributaries of river Yamuna.
3) The Ken-Betwa Link Project lies in Bundelkhand, a drought-prone region,
which spreads across Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Which of the above statements is/are correct.

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) All of the Above.
It was in August, 1980 that the Ministry of Irrigation prepared a National Perspective Plan
(NNP) for water resources development envisaging inter basin water transfer in the country.
The NPP comprised two components:- Based on the NPP, National Water Development
Agency (NWDA)- 30 River Links.
(i) Himalayan Rivers Development (14 under Himalayan Component).
(ii) Peninsular Rivers Development (16 under Peninsular component ).
Ken Betwa Link Project is one of the 16 river linking projects under the Peninsular
component.
Which are the clearances required for a river-linking project?

1. Techno-economic (given by the Central Water Commission);
2. Forest Clearance and Environmental clearance (Ministry of Environment & Forests.
3. Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Plan of Tribal Population (Ministry of Tribal
Affairs).
4. Wildlife clearance (Central Empowered Committee).

3Q) Answer: D
The Ken-Betwa Link Project is the first project under the National Perspective Plan for
the interlinking of rivers.
Both Ken and Betwa rivers are tributaries of river Yamuna.
The Ken-Betwa Link Project lies in Bundelkhand, a drought-prone region, which
spreads across 13 districts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

1. Gaza Strip :- Hamas rules over Gaza. Gaza’s borders are
tightly controlled by Israel and Egypt. Gaza has
been under Israeli sea and air blockade since 2007.
2. West Bank :- According to the Oslo accord ,the

occupied West Bank was divided into three areas – Area
A(Under Palestinian control), Area B(Under Joint control)
and Area C(Under Israeli control). Control of areas had to
be gradually transferred from Israel to Palestine.
However Israel has been construction Separation Walls,
Increasing the security checkpoints and allowing illegal
settlements in these areas. Israel has been increasing its
hold over the West Bank.
3. Jerusalem :- West Jerusalem has been Israeli territory

since 1948 with Jews in the majority. East Jerusalem,
which houses the Old City of Jerusalem is Palestinian
majority and was occupied by Israel in 1967.The whole of
Jerusalem is claimed by Israel as its capital. Palestinians
claim East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian
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A defined zone which has a certain depth in which there is continuous

Himalayan rivers have large catchment Peninsular rivers have small

Perennial: They receive water from Seasonal: They are dependent on

Himalayan rivers flow through deep I- Peninsular rivers flow through

Superimposed and rejuvenated,

The hard rock surface of the

Some Peninsular rivers, such as

Right Tributaries: Shyok, Nubra, Gilgit, Kabul Sakardu, Gomal, Hunza,

Left Tributaries: Zaskar, Jhelum, Chenab, Satluj, Ravi, Beas,

FREE UPLOADED BY : KING R QUEEN P [ऋषभ राजपूत]

Right BankTributaries: Kameng, Manas, Raidak, Subansiri , Teesta

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1. Yarlung Tsangpo (Tibetan name)

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Which of the statement given above is / are correct.

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Which of the above statements is/are correct.

Which are the clearances required for a river-linking project?

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2. West Bank :- According to the Oslo accord ,the

3. Jerusalem :- West Jerusalem has been Israeli territory

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