1.

01 Introduction
GENERAL
Professor Edward Sungkip || February 2023
Second Semester CHEMISTRY
Transcribers: Cancino Christene

OUTLINE
I. Introduction SCIENCE
A. Chemistry
B. Matter
a. The Three States of Matter SOCIAL SCIENCE NATURAL SCIENCE
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
II. Phase Changes of Matter
A. Physical Change Physics Chemistry
B. Chemical Change • Gravity • Matter
III. Elements & Compounds • Law of o Solid
IV. Mixtures & Pure Substances aeronautics o Liquid
V. The Scientific Method o Gas
VI. Safety Laboratory Practices and
VII. Common Laboratory Apparatuses
VIII. Property of Matter
A. Intensive Vs. Extensive

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I. INTRODUCTION

RIDDLE TIME

1. No need to go far and wide, in your meals I subtly hide;

To save them from being bland; from tasteless to grand. What
am I?
Answer: SALT
2. What would you be without me? I’m essential even if you can’t
see;
I. B. Matter
I am what you breathe, making your life complete. What am I? • Is anything that has mass and occupy space
Answer: AIR
3. I am need for life and look transparent;
• Matter, the “stuff” of which the universe is composed, has two
Adult body? I compose it by 60%. What am I? characteristics; it has mass and it occupies space. Matter
Answer: WATER comes in a great variety of forms: the star, the air that you are
4. Looking white, powdery, I’m fine alright; breathing, the gasoline that you put in your car, the chair on
In flour I’m added; So from small it turn to big instead.
Answer: BAKING SODA which you are sitting, the meat in the sandwich you may have
5. Always present everywhere, I brighten most food I swear; had for your lunch, the tissues in your brain that enable you to
From coffee to pastry, all of them becomes tasty. What am I? read and comprehend this sentence, and so on.
Answer: SUGAR
• To try to understand the nature of matter, we classify it in
I. A. Chemistry various ways. For example, wood, bone, and steel share
certain characteristics. These things are all rigid; they have
• Is the study of matter and changes it undergoes
definite shapes that are difficult to change. On the other hand,
• is often called the central science, because a basic knowledge
water and gasoline, for example, take the shape of any
of chemistry is essential for the students of biology,
container into which they are poured.
psychology, physics, ecology, geology and many other
• The substances we have just described illustrate the three
subjects.
states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. The state of a given
• Indeed, it is central to our way of life; without it, we would be
sample of matter depends on the strength of the forces among
living shorter lives (especially during the pandemic) in what we
the particles contained in the matter; the stronger these forces,
would consider primitive conditions, without automobiles,
the more rigid the matter
electricity, computers, cellphones and many other everyday
conveniences.
• It is essential to study both chemistry and psychology as there
is a relationship between them. Chemistry is important in
psychology because there are so many chemical components
in the human brain that give rise to emotions and behavior.
• The Chinese characters for chemistry means “The study of
change”.
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[CHEM 1] 1.01 INTRODUCTION – Professor Edward Sungkip
I. a. The Three States of Matter II. A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
• Typical physical properties of a substance include odor, color,
STATE DEFINITION EXAMPLES volume, state (gas, liquid, or solid), density, melting point, and
• Rigid boiling point.
• Fixed Shape Ice cube • We can also describe a pure substance in terms of its chemical
Solid • Fixed Volume Diamond properties, which refer to its ability to form new substances.
• Cannot be Iron bar
squashed
• Has definite
volume but
takes the
shape of its Gasoline
container Water
Liquid • Not rigid Alcohol
• No fixed Blood
shape
• Fixed volume
• Cannot be
squashed
• Has no fixed
volume or
shape CHANGES IN DEFINITION EXAMPLE
• Takes the MATTER
shape of its In a physical Melting ice,
container Air
PHYSICAL change, matter Shredding paper,
Gas • Not rigid Helium
CHANGES changes form but Chopping wood,
• No fixed Oxygen
not chemical Mixing gray &
shape identity Green marbles
• No fixed In a chemical Burning wood,
volume change, a Rotting banana,
• Cannot be CHEMICAL chemical reaction Fireworks,
squashed CHANGES occurs and new Mixing vinegar &
product are Baking soda
formed

II. PHASE CHANGE OF MATTER

 Example:

Physical Changes Chemical Change

Water molecules phase Water molecules separate by
change electric current

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[CHEM 1] 1.01 INTRODUCTION – Professor Edward Sungkip

III. ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

CLASSIFYING MATTER

 As we examine the chemical changes of matter, we encounter a series Matter

of fundamental substances called elements. Elements cannot be
Pure Substance Mixture
broken down into other substances by chemical means. Examples of
elements are iron, aluminum, oxygen, and hydrogen. All of the matter Element Compound Homogenous Heterogenous
in the world around us contains elements. The elements sometimes Mixture Mixture
are found in an isolated state, but more often they are combined with
other elements. Most substances contain several elements combined
together.
 Water is an example of a compound. Pure water always has the same
composition (the same relative amounts of hydrogen and oxygen)
because it consists of H2O molecules. Water can be broken down into
the element hydrogen and oxygen by chemical means, such as by the
use of an electric current.

V. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• All sciences, including the social sciences, employ variations
of what is called the scientific method, a systematic approach
to research. For example, a psychologist who wants to know
how noise affects people's ability to learn chemistry and a
chemist interested in measuring the heat given off when
hydrogen gas burns in air would follow roughly the same
procedure in carrying out their investigations.

Diagrams to show different types of substance.

IV. MIXTURES AND PURE SUBSTANCES

• A mixture can be defined as something that has variable

composition. For example, wood is a mixture (its composition
varies greatly depending on the tree from which it originates);
wine is a mixture (it can be red or pale yellow, sweet or dry);
coffee is a mixture (it can be strong, weak, or bitter); and,
although it looks very pure, water pumped from deep in the
earth is a mixture (it contains dissolved minerals and gases)
Scientific Methods:
• A pure substance, on the other hand, will always have the
same composition. Pure substances are either elements or 1. Define the problem/question to investigate
2. Make predictions based on hypothesis
compounds. For example, pure water is a compound
3. Gather Data
containing individual H2O molecules. However, as we find it in 4. Analyze Data
nature, liquid water always contains other substances in 5. Draw Conclusions
addition to pure water—it is a mixture. This is obvious from the
different tastes, smells, and colors of water samples obtained Example:
from various locations. 1. Define the problem:
How noise affects the learning of students
2. Make predictions based on hypothesis
a. Yes, it affects the learning of student
b. No, it does not affects the learning of
students
c. Other students benefit from noise while
reviewing
3. Data Gathering
a. Instrument
▪ Survey
▪ Interview
▪ Observation
4. Analyze the Data
a. Statistics
▪ Mean
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[CHEM 1] 1.01 INTRODUCTION – Professor Edward Sungkip
▪ Median
▪ Mode
5. Conclusion
According to the results, noise does affect the
learning capacity of students.
VI. LABORATORY SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS
• Science is a hands-on laboratory class. You will be doing many
laboratory activities and require the use of different apparatus
and hazardous chemicals. Safety in the science classroom is
the number one priority for students and teachers. To ensure a
safe science classroom, a list of rules has been developed.
These rules must be followed at all times. The science
laboratory is a safe place to work in if you are careful.
o No Eating or Drinking
o Wear safety gear
o Report accidents
o Don’t pipette by mouth
o Don’t play mad scientist
o Know emergency procedures
A. INSIDE THE LABORATORY:
1. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the
laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for
food or beverages.
2. Safety goggles and lab gowns must be worn whenever you
work in the lab. Gloves should be worn whenever you use
chemicals that causes skin irritations or when you need to
handle hot equipment.
3. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work area should
be kept clean and tidy at all times.
4. Know the locations and operating procedures at all safety
equipment including the first aid kit, eyewash station, safety
shower, spill kit, fire extinguisher, and fire blanket. Know
where the fire alarm and the exits are located.
5. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the
laboratory. Notify the instructor immediately of any unsafe
conditions you observe.
6. Dispose all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals
in sink drains. Sinks are to be used only for water and those
solutions designated by the instructor. Solid chemicals,
metals, matches. Filter paper and other insoluble materials
are to be disposed of in the proper waste container.
7. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully
before use.
8. Keep hands away from your face, eyes, mouth and body
while using chemicals. Wash your hands with soap and water
after performing all experiments. Clean (with detergent
powder), rinse and dry all work surfaces and equipment at the
end of the experiment.
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9. If you spill acid or any corrosive chemical on your skin or
clothes (take off clothes immediately), immediately wash the
area with large amount of water. After this, get the teacher's
attention.
10. After doing an experiment, check if
a.) the main gas outlet valve is shut off
b.) the water is turned off
c.) the desktop, floor area, and sink are clean
d.) all equipment are cool, clean, and arranged properly.
B. CLOTHING
1. Wear goggles or eye protector if necessary.
2. Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Long hair,
dangling jewelry, and loose of baggy clothing are a hazard in
the laboratory. Wear an apron/lab gown. Shoes must
completely cover the foot.
C. ACCIDENTS & INJURIES
1. Report any accident or any untoward incidents to your
teacher.
2. If a chemical accidentally splash in your eyes, Immediately
flush with running water from the eyewash station for at least
20 minutes. Notify your teacher immediately
D. HANDLING OF CHEMICALS
1. All chemicals in the laboratory are considered to be
dangerous. Do not touch, taste or smell any chemicals
unless specifically instructed to do so. The proper technique
for smelling chemical fumes is to gently fan the air above
the chemical toward your face.
2. Check the label on reagent bottles twice before removing
any of the contents. Take only as much chemical as you
need. Smaller amounts often work better than larger
amounts. Label all containers and massing papers holding
dry chemicals.
3. Never return unused chemical to their original containers
4. Acids must be handled with extreme care. ALWAYS ADD
ACID SLOWLY TO WATER, with slow stirring and swirling,
being careful of the heat produced, particularly with sulfuric
acid.
5. Handle flammable hazardous liquids over a pan to
contain spills. Never dispense flammable liquids anywhere
near an open flame or source of heat.
E. HANDLING GLASSWARES AND EQUIPMENTS
1. Inserting or removing glass tubing from rubber stoppers
can be dangerous. Always lubricate glassware before
attempting to insert it in a stopper. Always protect your
hands with towels or cotton gloves when inserting glass
tubing into, or removing from it from, a rubber stopper
2.When removing an electrical plug from its socket, grasp
the plug, not the electrical cord. Hands must be properly dry
before touching an electric switch, plug or outlet.
3. Examine glassware before its use. Never use chip or
cracked glassware. Never use dirty glassware. Do not
immerse hot glassware in cold water; it may shatter.
4. Report damaged electrical equipment immediately
F. HEATING SUBSTANCES
1. SHOULD THE FLAME OF THE BUNSEN BURNER GO
OUT, IMMEDIATELY TURN OF THE GAS OUTLET
VALVE. Never reach over an exposed flame. Light gas
burner ONLY if instructed by the teacher.
2. Never leave a lit burner unattended. Never leave
anything that is being heated or is visibly reacting
[CHEM 1] 1.01 INTRODUCTION – Professor Edward Sungkip
unattended. Always turn the burner or hot plate OFF when
not in use.
3. Do not point the open end of a test tube being heated at
yourself or anyone else.
4. Heated metals, glass, and ceramics remain very hot for
a long time. They should be set aside to cool and then
picked-up with caution
VII. COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUSES
BEAKERS Beakers are cylindrical
containers with a flat
bottom. They are used to
measure the volume of
liquids but are not as
precise as pipettes and
burettes.
CONICAL FLASK a.k.a. Erlenmeyer flask are
flasks with a flat bottom, a
body in the shape of a cone,
and a cylindrical neck. They
have wide bases, and the
sides are tilted to move
towards the center as you
go up. Conical flasks are
usually used in the mixing of
chemicals and titrations.
Because of its shape, the
risk of spilling is very low,
which makes it convenient
for mixing.
VOLUMETRIC FLASK
are round in shape, have a
flat bottom and a long, slim
neck. It is one of the most
accurate ways to measure
the volume of liquids. They
also come with a cap on top
to make sure no particles
escape
TEST TUBES, TONGS, & Test tubes are usually
RACKS made of glass and are
almost as long as your
finger. They are closed at
the bottom and open from
the top and are used for
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general chemical work. You
may use it for mixing,
dissolving, and also heating
to some extent.
Tongs are used to hold
these test tubes since they
may become hot at times.
A bunch of test tubes
together are put in a rack,
so they stand upright.
WATCH GLASSES is a circular piece of glass
that is concave in shape. It
is often used to hold and
weigh solids as well as the
cover for beakers. You can
also use watch glasses to
separate dissolved solids
from the solvents by
applying heat
CRUCIBLE Are smallsized cups usually
made of clay. They are
capable of withstanding
high amounts of heat, and
therefore, they are used to
heat substances at higher
temperatures.
FUNNELS are used for the easy
pouring of liquids from one
container into another. A
funnel makes it easy to pour
without spilling the liquid on
the surface because of a
bottle's tight neck. They
come in different sizes and
are commonly made of
plastic or glass.
GRADUATED CYLINDERS are the most common
pieces of equipment to
measure the volume of
liquids. They are more
accurate than beakers but
hold in a lesser amount
because of the smaller
diameter. It comes with
marking on one side for you
to measure the volume
accurately – hence, the
name "graduated cylinder."
PIPETTES are another way of
measuring the volume of
liquids. They are far more
accurate than flasks and
measuring cylinders of any
kind. They are sometimes
used to hold liquids if you
intend to transfer them from
one container to another
BURETTES are also volume measuring
devices; however, they are
used in measuring how
much liquid has been
discharged. You can also
use burettes to perform
titrations. You can adjust
[CHEM 1] 1.01 INTRODUCTION – Professor Edward Sungkip
the clamps to adjust the not depend on Freezing point,
flow of the liquid the amount of Viscosity,
matter Refractive index,
Density,
• Independent of Temperature,
the amount of Color,
matter Luster,
Hardness
RING STANDS, RINGS & Ring stands are used to EXTENSIVE • Are physical Volume,
CLAMPS suspend beakers, flasks, PROPERTIES properties that Mass,
etc., usually above a heat depend on the Energy,
source. Clamps are used to amount of matter Size,
ensure a firm grip on the Weight,
containers • Depend on the Height,
amount of matter Length,
Shape

TONGS & FORCEPS

are used to handle, hold
and grab containers of
different kinds. Tongs can
hold wider tubes, while
forceps usually work on
smaller containers like
graduated cylinders and
test tubes

SPATULAS AND SCOOPULAS are used to scoop out

chemicals and solids out of
containers and onto a
crucible for weighing. They
are also sometimes used to
mix chemicals

THERMOMETER You can use a laboratory

thermometer to check the
temperature of chemicals,
or sometimes to check the
temperature rise as well.
They can be electronic or
have a mercury tube as well

BUNSEN BURNER is a burner that is connected

to a heat source. It comes
with an adjustable knob that
allows you to control the
heat pressure to ensure you
have the right amount of
heat for your experiment.
Alcohol lamp can be an
alternative for bunsen
burner

Graduated to contain – beaker

Graduated to deliver - pipette

VIII. PROPERTY OF MATTER

PROPERTY OF DEFINITION EXAMPLE

MATTER
INTENSIVE • Are physical Melting point,
PROPERTIES properties that do Boiling point,
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