PHYSICS PROJECT

NEHRU WORLD SCHOOL

REPORTED TO: Mr. Braj Kishor Shukla Sir

REPORTED BY: ARYAN GAUR | XII PCM

ROLL NO: 88888888

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Aryan Gaur has successfully completed

his Physics project on the topic of " Transformer." for Class
12 under my guidance.
Aryan Gaur has demonstrated a deep understanding of the
topic and has conducted the experiment with utmost care and
precision. The project report is well-written and informative,
and the conclusions drawn are valid and supported by the
data.

Mr. Braj Kishor Shukla Sir Date:

(PGT, Physics)
N.W.S. GZB

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher,

Mr. Braj Kishor Shukla Sir, for his guidance and support
throughout this physics project.
Shukla Sir has been a patient and helpful mentor, and he has
always been willing to answer my questions and provide me
with feedback. He has helped me to develop my research
skills and to write a clear and concise project report.
I am grateful for the opportunity to have worked on this
project, and I am proud of the results that I have achieved.

ARYAN GAUR
Class 12th PCM
N.W.S. GZB
Date:

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 INDEX
1. Introduction to transformer
2. Aim of project
3. Theory
4. Step Down Transformer
5. Step Up Transformer
6. Transformer Efficiency
7. Energy losses
8. Uses of Transformer
9. Bibliography

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 AIM OF THE PROJECT
To investigate the relation between the ratio
of –
1.Input and output voltage
2.Number of turnings in the secondary
coil and primary coil a self-made
transformer

INTRODUCTION
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The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or vice-versa.
A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, whenever the
amount of magnetic lux linked with a coil changing,
an EMF is induced in the neighbouring coil.
It consists of two coils, called primary and secondary
which are insulated from each other and bound on a
common soft iron laminated core. One of two coils
has a smaller no of thick insulated copper wire while
other has a larger no of turns of thin insulated
copper wire.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving. parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called
a step-up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the voltages is called a step-down
transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

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 THEORY
When an altering EMF is supplied to the primary coil, an
alternating current start falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary,
and then the induced EMF induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of
the EMFs induced in the primary and the secondary and
Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
dφ / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at
this instant, we have

Ep=-Np dφ/dt ________(1)

and
Es =-Ns dφ/dt ________(2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es/Ep=-Ns/Np________(3)  { Es = Ns * Ep/Np }
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Since the secondary coils is also wrapped on the same
core, the magnetic flux passing through which changes
continuously due to repeated magnetisation and
demagnetisation of the core.
∴ By mutual induction an alternating EMF of same
frequency is produced in the secondary coil.
The EMF in the secondary coil depends upon the ratio of
turns in the 2 coils.

Let Np and Ns be the number of

turns for primary and secondary coils respectively . If
there is no leakage of flux so the magnetic flux passes
through each turn of primary and secondary coil
Ns/Np = K (transformation ratio)
For step-up transformer : k>1
For step-down transformer: k<1
For ideal case :k=1

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 STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es/Ep = Ip / Is = K

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STEP UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k> 1, so lp > Is or
Is <Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down
transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the
same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the
current &a step down transformer steps up the
current.

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 TRANSFORMER
EFFICIENCY
The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of
useful output power to the input power. The input and output
power are measured in the same unit. Its unit is either in
Watts (W) or KW. Transformer efficiency is denoted by ‘η’

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 ENERGY LOSSES
Even though transformers are very efficient machines,
they do result in small energy losses due to five main
causes:

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a) Copper loss – it is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the iron core of the transformer. This is due to heating of
conducting wire.

b) Leakage of flux - If the core design is not good then the

flux produced by the primary coil may not all be
connected to the secondary coil. This can be reduced by
considering the core of shell type.

c) Eddy currents loss - The varying magnetic field not only

induces secondary coil currents but also iron core currents
themselves. In the iron core, these currents flow in small
circles and are termed as eddy currents. The eddy current
loss can be minimized by considering the laminated core.

d) Hysteresis - This is because of the repeated iron core

magnetization and demagnetization induced by the
alternating input current. By using alloys such as silicon
steel, this can be reduced.

e) Magneto Striation i.e humming noise of the

transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMERS

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1) Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers are
used for high voltage power transfer applications (more
than 33 KV). They are usually bigger in size and can
occupy larger space.
2) Distribution Transformers: These types of transformers
are used to distribute the generated
power to distant locations. It is used for distributing
electricity at low voltage that is less than 33 KV in
industry or 220-440 V for household purposes.
3) Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of
transformer helps in measuring voltage, current, and
power, etc.
According to the place of use, transformers are classified
into:
i) Indoor Transformers: These are covered with roofs and
shelters just like the industry types.
ii) Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept outside
and are used as distribution type
transformers.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

●NCERT

●WWW.STUDY.COM

●WWW.BRITANNICA.COM

●WWW.VEDANTU.COM

●GOOGLE

●GOOGLE IMAGES

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