1. What is the primary focus of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

a) Cognitive development
b) Social development
c) Physical development
d) Emotional development

2. How many stages are there in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

a) 5
b) 7
c) 9
d) 10

3. In Erikson's theory, what is the central conflict of the infancy stage (birth to 18 months)?
a) Trust vs. mistrust
b) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c) Initiative vs. guilt
d) Industry vs. inferiority

4. Which stage of Erikson's theory occurs during adolescence?

a) Industry vs. inferiority
b) Identity vs. role confusion
c) Intimacy vs. isolation
d) Generativity vs. stagnation

5. According to Erikson, what is the primary challenge of the young adulthood stage (ages 19-
40)?
a) Identity vs. role confusion
b) Intimacy vs. isolation
c) Generativity vs. stagnation
d) Integrity vs. despair

6. Which stage of Erikson's theory focuses on establishing a sense of competency and skill
development?
a) Trust vs. mistrust
b) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c) Initiative vs. guilt
d) Industry vs. inferiority

7. What is the main goal of Erikson's final stage, integrity vs. despair (ages 65-death)?
a) Achieving a sense of identity
b) Establishing intimate relationships
c) Developing a sense of purpose
d) Reflecting on one's life with a sense of satisfaction

8. In Erikson's theory, what happens if a person fails to successfully navigate a particular stage?
a) The individual must repeat the stage
 b) The individual may experience psychological issues in later stages
c) The individual will develop physical health problems
d) The individual's cognitive abilities will be affected

Answers:
1. b) Social development
2. b) 7
3. a) Trust vs. mistrust
4. b) Identity vs. role confusion
5. c) Generativity vs. stagnation
6. d) Industry vs. inferiority
7. d) Reflecting on one's life with a sense of satisfaction
8. b) The individual may experience psychological issues in later stages

1. What is the central concept of Carl Rogers' person-centered theory?

a) Psychosexual stages
b) Self-actualization
c) Behavior modification
d) Classical conditioning

2. According to Rogers, what is the primary driver of human behavior?

a) Unconscious conflicts
b) Biological instincts
c) Self-concept
d) Social influences

3. Rogers believed that individuals strive for congruence between their:

a) Self-esteem and self-worth
b) Actual self and ideal self
c) Emotions and thoughts
d) Id, ego, and superego

4. What does Rogers mean by "unconditional positive regard"?

a) Accepting and valuing a person without conditions or judgment
b) Rewarding desirable behaviors with positive reinforcement
c) Providing feedback and criticism to encourage personal growth
d) Setting strict rules and boundaries for behavior

5. According to Rogers, what is the term for the process of being understood and accepted by
others?
a) Self-actualization
b) Congruence
c) Empathy
d) Reflection

6. Which of the following is NOT one of the core conditions of Rogers' therapeutic approach?
 a) Empathy
b) Unconditional positive regard
c) Interpretation
d) Congruence

7. In Rogers' theory, what is the term for the therapist's ability to deeply understand the client's
experiences from the client's perspective?
a) Reflection
b) Congruence
c) Empathy
d) Unconditional positive regard

8. According to Rogers, what happens when there is a significant incongruence between the
actual self and the ideal self?
a) The individual experiences anxiety and psychological distress
b) The individual becomes more motivated to achieve their ideal self
c) The individual's biological needs become dominant
d) The individual seeks external validation and approval

Answers:
1. b) Self-actualization
2. c) Self-concept
3. b) Actual self and ideal self
4. a) Accepting and valuing a person without conditions or judgment
5. c) Empathy
6. c) Interpretation
7. c) Empathy
8. a) The individual experiences anxiety and psychological distress

1. What is the central focus of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

a) Emotional development
b) Social development
c) Physical development
d) Intellectual development

2. According to Piaget, what is the term for the process of changing existing mental structures to
accommodate new information?
a) Assimilation
b) Accommodation
c) Equilibration
d) Object permanence

3. How many stages are there in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
 d) 6

4. Which of the following is NOT one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

a) Sensorimotor
b) Preoperational
c) Abstract operational
d) Concrete operational

5. In which stage of Piaget's theory do children begin to use language and represent objects with
words and images?
a) Sensorimotor
b) Preoperational
c) Concrete operational
d) Formal operational

6. Piaget believed that children in the preoperational stage exhibit what he called "egocentrism."
What does this mean?
a) They have difficulty understanding that others have different perspectives.
b) They lack awareness of their own existence.
c) They are overly self-critical.
d) They have trouble controlling their impulses.

7. According to Piaget, in which stage do children develop the ability to perform mental
operations on concrete objects?
a) Sensorimotor
b) Preoperational
c) Concrete operational
d) Formal operational

8. What is the term for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be
seen, heard, or touched?
a) Object permanence
b) Conservation
c) Centration
d) Reversibility

Answers:
1. d) Intellectual development
2. b) Accommodation
3. b) 4
4. c) Abstract operational
5. b) Preoperational
6. a) They have difficulty understanding that others have different perspectives.
7. c) Concrete operational
8. a) Object permanence
1. What is the central concept of Albert Bandura's social learning theory?
a) Operant conditioning
b) Classical conditioning
c) Observational learning
d) Cognitive dissonance

2. According to Bandura, what is the process by which individuals learn by observing others'
behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors?
a) Vicarious reinforcement
b) Self-efficacy
c) Modeling
d) Reciprocal determinism

3. Bandura proposed that individuals are more likely to imitate behaviors if they observe:
a) Negative consequences
b) No consequences
c) Positive consequences
d) Unpredictable consequences

4. In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, children who observed an adult model being aggressive
towards the Bobo doll were more likely to:
a) Show no interest in the doll
b) Imitate the aggressive behavior
c) Display empathy towards the doll
d) Avoid the doll out of fear

5. According to Bandura, what term describes an individual's belief in their ability to perform a
specific behavior to achieve a desired outcome?
a) Self-concept
b) Self-efficacy
c) Self-esteem
d) Self-actualization

6. Bandura emphasized the role of ____________ in determining behavior, which refers to the
continuous interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior.
a) Reciprocal determinism
b) Operant conditioning
c) Classical conditioning
d) Social reinforcement

7. Which of the following is NOT one of the four key processes involved in observational
learning according to Bandura?
a) Attention
b) Retention
c) Repetition
d) Motivation
8. Bandura's social learning theory suggests that individuals can learn new behaviors simply by:
a) Experiencing reinforcement or punishment directly
b) Witnessing others being rewarded or punished for the same behavior
c) Being genetically predisposed to certain behaviors
d) Having a strong sense of self-efficacy

Answers:
1. c) Observational learning
2. a) Vicarious reinforcement
3. c) Positive consequences
4. b) Imitate the aggressive behavior
5. b) Self-efficacy
6. a) Reciprocal determinism
7. c) Repetition
8. b) Witnessing others being rewarded or punished for the same behavior

1. Who developed the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?

a) Carl Rogers
b) Abraham Maslow
c) Albert Bandura
d) James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente

2. How many stages are there in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6

3. Which stage of change involves individuals not intending to take action within the next 6
months and may be unaware that their behavior is problematic?
a) Precontemplation
b) Contemplation
c) Preparation
d) Action

4. In the Transtheoretical Model, what does the contemplation stage entail?

a) Individuals intend to take action within the next 30 days
b) Individuals are actively modifying their behavior
c) Individuals recognize the problem and intend to take action within the next 6 months
d) Individuals have maintained the behavior change for at least 6 months

5. Which stage of change involves individuals taking steps to modify their behavior actively?
a) Precontemplation
b) Contemplation
c) Preparation
 d) Action

6. According to the Transtheoretical Model, what is the key factor that determines whether an
individual progresses through the stages of change?
a) Social support
b) Self-efficacy
c) Biological factors
d) Past experiences

7. Which stage of change involves individuals having made specific overt modifications in their
lifestyles within the past 6 months?
a) Maintenance
b) Precontemplation
c) Contemplation
d) Termination

8. What is the ultimate goal of the Transtheoretical Model?

a) To ensure individuals never revert to old behaviors
b) To facilitate individuals' progression through the stages of change towards sustained
behavior change
c) To prescribe specific interventions for behavior change
d) To focus on the negative consequences of behaviors

Answers:
1. d) James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente
2. c) 5
3. a) Precontemplation
4. b) Individuals recognize the problem and intend to take action within the next 6 months
5. d) Action
6. b) Self-efficacy
7. a) Maintenance
8. b) To facilitate individuals' progression through the stages of change towards sustained
behavior change

1. What is the central focus of Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory?

a) Cognitive development
b) Social learning
c) Nurse-patient relationships
d) Behavioral therapy

2. According to Peplau, what is the primary goal of nursing?

a) Administering medications
b) Providing emotional support
c) Facilitating interpersonal relationships between nurse and patient
d) Conducting medical procedures
3. Peplau identified four phases in the nurse-patient relationship. Which of the following is NOT
one of these phases?
a) Orientation
b) Identification
c) Termination
d) Working

4. During which phase of the nurse-patient relationship do the nurse and patient establish rapport
and trust?
a) Orientation
b) Identification
c) Working
d) Termination

5. In Peplau's theory, what is the term for the patient's emotional state when they become overly
dependent on the nurse?
a) Empathy
b) Countertransference
c) Interdependence
d) Maturation

6. According to Peplau, what is the role of the nurse during the working phase of the nurse-
patient relationship?
a) To set goals for the patient
b) To establish boundaries and limits
c) To facilitate problem-solving and emotional expression
d) To provide direct care and interventions

7. What concept did Peplau introduce to describe the nurse's understanding and interpretation of
the patient's behavior and feelings?
a) Transference
b) Countertransference
c) Empathy
d) Rapport

8. According to Peplau, what is the final phase of the nurse-patient relationship?

a) Orientation
b) Identification
c) Working
d) Termination

Answers:
1. c) Nurse-patient relationships
2. c) Facilitating interpersonal relationships between nurse and patient
3. b) Identification
4. a) Orientation
5. c) Interdependence
6. c) To facilitate problem-solving and emotional expression
7. b) Countertransference
8. d) Termination

1. Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory emphasizes the importance of

understanding human development within the context of:
a) Family dynamics
b) Socioeconomic status
c) The environment in which an individual lives
d) Biological determinants

2. How many levels of environmental influence are identified in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological

Systems Theory?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6

3. Which level of the ecological systems represents the immediate settings with which an
individual directly interacts?
a) Microsystem
b) Mesosystem
c) Exosystem
d) Macrosystem

4. In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the relationship between a child's school and family is an example
of which system?
a) Microsystem
b) Mesosystem
c) Exosystem
d) Macrosystem

5. The cultural values, laws, customs, and resources that influence and shape an individual's
development are part of which system in Bronfenbrenner's theory?
a) Microsystem
b) Mesosystem
c) Macrosystem
d) Chronosystem

6. Which level of the ecological systems theory includes events that occur over a person's
lifespan and historical changes that may influence development?
a) Microsystem
b) Mesosystem
c) Macrosystem
 d) Chronosystem

7. Bronfenbrenner emphasized the bidirectional influence between individuals and their

environments. What term does he use to describe this interaction?
a) Reciprocal determinism
b) Social learning
c) Operant conditioning
d) Cognitive development

8. What does the chronosystem represent in Bronfenbrenner's theory?

a) The individual's immediate surroundings and interactions
b) Historical changes and transitions occurring over time
c) The cultural context influencing development
d) The relationship between different environmental systems

Answers:
1. c) The environment in which an individual lives
2. b) 4
3. a) Microsystem
4. b) Mesosystem
5. c) Macrosystem
6. d) Chronosystem
7. a) Reciprocal determinism
8. b) Historical changes and transitions occurring over time

1. Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development based on:

a) Social learning
b) Psychosexual stages
c) Cognitive development
d) Emotional intelligence

2. Kohlberg identified how many stages of moral development?

a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6

3. In which stage of Kohlberg's theory do individuals conform to rules to avoid punishment?

a) Preconventional level
b) Conventional level
c) Postconventional level
d) Transcendental level

4. According to Kohlberg, what motivates individuals in the preconventional level of moral

reasoning?
a) Social conformity
 b) Personal desires
c) Social approval
d) Moral principles

5. Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning is characterized by:

a) An understanding of societal rules and laws
b) An emphasis on personal gain and self-interest
c) A focus on universal ethical principles
d) An emphasis on individual rights and justice

6. In Kohlberg's theory, individuals in the postconventional level of moral reasoning:

a) Follow rules to avoid punishment
b) Conform to societal expectations
c) Base moral judgments on abstract principles of justice and fairness
d) Are solely motivated by self-interest

7. According to Kohlberg, at what stage of moral reasoning do individuals consider social

contracts and individual rights?
a) Preconventional level
b) Conventional level
c) Postconventional level
d) Transcendental level

8. Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized for:

a) Overemphasizing the role of cognitive factors in moral development
b) Ignoring the influence of cultural and social factors
c) Underestimating the importance of emotions in moral decision-making
d) All of the above

Answers:
1. c) Cognitive development
2. b) 6
3. a) Preconventional level
4. c) Social approval
5. a) An understanding of societal rules and laws
6. c) Base moral judgments on abstract principles of justice and fairness
7. c) Postconventional level
8. d) All of the above

1. Who is commonly associated with the development of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior
Change?
a) Carl Rogers
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Sigmund Freud
d) James Prochaska
2. How many stages are there in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6

3. In which stage of the Transtheoretical Model does an individual not intend to take action in the
foreseeable future, usually the next six months?
a) Precontemplation
b) Contemplation
c) Preparation
d) Action

4. When individuals in the Transtheoretical Model are actively modifying their behavior or
environment to overcome their problem behavior, they are in which stage?
a) Contemplation
b) Preparation
c) Action
d) Maintenance

5. According to the Transtheoretical Model, what is the term for the stage in which individuals
have maintained their changed behavior for a period of time, typically six months or longer?
a) Precontemplation
b) Contemplation
c) Action
d) Maintenance

6. What does the Transtheoretical Model emphasize regarding behavior change?

a) It's a linear process.
b) It's a cyclical process.
c) It's solely determined by individual willpower.
d) It doesn't involve any relapse.

7. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes of change in the Transtheoretical Model?
a) Consciousness-raising
b) Self-efficacy
c) Stimulus control
d) Self-liberation

8. The Transtheoretical Model suggests that interventions should be tailored based on:
a) The individual's age
b) The individual's socioeconomic status
c) The individual's stage of change
d) The individual's ethnicity

Answers:
1. d) James Prochaska
2. b) 4
3. a) Precontemplation
4. c) Action
5. d) Maintenance
6. b) It's a cyclical process.
7. b) Self-efficacy
8. c) The individual's stage of change