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Psychology: Emotions: Nature, Theories and Development of

Emotions
Nature of Emotions
The term ‘emotion’ is derived from the Latin word ‘emovere’ which means to stir up, agitate,
excite or move. They may be pleasant or unpleasant. Each emotions has three basic aspects:

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3/22/24, 1:24 AM Psychology: Emotions: Nature, Theories and Development of Emotions- (For CBSE, ICSE, IAS, NET, NRA 2025) FlexiPrep

Cognitive aspects: Cognitive aspect of emotion deals with thought and beliefs related to
emotion.
Physiological aspect: Refers to physiological changes that take place during emotions
Behavioral aspect: Refers to emotional expression

Theories of Emotion
William James and Carl Lange stated that physiological changes give rise to emotional
experience. According to them first you cry then you feel sad, first you run then you feel
afraid.
Cannon and Bard said that when an event is faced the physiological changes and
perception of emotion takes place simultaneously.
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Schachter and Singer suggested that cognitive processes play a major role in the
experience of emotion. According to the theory the stimuli bring arousal and cues from
the environment why the arousal has been caused. After knowing the cause, the emotion
is labeled.

Dimensions and Development of Emotions

Emotion can be placed along two dimensions- Arousal and Valence. Thus, one can have high
or low degree of arousal and positive or negative (e. g. pleasant vs. unpleasant) emotional
experience.

Relationship between Motivation and Emotion

Motive leads to emotion and emotion further motivates to act consistent with the original
motivation.

Emotion and Physiology

Physiological changes that take place during emotional state are produced by the
activities of all the internal organs and nervous system. The organs which are closely
related with emotional experiences are hypothalamus, autonomic nervous system, and
adrenal gland.
Arousal: When we are emotional, we often feel excited. This excited state is an aroused
state. The degree of arousal is measured by heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
pattern, pupil size and skin conductance.

Organism Functioning During Emotional Arousal

Physical changes: Facial expressions change during emotional experience.
Physiological Changes: When we experience an emotion there are changes in internal
activities.
Psychological changes: The perception gets distorted and memory gets inhibited.

Expressions of Emotions
The key form of emotional expression includes startle response, facial expression, vocal
expression and gesture and postures.

Major Emotions
Fear: This is the emotion which is caused when situations are perceived as physically
threatening.
Anxiety: Anxiety is a state of painful discomfort of mind.
Pleasure: Pleasure or happiness is a positive emotion which gives satisfaction to the
person who experiences it.
Affection: It is a pleasant emotional reaction directed towards a person, an animal or an
object. It is built up as a result of pleasant experience.
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Emotional Competence
It is considered that emotional competence, emotional maturity and emotional intelligence
are important for the growth of a person. Thus, one needs to understand one՚s own and
other՚s emotions and learn to express, control and manage emotions in social situations.
Promotion of emotional competence has been found central to the overall competence of a
person.

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