NAME: TEACHER:

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STRAND AND SECTION: DATE:
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INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS AND BELIEF SYSTEM

GRADE 11 - WEEK 8

Hinduism

INTRODUCTION

Welcome to the world of Hinduism! This Learner’s Packet covers the brief
history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices, and related issues of
Hinduism. Are you familiar with it? If yes, let’s get them freshen up for you. If no, let’s
take a ride in its exciting world! Let’s go!

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

Analyze the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices, and
related issues of Hinduism.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: FINDING HINDU

Directions: List all the words that can be associated with the concept of Hinduism.

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Write your answers inside the box below.

Processing Questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. What significant concept have you learned from today’s activity?

Activity 2: My Good Deeds

Hindus believe in reincarnation. Its basic belief is that a person's fate is

determined according to his deeds. These deeds in Hinduism are called 'Karma'. In
which, a soul who does good Karma in his/her lifetime will be rewarded a better life
in the next incarnation.
Do you also have good deeds in your lifetime? Let’s find out and identify your
good deeds if it’s worth a reward in the next incarnation. Let’s gear up!

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 Now, for this activity, you will be working alone. Let’s grab your pen and copy
this table below on your journal and list down at least three (3) good deeds during
the pandemic of the following:

Other Persons Animals Environment

Let us elaborate more of your thoughts as we answer the following questions

below. Let’s get going!

1. What did you feel after doing your good deeds to:
a. Other persons
b. Animals
c. Environment
2. Why did you do such good deeds?
3. Do you believe your good deeds reward good karma? Why do you think
so?

Processing Questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. What significant concepts have you learned from today’s activity?
3. What meaning does it give you as a person?

Activity 3: Yoga Everyday Keeps the Doctor Away

Welcome to this beautiful and ancient practice of yoga! There are 4 Types of
yoga namely Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Raja Yoga.
Now, let’s make a video presentation performing one of the ancient yoga’s
presented above. The video should run in a minimum of three (3) minutes and a
maximum of five (5) minutes only. The mode in submitting your recorded video is via
email or through Google classroom. However, a confirmation of submission from
your subject teacher is required.

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 After recording your ancient yoga performance, you need to write a reflection
paper of at least two to three paragraphs about the experience from your chosen
ancient yoga.
Did you know when you perform yoga outside your home that it will help you
to absorb more positive energy and good vibes? Let’s learn more of it later.

DEEPENING

Did you feel refreshed and relaxed after doing the yoga? If yes, make it a
habit to do yoga. If no, keep on practicing. But now, I think you are more than ready
to read the following learning points silently. As you go over them, you may take
down notes or write questions that you want to clarify once you meet or
communicate with your subject teacher.

Historical Doctrines/Worship &

Background Observances

Hinduism

Sacred Texts Selected Issues

FOUNDERS ARYANS (1500 B.C.)

SACRED TEXTS VEDAS, UPANISHADS, AND
BHAGAVADGITA
DOCTRINES DHARMA, KARMA, ARTHA, MOKSHA,
BRAHMAN, ATMAN, THE FOUR YOGAS
GODS 33 MILLION GODS AND GODDESSES
SELECTED ISSUES GENDER INEQUALITY, CASTE SYSTEM

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

● Hinduism is the world’s third-largest religion with around 15% of the entire
population practicing the Hindu faith. Hindu followers in India comprise the major
bulk with almost 80% of the country’s population adhering to the religion. Other
Asian countries with considerable Hindu faithful include Nepal (23 million),
Bangladesh (15 million), and Indonesia (3.9 million in Bali). There are also a

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 substantial number of Hindus in Mauritius, Guyana, Fiji, Bhutan, Trinidad and
Tobago, Suriname, and Sri Lanka. Hinduism was never a missionary religion,
unlike Christianity or Islam. With the changing times, however, there have been
preaching activities by Hindu missionaries in some Western cities. Three other
religions that sprung in India have their origins in Hinduism.
● Hinduism is oftentimes considered as the oldest and most complex of all world
religions. While the most active religions of the modern times may have started
around the sixth century B.C.E. onward. The elements and themes of Hindu
belief may have begun around the third millennium B.C.E. Also, unlike other
major religions, Hinduism had no identifiable founder.
● Hindu originated from the Persian word hindu (in Sanskrit sindhu) which means

“river”. It also refers to the people of the Indus Valley—the Indians.

● Hinduism was given in the nineteenth century to describe the wide array of belief
systems in India. Hinduism was originally known as “Sanatana Dharma” or
Eternal Religion. The terms Hindu and Hinduism are said to be a more recent
development, while the more accurate term is Sanatana Dharma.
● Historically, the foundations of Hinduism may have originated from the customs of
the early people of the Indus valley around 2500 B.C.E. to 1500 B.C.E., in the
more advanced culture of the Dravidians, and from the Aryans who invaded
northwest India around 1500 B.C.E.
● Aryans brought with them their set of beliefs based on oral texts known as
Vedas. This Vedic literature, however, was chiefly composed at the time the
Aryans had already settled in India and blended with the natives. Admittedly,
there is much difficulty in identifying elements in the Vedas that are genuinely
pre-Aryan or Aryan influenced.

TIMELINE

Date Event
The Indus River Valley civilization begins to
develop (c. 2500 BCE).
The first evidence points to the Indus River Valley
2500 BC
civilization developing around 2500 BCE.
Archaeological evidence suggests that early Hindu
practice begins here.
1600 BC The Aryan invasion begins (c. 1600 BCE).
The Aryans invaded the Indus River Valley around
1600 BCE. This brings the Sanskrit language to the
region and drastically influences Hinduism, which is

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 developing at this time.
The Vedic Age begins (c. 1500 BCE).
The Vedic Age, the period in which the oldest
scriptures of Hinduism, the Vedas, are written,
1500 BC
begins. This period signals the rise of large,
urbanized areas and the shramana movements,
which include Jainism and Buddhism.
The major Upanishads are written (c. 800 BCE).
The eleven major Upanishads are written around 800
BCE, and these become fundamental texts of
800 BC Hinduism. These introduce the ideas of reincarnation
and karma, that those who are righteous in the
current life will be reborn in a better life until they
eventually reach Nirvana, or the holy bliss.
The Epics and Puranas are written (c. 500 BCE).
The Epics, which chronicle history of mortal men,
and the Puranas, which chronicle the history of
500 BC celestial figures, are written around 500 BCE. These
signal the beginning of devotional Hinduism, in which
followers commit themselves to one deity, particularly
Shiva or Vishnu, though Devi is popular as well.
The Maurya Empire is founded (c. 320 BCE).
Chandragupta founded the Maurya Empire in the
Indian subcontinent around 320 BCE, which goes on
to become one of the world's largest empires in its
320 BC
time. Hindu ministers, including Chanakya, initially
introduce Hinduism as the major religion of the
empire, but under Ashoka's leadership, the empire
later embraces Buddhism.
The Gupta Empire is founded (c. 320 CE).
Around 320 CE, Maharaja Sri Gupta founded the
Gupta Empire, which covers much of the Indian
320
subcontinent. It ushers in an era of peace and
prosperity that allows Hindu culture to stabilize and
spread.

SACRED TEXTS/SCRIPTURES

1. SHRUTI
- literally means “that which is heard.”
- they are regarded as eternal truths that were passed orally until the beginning
of the present age wherein there came the need to write them down.

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 1. Vedas – means “knowledge” or “sacred lore.”

The Vedas are made up of:

● Rig-Veda - is the most important and oldest book that
dates to around 1500 B.C.E. to 1200 B.C.E. Apart
from being the oldest work of literature in an Indo-
European language, it is also the oldest living religious
literature of the world.
● Sama-Veda - or the “knowledge of chants” is the 3rd
book. Dating back almost the same time as the Yajur-
Veda, this book is a collection of verses from the basic
hymns recited by priests during sacrifices.
● Yajur-Veda- or the “knowledge of rites” is the second
book. Composed between 1200 B.C.E. to 1000 B.C.E., this book is a
compilation of materials recited during rituals and sacrifices to deities.
● Atharva-Veda - or “knowledge is given by the sage Atharva” dated back
around 1500 B.C.E. to 1000 B.C.E. It contains rituals used in homes and
popular prayers to gods. Seldom used in solemn ceremonies unlike the other
three Vedas, the Atharva-Veda contains numerous spells and incantations for
medicinal purposes and magical aids to victory in battle among others.

Each Vedas consists of four main parts:

1. Mantras - are hymns and chants for praising god.
2. Brahmanas - are explanations of the Mantras with detailed descriptions of
the sacrificial ceremonies related to them.
3. Aranyakas - are meditations that explicate their meaning.
4. Upanishads or secret teachings transcend rituals to elucidate the nature of
the universe and human’s connectedness to it. The many teachings
embedded in the Upanishads are called Vedanta, and these are teeming with
spiritual truths.

B. Upanishads – translates as “sitting down

near” or “sitting close to” as it implies listening
intently to the mystic teachings of a spiritual
teacher who has fully understood the universal
truths. It could also mean “brahma-knowledge”
whereby ignorance is eliminated.

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 Varying in length from one page to over fifty pages all fundamental teachings
and concepts about Hinduism are found in these profound treatises—such as
karma (action), samsara (reincarnation), moksha (nirvana), atman (soul),
and Brahman (Absolute Almighty). Of the two hundred Upanishads, fourteen
of these are considered principal writings. The earliest of the Upanishads may
have originated in the ninth century B.C.E. while the most recent around the
sixth century B.C.E.

2. SMRITI
- it literally means “that which has been remembered”. These
writings serve to reinforce shruti and are interpreted by
sages and scholars alike. Most of these texts are sectarian in
nature and considered of lesser importance compared to
shruti, such as stories and legends, codes of conduct for the
society, and guidebooks for worship.

- The great epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, which

contains the philosophical poem Bhagavad Gita, are part of
smriti. These are national epics of India and considered to
be the sacred texts of the masses where they draw their
values and ideals.

C. Bhagavad Gita – The Bhagavad Gita (“Song of

God” or “Song of the Lord”) is among the most
important religious texts of Hinduism and easily
the best known. It has been quoted by writers,
poets, scientists, theologians, and philosophers
– among others – for centuries and is often the
introductory text to Hinduism for a Western
audience. It is commonly referred to as the Gita
and was originally part of the great Indian epic
Mahabharata. Its date of composition, therefore,
is closely associated with that of the epic – c. 5th-3rd century BCE – but not
all scholars agree that the work was originally included in the Mahabharata
text and so date it later to c. 2nd century BCE.

DOCTRINES

Some basic Hindu concepts include:

• Hinduism embraces many religious ideas. For this reason, it sometimes
referred to as a “way of life” or a “family of religions,” as opposed to a single,
organized religion.

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 • Most forms of Hinduism are henotheistic, which means they worship a single
deity, known as “Brahman,” but still recognize other gods and goddesses. Its
followers believe there are multiple paths to reaching their god.
• Hindus believes in the doctrines of samsara (the continuous cycle of life,
death, and reincarnation) and karma (the universal law of cause and effect).
• One of the key thoughts of Hinduism is “atman,” or the belief in the soul. This
philosophy holds that living creatures have a soul, and they’re all part of the
supreme soul. The goal is to achieve “moksha,” or salvation, which ends the
cycle of rebirths to become part of the absolute soul.
• One fundamental principle of religion is the idea that people’s actions and
thoughts directly determine their current life and future lives.
• Hindus strive to achieve dharma, which is a code of living that emphasizes
good conduct and morality.
• Hindu’s revere all living creatures and consider the cow a sacred animal.
• Food is an important part of life for Hindus. Most don’t eat beef or pork, and
many are vegetarians.
• Hinduism is closely related to other Indian religions, including Buddhism,
Sikhism, and Jainism.

CONCEPT OF KARMA
Karma is a Sanskrit word that means “action”. It refers to the law that
every action has an equal reaction either immediately or at some point in the
future. Good or virtual actions (actions in harmony with dharma) will have good
reactions or responses. While bad actions (actions against dharma) will bring
negative effects. In Hinduism, karma operates not only in this lifetime but across
lifetimes- the results of action might only be experienced after the present life in a
new life.

CONCEPT OF SAMSARA
Samsara in Hinduism is the process of rebirth or reincarnation. It is a
continuous cycle in which the soul is reborn repeatedly according to the law of
karma. At death, many Hindus believe, the soul is carried by a subtle body which
can be a human or non-human form (an animal or divine being).

CONCEPT OF MOKSHA
Moksha is the ultimate life purpose of Hindu believers. This is the goal of
liberation or freedom from the cycle of action and reaction and rebirth. This
concept is related to the idea of atman- that in this world, a spiritual being (the
atman) has a human experience, rather a human being having a spiritual
experience.
The attainment of moksha for a Hindu is for the atman to be completely
detached from the material world and identify itself with the Supreme Spirit

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 (Brahman). This state of liberation, Hinduism explains, can be attained by going
through the process of the Four Yoga’s.

Yoga: is a Sanskrit word meaning "to join" or "to unite."

● The goal of Yoga is self-realization, which occurs when consciousness is

turned inward and united with the Self.
● Yoga methods concentrate on calming the mind and focusing on the Self.

● Yoga is an integral part of the Hindu tradition, and dates back to the earliest
Veda's, the holy books of the Hindu religion which date back to 2500 BC.

Simple Steps in Yoga Prayer

1. Stand with your feet hip-distance wide. Bring

your palms to meet in front of your chest with an
exhale.
2. Reach the crown of your head toward the sky.
Point your tailbone toward the floor.
3. Widen across your collarbones and relax your
shoulders downward. Engage your core and
thighs and lift your kneecaps up.
4. Hold the pose and take slow, deep breaths.

Types of Yoga
● Karma [KAR-muh] yoga is the path of service
through selfless action for the good of others - for
example, Mother Teresa's works to serve poor
people as a way to connect the compassion of God
with humanity. Unconditional service is a tradition in
Hindu monasteries or ashrams, and many yoga
teacher training programs require candidates to
practice karma yoga by cooking and cleaning or
providing other voluntary services for others.

Karma Yoga: Self-Realization Through Awareness from Yoga Asanas

and Meditation: Yoga Poses, Cues, Steps, and Breathing instructions:

Wide Child Pose (Prasarita Balasana)

SURRENDER
1. Begin with the practice of Wide Child Pose,
seated on the knees and legs.

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 2. Exhale and stretch the arms out in front of you as you rest the forehead
and chest on the floor.
3. Deep breathing as you connect to the breath and the movement of the
body.
4. With each exhalation, SMILE and go deeper with the stretch.
5. Surrender your body to the Earth and breath deep.
6. Always start with the deep connections of the breath and the body to help
stay focused throughout the practice.

● Bhakti [b-HUHK-tee] Yoga cultivates the

expression and love of the Divine through
devotional rituals. Forms of this path include
regular prayer, chanting, singing, dancing,
ceremony, and celebration. For example, bhakti
yoga is practiced and shared in the uplifting music of renowned kirtan
(devotional chant) vocalist and spiritual leader Krishna Das.

● Jnana [YAAH-nuh] Yoga is the path of intellect and

wisdom, and its components include the study of
sacred texts, intellectual debates, philosophical
discussion, and introspection. Socrates was a jnana
yogi, as are modern-day yoga scholars such as
David Frawley and Ravi Ravindra.

Jnana Yoga Steps:

1. Sit on the yoga mat in a comfortable position. You can sit in a cross-
legged position (Sukhasana) or Ardha Padmasana position. To sit in the
Ardha Padmasana position, you must sit cross-legged on the mat. Now
spread your legs straight in front of you and then bend your right knee.
2. Lift it with your right hand and place it on the outer side of your left thigh.
Similarly, bend your left knee and place it against the other leg. You may
also sit in Padmasana pose. In this pose also you have to first sit on the
yoga mat in cross-legged pose and spread your legs straight in front of
you. Fold your right leg at the knee and then lift it up with the help of your
right hand and place it on the outer side of your left thigh. Now bend your
left knee and place it on the outside of your right thigh with your left hand.
Vajrasana pose is another position in which you can sit on the yoga mat.
Here you have to kneel down on the floor in such a way that the upper part
of your feet touches the ground. Your knees, ankles, and toes should
touch the floor and must be kept parallel to each other. You can place your
hands on your knees.

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 3. Once you have attained a comfortable position, close your eyes, and try to
concentrate on your breathing. Inhale and exhale deeply and continue it
for some time.
4. Fully concentrate on your breathing and free your body from the
surroundings, worldly thoughts and passions, and emotions. Try not to
think of anything. Keep all your thoughts away from your mind.
Once you are free from any thoughts and feel relaxed, your mind will
become calm, away from any disturbances or sounds in the surrounding.
Now you are ready for Jnana yoga meditation.
5. Jnana yoga is a yoga practice that helps you know your true self. You can
ask questions and find out answers from your inner self. This will help you
know more about yourself and understand the real you.
6. Jnana yoga is about asking questions and searching the truth about your
inner gut feeling. You will know better about t-your inner self by practicing
this yoga.
7. Try to discover fasts inside yourself. Concentrate on one question at a
time and once you get an answer to your question, you can move on to the
next question.
8. You can stay in Jnana yoga meditative position for as long as it is
comfortable for you. In the initial stages, you may find it difficult to
concentrate and may get disturbed by external factors. But with practice,
you will be able to fully concentrate on your inner self and become calm
and relaxed. Once you reach the final stage of your meditation, you can
end this session.
9. When you end up the session, you must take care of a few things. After
meditation, do not open your eyes in a moment. Instead, you can perform
palming. This is done by keeping the eyes closed. Rub both of your palm’s
tether for a while. This will generate heat and make your palms warm.
Place these warm palms over your eyes. Now you can open your eyes
slowly.
10. Release from the pose in which you are sitting. Your meditation is
complete.

● Raja [RAAH-juh] Yoga, also known as the "royal

path," refers to the journey toward personal
enlightenment. This path consists of balancing the
three main yoga types just described - karma,
bhakti, and jnana - while integrating the eight limbs,
or stages, of yoga. Hatha yoga is represented as a
combination of the third and fourth limbs of the royal path -
that is, asana and pranayama.

The Raja Yoga Meditation Technique

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 Step 1: Find a Calm Place
Step 2: Sit Comfortably
Step 3: Be in the Present
Step 4: Concentrate on a Thought
Step 5: Maintain the Peace

MAJOR HINDU DEITIES

- Hinduism has a total of 33 million gods. However, among these gods, there
are only four considered by Hindus as major gods.

1. BRAHMAN – Central to Hinduism is the Brahman who is the ultimate reality,

one and undivided-the Supreme God. Called the Trimurti, these are
creation, preservation, and destruction. These functions are expressed in
god forms, namely, Brahma (the creator); Vishnu (the preserver); and Shiva
(the destroyer).
2. BRAHMA – Brahma is the first God in the Hindu Triumvirate called
“Trimurti” or “triune god.” Brahma’s job was creation of the world and all
creatures. He is the creator god in Hindu belief. However, his name should
not be confused with Brahman (the Supreme God force present with all
things). Has 4 heads and 8 hands. Brahma is the least worshipped god in
Hinduism today. There are only two temples in the whole India devoted to
him, compared with the many thousands devoted to the other two gods.
3. VISHNU – is the second God in the Hindu Triumvirate or trimurti. He is the
preserver and the protector of the universe. His role is to return to the earth
in troubled times and restore the balance of good and evil. So far, according
to Hindu belief, he has been incarnated nine times, and that he will be
incarnated one last time close to the end of this world.
4. SHIVA – Shiva is the third God in the Hindu triumvirate. Shiva’s role is to
destroy the universe to re-create it. Hindus believe that his powers of
destruction and recreation are used even now to destroy the illusion and
imperfections of this world paving the way for beneficial change.
5. LAKSHMI – Lakshmi is the consort of the god Vishnu. She is one of the
most popular goddesses of wealth and purity. Lakshmi is commonly
portrayed as a beautiful woman with four arms, standing on a lotus flower.
There is usually one, or sometimes two elephants behind her, anointing her
with water. She is often depicted sitting beneath Vishnu, massaging his feet.

10 HINDU FESTIVALS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT

1. Diwali - The festival of lights – Diwali or Deepavali – is the most popular

festival on the Indian subcontinent. The underlying essence of Diwali revolves
around light superseding darkness, or the triumph of good over evil.
Glimmering diyas (lamps) adorn every nook and cranny of every residence in
the evening, and there are also fireworks and a delicious traditional banquet.

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 2. Holi - Holi is a festival of color and a harbinger of spring in India. The onset of
Holi is marked by the burning of an effigy of Holika – an evil entity from Hindu
mythology – to signify the triumph of good over evil. The night of revelry
around the bonfire goes on until the embers die. The following morning kicks
off with people smearing colored powder on each other, more carousal and
occasionally the consumption of bhang, an intoxicating edible cannabis
preparation.
3. Onam - Onam is the official state festival of Kerala and is celebrated with the
utmost fervor and festivities that include traditional sports like boat races and
tug of war. The legend behind the celebration of Onam concerns the
homecoming of a demigod called Mahabali and like the legend of Holika and
the Holi festival. In both cases, the triumph of hope over despair is celebrated,
although Mahabali is regarded with the utmost respect and Holika is not.
Onam is growing beyond religious frontiers and establishing itself as a
religiously diverse festival in Kerala.
4. Maha Shivaratri - Shiva is the foremost deity in the Hindu pantheon and
regarded as the destroyer. Maha Shivaratri, or ‘the great night of Shiva’,
commemorates the supremacy of Shiva. People refrain from sleeping and
instead pray to the great lord. Most dedicated disciples of Lord Shiva
celebrate Maha Shivaratri by fasting and chanting the hymns to Tandava, a
dance performed by Lord Shiva.
5. Krishna Janmashtami - Lord Krishna has a prominent place in Hindu folklore.
Krishna Janmashtami is the joyous festival celebrating the birth of Krishna,
with a lot of merriment, dancing, and singing. The gaiety of Krishna
Janmashtami is often accompanied by competitions, notably breaking a pot
filled with yogurt that is suspended high in the air. Competitors form human
pyramids to break the pot and spill the contents, which is then formally offered
as prasada (ritual offering).
6. Makar Sankranti - In the Hindu calendar, the Sun enters the Makara
(Capricorn) part of the zodiac on the 14 th of January every year. Surya (the
sun god) is also worshipped all across the country
with unparalleled devotion on this day. Although this day is popularly
known as Makar Sankranti, the nomenclature varies from state to state, as do
the corresponding customs. Tamils call it Pongal, the Assamese celebrate it
as Bihu and most North Indians call it Lohri. Regardless of the monikers,
Makar Sankranti is a festival made unique by its celebrations, ranging from
kite-flying to bonfires and riverbank rituals.
7. Ganesh Chaturthi - Ganesh Chaturthi’s status as one of the most popular
festivals in the country is partly due to its eccentricity, something the festival
shares with its corresponding deity, Lord Ganesh. Ganesh is the son of Lord
Shiva, the destroyer. Yet Ganesh is at odds with his father in his convictions
and appearance. His face resembles that of an elephant, while his witty and
playful temperament inspires devotion from people of all age groups. Ganesh
Chaturthi commemorates the birth of Ganesh with the formal offering of

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 prayers to a clay idol of the deity. The idol is later immersed in a body of water
amid further festivities.
8. Navratri – Dussehra – Durga Puja - Akin to the recurring theme in Hindu
mythology of the victory of good over evil, the legend behind the Navratri
festival has to do with Lord Rama’s triumph over Ravana, a demonic entity.
An alternative legend revolves around the victories of the goddess Durga
against the diabolical forces that once walked the face of the Earth. Navratri,
meaning nine nights, is a time to honor the deities and plead for their
blessings and goodwill.
9. Rama Navami - The epic poem of the Ramayana has vast religious
significance in Hinduism. Its protagonist, Lord Rama, with his divine prowess
and benevolence, slays immoral beings, conquers the realm, and establishes
order. The day marking the birth of Lord Rama is celebrated as Rama Navami,
and the observances include charity, recitals, and prayers.
10. Ugadi - Conforming to the Hindu calendar, Ugadi is New Year’s Day for
Hindus. The festival of Ugadi is celebrated predominantly in the South Indian
states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana. Premises
are decorated with mango leaves, flowers, and other embellishments; floral
patterns are drawn on the floor, and savory snacks are prepared in a bid to
welcome the new year on a high note. Additionally, the consumption of bevu
bella – a blend of neem (bevu) and jaggery (bella) – is obligatory. Neem is
bitter in taste and jaggery is sweet; together, they signify the acceptance of
life’s bitterness and happiness in equal parts.

SELECTED ISSUES

● Hinduism and Women - Even though the Manusmriti or the “Laws of Manu”
states that women should be honored in Hindu society, women have always been
considered inferior to men in almost all aspects of life. A woman's life revolves
around the men, she must be taken care of by her father in childhood, by her
husband in married life, and by her sons upon old age. Thus, women are
relegated to performing household chores and are expected to become loyal to
their husbands, even after their husbands die. In traditional society, women are
expected to perform sati or suttee wherein widowed women are expected to jump
on the funeral pyre of their husbands to prove their loyalty and help save the soul
of their husbands in the afterlife. Although sati was already demolished by the
British in India, there are still cases of sati being reported in modern times.

● Caste System - The caste system is one major distinguishing feature of Indian
culture that still affects modern-day society. A system of a social class composed
of the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, opportunities are based
upon family origin. One person belongs to a caste by being born to parents of that
particular caste.

RO_Introduction to World Religions and Belief System_Grade 11_Q1_LP 8

 RUBRICS

RUBRICS in making a simple YOGA video and reflection paper:

RO_Introduction to World Religions and Belief System_Grade 11_Q1_LP 8

 REFERENCES

RO_Introduction to World Religions and Belief System_Grade 11_Q1_LP 8

 ● Lorente, D. (2020). Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems
Hinduism Quarter 2 Module 3. DepEd Regional Center Site, Rawis Legazpi
City

● https://www.123rf.com/photo_85085146_stock-illustration-hinduism-karma-
way-of-life-word-cloud-sign-.html

LP Development Team

DIAN M. LORENTE
Writer
Daraga National High School
JUAN A. MAGDAONG
Content Editor
Daraga National High School
MICHAEL D. YANZON
Language Editor
Malabog National High School
MARK JOED Q. MATIAS
Layout Editor
Oas Polytechnic School
Quality Assurance Team
DR. SANCITA B. PEÑARUBIA Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
EDISON L. MALLAPRE EPS, LRMDS
JUDITH P. RESTUBOG EPS, Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao

RO_Introduction to World Religions and Belief System_Grade 11_Q1_LP 8