Stats and Prob

SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

Statistics - Branch of mathematics that deals with the

collection, analysis and interpretation of data that is Supposed three coins are tossed. Let X be the random
needed in decision making variable representing the number of tails that occur.
Find the value of random variable X.
Probability - study of chance

Possible Outcome Value of Random

Random Variable Variable X number of tail

TTT 3
Variable - any information, attribute, characteristic,
number or quality that describes a person, place, TTH 2

event, thing or idea

THT 2

Random Variable HTT 2

- A variable whose value is dependent to the
HHT 1
outcome of a well-defined random event or
experiment HTH 1

2 types of Random Variable THH 1

● Discrete Variable
HHH 0
● Continuous Variable

P(x) = 0, 1, 2, 3
Discrete Variable
- Quantitative variable whose value can only be
Constructing Probability Distribution
attained through counting
- Whole number lang
Discrete probability distribution or probability mass
- Ex. tao kase hindi mo naman mahahati ‘to
function consist of the values random variable can
assume and corresponding probabilities of values.
Discrete Random Variable
- Set of possible outcome is countable
Number of Tails Probability or P(x)
Continuous Variable
0 1/8
- A quantitative variable that can be assume an
infinitely many, uncountable number of real 1 3/8
number values
- May decimals 2 3/8

3 1/8
Continuous Random Variable
- It takes on a value in a continuous scale.

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 1

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

(bawal maging 8/8 kase ayun dapat yung total ng

Number of P(x) X * P(x)
probability at bawal din maging 0/8) Spots (X)

Two balls are drawn in succession without 1 1/6 1/6

replacement from an urn containing 5 red balls and 6
2 1/6 2/6
blue balls. Let X be the random variable representing
the number of blue balls. Find the values of the 3 1/6 3/6
random variable X. Let B represents blue ball and R
4 1/6 4/6
represents red ball.

5 1/6 5/6
Possible Outcome Value of Random
6 1/6 6/6
Variable X number of tail

BB 2 Formula of Mean: ∑X * P(x)

RR 0
μ = 1/6 + 2/6 + 3/6 + 4/6 + 5/6 + 6/6 = 21/6 or 3.5
BR 1

RB 1
Normal Distribution

Histogram - table ginawang bar graph. Naka lagay

yung probability tas yung data or x

Properties of a Probability Distribution

1. The probability of each value of random
variable must be between or equal to 0 to 1. In
symbol we write it as 0 ≤ P(x) ≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the Variance and standard deviation tells how data are
random variable must be equal to 1. In symbol scattred
we write it as ∑ P(X) = 1.

Homogenous - magkakadikit yung data/same

Computing the mean and Variance of Discrete Heterogenous - magkakalayo
Probability Distribution

Considering rolling die what is the average number of

spot that would appear

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 2

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

x P(x) x * P(x) x - μ (x - μ)^2 (x - μ)^2 * P(x)

0 1/10 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484

1 2/10 1/5 -1.2 1.44 0.288

2 3/10 3/5 -0.2 0.04 0.012

3 2/10 3/5 0.8 0.64 0.128

4 2/10 4/5 1.8 3.24 0.648

μ =2.2 σ^2 = 1.56

Standard Normal Curve
σ = 1.25 - Gitna is zero
- Units niya ay 0, 1, 2, 3, -1, -2, -3
Normal Distribution - Nasa gitna ng mga units is the P(x)
- Usually in nature or in daily life - Pag palayo sa 0 meaning mas lumiliit ung
chance or probability
Normal Probability distribution
- Is the data distribution where the mean, Example
median and mode are equal and the
distribution is clustered at the center

Properties of Normal Curve

1. The distribution curve is bell shape
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center
3. The mean, median, mode coincide at the
center
4. The width of the curve is determined by the
standard deviation of the distribution
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely
along the horizontal axis, always approaching
but never touching it. This is the curve
Ex.
asymptotic to the baseline
Ishikawa's company has 100 branches nationwide
6. The area under curve is 1. Thus it represents
and its annual profit is normally distributed with the
the probability or proportion or the percentage
mean of 73 million pesos a year and standard
associated with specific sets of measurement
deviation of 3.25 million pesos. What percentage of its
values
branches have a profit of 73 million to 80 million.

Formula of Normal Curve

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 3

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

What is the area under standard normal curve to the

right of curve z= 1.1 or z > 1.1

Fifty jobs applicants took an IQ test and their scores

What is the area under standard normal curve to the
are normally distributed with a mean of 100. How
left of curve z= 1.1 or z > 1.1
many applicants obtained a score between 74 and 126
if the standard deviation or their score is 20

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 4

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

investigation or experiment where each

sample point has an equal chance of being
selected using appropriate sampling
technique

Types of Random Sampling

1. Lottery Sampling
- Sampling technique where every
member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected

2. Systematic sampling

Sampling Distribution - In which members of the population

are listed and samples are selected in
intervals called sample intervals. In
Population
this technique every nth element from
● Refers to the entire group or subject that is
the list is selected starting point
under study or investigation
- Step by step
● Size of population is denoted by N
● Population mean is denoted by μ
3. Stratified random sampling
● Variance of population is denoted by σ²
- Wherein the members of the
● Standard deviation of population is σ
population are grouped based on their
homogeneity
(the greater the N the greater the population)
- Particular group

Sample
4. Cluster sampling
● A subset taken from population either by
- Sometimes called area sampling. It is
random or nonrandom sampling
applied on geographical basis
● A representation of the population where one
shapes to draw valid conclusions from the
5. Multi stage sampling
about the population
- 2 or more sampling technique
● Size of sample is denoted by n
● Mean of sample is denoted by x̄
Non Random Sampling
● Variance of sample is denoted by s²
- Used when the sample is not a proportion of
● Standard deviations denoted by s
the population and when there is no system in
selecting a sample. This is often used by
Random Sampling
researchers to elicit and gather responses for
- Selection of n elements deprived from
questions which do not use confidentiality
population N which is the subject of the

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 5

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

- Ginagamit sa quantitative research
Types of Non Random Sampling
1. Accidental Sampling
- Only those whom the researcher meet
by chance are included in the sample
when using this technique
2. Quota Sampling
- Includes a specified number of
persons of certain types to be taken as
sample
(what is margin error nga ba hmmm ewan q din. So
kunwari 95% ung shaded part so diba may natirang
5% na hindi shaded so yung 5% na yun, yun yung
margin of error mo 0 o 0)
Illustrative ex.
Researchers want to study the academic
performance in mathematics of students in certain
schools. The school has a population of 12 000
students. If the researcher allows a margin of error of
5%. How many students must be included in the
sample.

3. Convenience Sampling Given:

- Most convenient sampling technique N = 12 000
that make use of the telephone, e = 5% or 0.05
mobile phone or the internet

4. Purposive Sampling
- Used in very small sample size. For
example this can be used if the
subjects of the study are deans of
certain universities or area managers
of certain institution

Determining the Sample Size

n = 387
Sloven’s Formula: (dapat daw whole number)

Describing Sample and POpulation

Statistic
- is a number that describe as sample. It can be
directly computed and observed
Where:
Parameter
n = sample size
- A description measure of a population
N = population size
e = margin of error
Sampling Distribution

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 6

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

- Is the probability distribution when all possible

90 0.1
samples of size n are drawn from population
91 0.2
Constructing a sampling distribution
92 0.2

Step 1 Solve the population mean 93 0.2

94 0.1

95 0.1

Step 2 Construct all random samples consisting of 3

observations (n = 3) from the given data set ₅C₃ using Step 4 Histogram

calculation
86, 89, 92, 95, 98

Random Sample (n = 3) Sample mean x̄

86 89 92 89

86 89 95 90

86 89 98 91

86 92 95 91 Computing Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation of

sampling distribution
86 92 98 92

86 95 98 93 Sample Mean

89 92 95 92

89 92 98 93

89 95 98 94

92 95 98 95

Step 3

x̄ P(x̄)

89 0.1

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 7

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

● Problems concerning the estimation of

parametrical values are basic to educators,
scientist, engineers, and businessmen. An
error in estimation would lead to biased
results, and as a consequence, biased
decision as well
● Proper estimation of population parameters
results in accurate data and quick solutions to
real-life problems in any field of study

Estimation - the process of making inference about a

x x - x̄ (x - x̄)^2 population based on information obtained from
sample.
4 -12 144

12 -4 16 Good estimator has the following properties:

1. When the mean of a sample statistic from a
14 -2 4
large number of different random samples

15 -1 1 equals the true population parameter, then

the sample statistic is an unbiased estimate of
16 0 0 the population parameter.
2. Across the many repeated samples, the
17 1 1
estimates are not very far from the true
18 2 4 parameter value

19 3 9
Point Estimate - The mean of sample mean X is equal

20 4 16 to the population or mean µ. It is the numerical value

which gives as estimate of parameter.
25 9 81

x̄ = 16
s^2 = 30.67
s = 5.54

Estimation of Parameters

Importance of Estimation of Parameter

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 8

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

Interval Estimate - A range of values used to estimate

the parameter. It can be calculated using two - The interval defined within the true population

numbers or values which may contain the value of the where members of the sample are expected to

parameter being estimated be found

Confidence Level
- expressed as percent, it sets a portion of the
sample to be included within a known range of
the true population. It also quantifies the
probability in which, a member of the sample
would fall within a known interval of the true
population. If α (alpha) is the allowable
sampling error, the confidence level is equal to
1-α.

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam 9

Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

Computing for the Point Estimate

Illustrative example:
Mr. Martinez' company sells bottled coconut juice. He
claims that a bottle contains 500 ml of such juice. A
consumer group wanted to know if his claim is true.
Summary of z scores for commonly used Confidence
They took six random samples of 10 such bottles and
Interval
obtained the capacity in ml of each bottle. The result
shows the following.
Margin Level of Confidence Z value
of error significan Level (1-α) aka
(α) ce Critical
Value

10% .10 90% ±1.65

5% .05 95% ±1.96

1% .01 99% ±2.58

Error of estimate- The distance between the estimate

and true value of parameter. Formulas:

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam

10
Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

Formula pag dalawa

2. Given:
Sample Size 1 = 50
Sample Size 2 = 40
Sample Mean 1 = 3550
EXAMPLE:
Sample Mean 2 = 3500
1. Given:
Sample Standard deviation 1 = 130
Sample Size = 300
Sample Standard deviation 2 = 120
Sample Mean = 170
Confidence interval gives 90%
Sample Standard deviation = 25
Confidence interval gives 95%
α = 5% or 0.05

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam

11
Stats and Prob
SEM 2 Padayon!! :p

Note:
If the confidence interval ranges from negative to
positive there is no significant difference, but if hindi
like same siyang negative or positive then there is a
significant difference

ano ang probability na papasa ako sa exam

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